VAISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ROHTAK
Assignment-1st
Sem: 6th
Program: B.Tech.
Course Code: PCC-CSE-302G
Course Name: Compiler Design
PART A
Word Limit: 30-50
1(a) Describe the Need of Different Translators.
Translators are essential for converting high-level programming languages into machine-
understandable code.
There are three main types of translators:
1. **Compiler**: Translates the entire source code into machine code before execution.
2. **Interpreter**: Translates and executes code line by line.
3. **Assembler**: Converts assembly language code into machine code.
Each translator is necessary for different programming environments and use cases.
1(b) What are the Basic Characteristics of a Good Compiler?
A good compiler should have the following characteristics:
1. **Correctness**: The output code should be accurate and error-free.
2. **Efficiency**: It should generate optimized code for faster execution.
3. **Speed**: Compilation time should be minimal.
4. **Portability**: It should support multiple platforms and architectures.
5. **Error Handling**: It should detect and report errors effectively.
1(c) Explain the Concept of Syntax Analysis.
Syntax analysis, also known as parsing, checks the grammatical structure of the source code.
It verifies whether the given code follows the correct syntax of the programming language.
It involves the construction of a **parse tree** or **syntax tree**, which represents the
hierarchical structure of the code.
1(d) What is the Difference Between Syntax Tree and Parse Tree?
A **parse tree** is a tree representation of the syntactic structure of the source code based
on the grammar rules, whereas a **syntax tree** is a simplified version of the parse tree
that omits unnecessary nodes.
1. **Parse Tree**: Contains all grammar rules and is more detailed.
2. **Syntax Tree**: More compact and represents only essential syntax information.
1(e) Discuss Operator Parsing.
Operator parsing is a technique used in compilers to analyze expressions containing
operators.
It determines the order of operations and precedence using parsing methods like:
1. **Operator Precedence Parsing**: Assigns precedence levels to operators.
2. **Shift-Reduce Parsing**: Used in bottom-up parsers to evaluate expressions.
PART B
Word Limit: 150-200
2. Implement the Concept of Lexical Analysis by LEX Tool.
Lexical analysis is the first phase of a compiler that converts source code into tokens.
The LEX tool is used to implement lexical analysis, which involves:
1. **Specification of Tokens**: Using regular expressions.
2. **Generation of a Lexical Analyzer**: The LEX tool generates a C program for scanning.
3. **Execution**: The generated scanner reads the input and produces tokens.
Example LEX Code:
```
%{
#include <stdio.h>
%}
%%
[0-9]+ { printf("NUMBER "); }
[a-zA-Z]+ { printf("IDENTIFIER "); }
%%
int main() {
yylex();
return 0;
}
```
3. Evaluate the Concept of Finite Automaton with Example.
A finite automaton is a mathematical model used in lexical analysis and pattern recognition.
It consists of:
1. **States**: Represent different stages of token recognition.
2. **Transitions**: Define movement between states based on input.
3. **Start and Accepting States**: Define the beginning and valid final states.
Example:
A finite automaton that recognizes binary numbers ending in 1:
- **States**: q0 (start), q1 (accepting).
- **Transitions**: q0 → q1 on input ‘1’, q1 → q1 on input ‘1’, q1 → q0 on input ‘0’.
PART C
Word Limit: 300-500
4. Examine the Steps Involved in Bottom-Up Parsing.
Bottom-up parsing constructs a parse tree from the leaves to the root. The steps involved
are:
1. **Scanning the Input**: Read the input token by token.
2. **Shift Operation**: Place tokens on a stack.
3. **Reduce Operation**: Replace a set of tokens on the stack with a grammar rule.
4. **Handle Conflicts**: Use lookahead to resolve shift-reduce conflicts.
5. **Parse Tree Construction**: Continue until a valid parse tree is formed.
LR parsers, such as **SLR, CLR, and LALR**, are commonly used for bottom-up parsing.
5. Compare the Different Grammars.
Grammars define the syntax of a programming language and are categorized as follows:
1. **Regular Grammar**: Used in lexical analysis, represented by finite automata.
2. **Context-Free Grammar (CFG)**: Used in syntax analysis, represented by parse trees.
3. **Context-Sensitive Grammar**: More expressive, used for advanced language constructs.
4. **Unrestricted Grammar**: Most powerful, but difficult to process computationally.
Comparison:
- **Regular**: Fast but limited.
- **CFG**: Used in most modern programming languages.
- **Context-Sensitive**: More powerful but complex.
- **Unrestricted**: Theoretical use in computational linguistics.
