Review

The Evolution of AI Applications in the Energy System

Transition: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Development,
the Current State and Future Challenges
Daniel Icaza Alvarez 1, * , Fernando González-Ladrón-de-Guevara 2 , Jorge Rojas Espinoza 3 , David Borge-Diez 4 ,
Santiago Pulla Galindo 1 and Carlos Flores-Vázquez 5

1 Laboratorio de Energías Renovables y Simulación en Tiempo Real (ENERSIM), Centro de Investigación,

Innovación y Transferencia Tecnológica, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador;
gpullag@ucacue.edu.ec
2 Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología de Informática, Universitat Politècnica de València,
46022 Valencia, Spain; fgonzal@omp.upv.es
3 Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; jrojase@ups.edu.ec
4 Department of Electrical, Systems and Automation Engineering, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
david.borge@unileon.es
5 Laboratorio de Robótica (ROBLAB), Unidad de Posgrados, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010203,
Ecuador; cfloresv@ucacue.edu.ec
* Correspondence: dicazaa@ucacue.edu.ec

Abstract: The transformation of energy markets is at a crossroads in the search for how
they must evolve to become ecologically friendly systems and meet the growing energy
demand. Currently, methodologies based on bibliographic data analysis are supported by
information and communication technologies and have become necessary. More sophis-
ticated processes are being used in energy systems, including new digitalization models,
particularly driven by artificial intelligence (AI) technology. In the present bibliographic
review, 342 documents indexed in Scopus have been identified that promote synergies
between AI and the energy transition (ET), considering a time range from 1990 to 2024.
Academic Editor: Kang Li The analysis methodology includes an evaluation of keywords related to the areas of AI
Received: 21 February 2025 and ET. The analyses extend to a review by authorship, co-authorship, and areas of AI’s
Revised: 13 March 2025 influence in energy system subareas. The integration of energy resources, including supply
Accepted: 14 March 2025 and demand, in which renewable energy sources play a leading role at the end-customer
Published: 19 March 2025
level, now conceived as both producer and consumer, is intensively studied. The results
Citation: Alvarez, D.I.; identified that AI has experienced notable growth in the last five years and will undoubt-
González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, F.;
edly play a leading role in the future in achieving decarbonization goals. Among the
Rojas Espinoza, J.; Borge-Diez, D.;
applications that it will enable will be the design of new energy markets up to the execution
Galindo, S.P.; Flores-Vázquez, C. The
Evolution of AI Applications in the and start-up of new power plants with energy control and optimization. This study aims
Energy System Transition: A to present a baseline that allows researchers, legislators, and government decision-makers
Bibliometric Analysis of Research to compare their benefits, ambitions, strategies, and novel applications for formulating AI
Development, the Current State and policies in the energy field. The developments and scope of AI in the energy sector were
Future Challenges. Energies 2025, 18,
explored in relation to the AI domain in parts of the energy supply chain. While these
1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/
processes involve complex data analysis, AI techniques provide powerful solutions for
en18061523
designing and managing energy markets with high renewable energy penetration. This
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.
integration of AI with energy systems represents a fundamental shift in market design,
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
enabling more efficient and sustainable energy transitions. Future lines of research could
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and focus on energy demand forecasting, dynamic adjustments in energy distribution between
conditions of the Creative Commons different generation sources, energy storage, and usage optimization.
Attribution (CC BY) license
(https://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/).

Energies 2025, 18, 1523 https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061523

Energies 2025, 18, 1523 2 of 31

Keywords: artificial intelligence (AI); smart energy systems; energy transition (ET); energy
planning; artificial intelligence and energy transition (AI&ET)

1. Introduction
The global imperative for sustainable energy systems has positioned artificial intel-
ligence (AI) as a transformative force driving energy transition. Recent unprecedented
advances in AI technologies, particularly in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL),
have revolutionized our ability to manage and interpret massive volumes of energy-related
data with exceptional accuracy [1]. While AI applications span numerous sectors, their
impact on energy systems has been particularly significant [2,3], enabling sophisticated
solutions from grid optimization to demand forecasting [4]. These developments align
with Industry 4.0 principles, where AI technologies are increasingly integrated with tra-
ditional energy infrastructure, creating new energy management and control paradigms.
The integration of AI in energy planning and operations has demonstrated remarkable
potential in enhancing system efficiency and facilitating the transition toward sustainable
energy frameworks [5], establishing itself as a cornerstone technology in the global effort to
achieve clean energy objectives.
In light of the AI capabilities outlined above, the global energy sector faces mounting
challenges, with the International Energy Agency (IEA) projecting electricity demand
to increase by 3.4% annually until 2026 [6] This unprecedented growth, coupled with
ambitious decarbonization targets [7], necessitates a fundamental transformation of energy
systems. While advanced economies, particularly China, are implementing large-scale
electrification projects [8,9], current initiatives in residential and transport sectors [10] fall
short of meeting the IEA’s 2050 net-zero emissions scenario for limiting global warming to
1.5 ◦ C [11]. While the IEA’s net-zero scenario presents technical pathways, the economic
feasibility of this transition relies heavily on the successful implementation of AI-driven
solutions that can optimize infrastructure investments and operational costs. AI-enabled
energy market design tools are emerging as critical enablers of this transformation [12,13],
though they face implementation challenges, including their own energy consumption
footprint [14]. However, when combined with increasingly cost-competitive renewable
technologies [15,16], particularly wind and solar [17], these AI solutions provide a viable
pathway toward achieving both rapid decarbonization and economic sustainability.
Building on these AI-enabled solutions, empirical research has extensively docu-
mented AI’s transformative impact on energy transition and decarbonization goals [18].
Current applications encompass the entire energy sector, from strategic market planning to
comprehensive system operations [19], supporting the technical and economic feasibility
of 100% renewable energy systems by 2050 [20]. Two recent studies particularly illuminate
AI’s potential in this transformation. Iglesias-Sanfeliz Cubero et al. [21] systematically eval-
uated how AI-powered neural networks optimize variable renewable energy integration
through advanced architectural frameworks and methodological innovations. Comple-
menting this technical perspective, Wang et al. [22] provided quantitative evidence of AI’s
economic impact, demonstrating that a 1% increase in AI implementation yields a 0.032%
growth in high-quality energy development (HED), thus establishing a clear pathway
between AI adoption and clean technology advancement.
Expanding upon these empirical findings, systematic reviews have confirmed renew-
able energy’s fundamental role in energy transition [23], with AI serving as a key enabler
through its advanced analytical capabilities [24]. The practical implementation of AI-driven
solutions demonstrates remarkable scalability, successfully addressing challenges from
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 3 of 31

isolated community microgrids [25,26] to complex national energy networks [27,28]. These
implementations rely on sophisticated algorithms [29] that have transformed energy storage
and production management through precise monitoring and control systems [30,31]. Ma-
chine learning applications have proven especially valuable in addressing multi-temporal
challenges, from immediate operational decisions to long-term strategic planning while
integrating crucial economic and financial parameters [32–34]. This integration extends to
advanced analytics for price optimization, risk assessment, and macroeconomic forecast-
ing [35–37]. Recent bibliometric analyses have particularly highlighted the emergence of
artificial neural networks (ANNs) and genetic algorithms (GAs) as dominant technological
drivers [38,39], reinforcing AI’s critical role in enabling sustainable energy transformations.
While AI adoption in energy transition strongly correlates with economic development
levels [40], significant research gaps remain in understanding its full potential. Although
technologically advanced nations are leading sustainable energy implementations and
achieving faster progress toward GHG reduction targets [41,42], the systematic integration
of AI in energy planning requires further investigation [43]. The current literature pre-
dominantly focuses on individual AI tools rather than their holistic application in energy
markets [44,45]. To address this limitation, this study conducts a comprehensive bibliomet-
ric analysis of AI applications in energy transition from 1990 to 2024, using VOSViewer
software (version number 1.6.20) to visualize and analyze research patterns. This system-
atic review aims to (1) map the evolution of AI applications in energy transition research,
(2) identify emerging trends and research hotspots, and (3) provide evidence-based insights
for developing long-term roadmaps toward sustainable energy futures. The study’s sig-
nificance lies in its contribution to understanding how AI can be effectively deployed to
accelerate the global energy transition.
The main objective of this study is to evaluate systematically how AI tools are con-
tributing to energy planning and transition through analysis of high-impact articles indexed
in Scopus. Our methodology combines bibliometric analysis of research patterns, citation
networks, and thematic evolution with qualitative assessment of implementation strategies.
This dual approach enables the identification of both theoretical advances and practical
applications in the field. The findings aim to provide decision-makers with evidence-
based insights for transforming energy systems toward sustainable configurations through
advanced digital technologies while addressing current implementation challenges.
This study makes several novel contributions to the field. First, it develops an inte-
grated analytical framework that combines quantitative bibliometric analysis with qualita-
tive evaluation, utilizing VOSviewer to reveal previously unidentified patterns in AI–energy
research networks. Second, it identifies emerging trends and underexplored areas in AI
applications for energy systems, providing a roadmap for future research directions. Third,
it comprehensively assesses AI’s role in accelerating the transition toward 100% renewable
energy systems, including implementation barriers and potential solutions. Considering
both technical and economic constraints, the findings provide practical guidelines for
decision-makers to implement AI-driven solutions in their energy transition strategies.
The contributions of this study are substantial. Through analysis of 342 high-impact
documents indexed in Scopus, we map international research collaborations and eval-
uate national AI strategies in energy transition, mainly focusing on China’s emerging
leadership role. Additionally, we develop a systematic classification framework for AI
applications across the energy supply chain, categorizing specific AI domains and their
practical implementations.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews the state of
the art, examining the current state of AI applications to support energy transition and
their challenges. Section 3 outlines the methodology used in this bibliometric analysis.
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 4 of 31

Section 4 presents a comprehensive analysis of the results, including publication statistics

and network analysis. Section 5 discusses the implications of AI in energy transition
research. Finally, Section 6 concludes with the key findings and future research directions.

2. A Review of the State of the Art

2.1. Current State of AI Applications to Support TE
Industry 4.0 and the different applications that include AI developments are becoming
key when it comes to creating innovation; in the electrical sector and the renewable energy
field, its influence is notable and will continue to increase [46]. As of December 2024, the
AI market is valued at USD 146.1 billion [47] and is projected to reach USD 2740.46 billion
by 2032 [48]. AI is breaking patterns and predictions, a new scientific discipline aimed
at emulating, expanding, and improving human intelligence. However, the warmth that
a human being can transmit is still far from being achieved, and it remains to be seen
whether AI can achieve this in the future [49]. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has
declared that AI is set to usher in profound changes in business and society itself [50]. By
employing methodologies based on case studies, AI seeks to replicate human cognitive
functions, ranging from autonomous learning to decision-making, by applying increasingly
developed and efficient programming through advanced algorithm processing [51]. This
technology can effectively replace certain facets of human labor, both physical and cognitive,
while offering users efficient auxiliary capabilities [52,53]. The technological development
in full swing will impact the improvement in methodologies and the renewal of energy
markets, thus contributing to a significant reduction in polluting fossil fuels, an aspect of
transcendental importance for humanity.
The conventional power grid emerged as a need to provide electricity, and related
studies were not strongly framed in terms of production being sustainable [54], nor was
it designed to receive 100% renewable energy sources (RESs) [55]. The diversification
of renewable energy sources and the importance of integrating much larger percentages
(especially wind and solar) create challenges to supply adequate and continuous service to
meet the electrical demand [17]. Advances in AI, including deep learning, machine learning,
and other tools, are energizing the global energy sector as much as in other areas [56,57]. In
several countries and regions, the indispensable need to use AI to carry out activities in a
way that is more efficient than done so by a human is beginning to be considered, such as
controlling, forecasting, and efficiently operating the electrical system. This situation in
some parts of the world has brought about deep analysis, discussions, and controversy [58].
AI also allows for the design of more robust systems that include 100% renewable systems
in the medium and long term [23]. Other studies have focused on using AI for efficient
control of equipment [59], including the inverter and photovoltaic (PV) solar panels under
appropriate positioning [60], maximizing energy generation capacity [61].
China’s development in various aspects is impressive, and AI does not escape being
a global protagonist [62]. Knowing that this field’s development is exceptional and a
transcendental tool, in 2017, the Chinese government issued the “Development Plan for a
New Generation of Artificial Intelligence” to make China a leading center of AI innovation
by 2030 [63]. According to official Chinese statistics, in 2021, the country developed 70.9%
of the world’s AI patents, which means they are an AI giant [64]. Other critics argue
that while China wins the race in volume, with approximately 13,000 patents, the United
States, with 8609 patents, far outstrips it in terms of impact [65]. On the other hand,
also recognizing that China is the largest energy consumer in the world, the transition to
renewable energy is being promoted to achieve carbon neutrality [66]. In 2023, the National
Energy Administration issued the “Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development
of Digital and Intelligent Energy”, proposing AI to accelerate the transition to renewable
 Energies 2025, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 33

Energies 2025, 18, 1523 5 of 31

Energy Administration issued the “Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development
of Digital and Intelligent Energy”, proposing AI to accelerate the transition to renewable
energy
energy[67].
[67].The
Theanalysis
analysisofofChina
Chinaisiskey
keysince
sinceseveral
severalregions
regionsofofthe
theworld
worldhave
haveaanotable
notable
influence
influence on goods and services coming from this world power, which impliesthat
on goods and services coming from this world power, which implies thatin inthe
the
coming years, there will be a dependence on several aspects of development
coming years, there will be a dependence on several aspects of development [68]. [68].
For
Foraamore
moredetailed
detailedunderstanding,
understanding,Figure
Figure11integrates
integratesthe
theAI
AIstrategies
strategiesofofseveral
several
countries,
countries, including the US, China, and the European Union. Each has presented its long-
including the US, China, and the European Union. Each has presented its long-
term
termstrategies
strategiesfor
forAI
AIdevelopment
developmentand andusability
usability[69–71].
[69–71].Talent
Talentdevelopment,
development,scientific
scientific
research,
research,and
andempowerment
empowermentthroughthroughenergy
energyinnovation
innovationprevail
prevailamong
amongallallcountries.
countries.

Figure1.1.AI
Figure AIstrategies
strategiesaccording
accordingtotocountries
countriesthat
thatare
aredriving
drivingnew
newcutting-edge
cutting-edgeAI
AItechnologies.
technologies.

Among
Amongthe themethodologies
methodologiesused usedforforthe
thedesign
designof ofenergy
energymarkets
marketsinintransition,
transition,thethe
need
needforforspecialized
specialized software
software support
supportstands out,out,
stands including EnergyPLAN
including EnergyPLAN [72], [72],
ELENA [73],
ELENA
LEAP [74], Message
[73], LEAP [75], and
[74], Message [75],HOMER
and HOMER [76], among others.
[76], among Several
others. authors
Several highlight
authors the
highlight
use
theof AIof
use asAIa link
as atolink
energy transition
to energy tools [77–79].
transition A Višković
tools [77–79]. et al. [80]
A Višković et recognize AI as a
al. [80] recognize
key element
AI as a key in the energy
element in thetransition. After analyzing
energy transition. the methodologies
After analyzing of other research
the methodologies of other
focused
researchon the design
focused on the of continental and islandand
design of continental energy markets,
island energythey evaluate
markets, theyhistorical
evaluate
data beforedata
historical designing
beforethe future market
designing [27,81].
the future Other[27,81].
market researchers
Otheruse satellite systems
researchers that
use satellite
identify
systemsthe energy
that potential
identify of different
the energy territories
potential [82]. Subsequently,
of different detailed
territories [82]. analyses de-
Subsequently, of
energy resources can be carried out using AI to determine how the energy
tailed analyses of energy resources can be carried out using AI to determine how the en- system should
change in the should
ergy system medium and long
change term
in the [25]. and long term [25].
medium

2.2.
2.2.Challenges
ChallengesofofAI
AIApplications
ApplicationstotoSupport
SupportTE
TE
To
To ensure that AI effectively drives theenergy
ensure that AI effectively drives the energytransition,
transition,policies
policies need
need to
to be
be devel-
devel-
oped that support its responsible, inclusive, and ethical implementation, as emphasized
oped that support its responsible, inclusive, and ethical implementation, as emphasized
in
in[32,83].
[32] andOne of One
[83]. the priorities should should
of the priorities be the regulation of algorithms
be the regulation used in the
of algorithms usedenergy
in the
sector, ensuring that they are transparent and do not introduce biases or inequalities
energy sector, ensuring that they are transparent and do not introduce biases or inequali- in
energy distribution [84]. In addition, tax incentives should be established to encourage
ties in energy distribution [84]. In addition, tax incentives should be established to encour-
technological innovation, supporting both large companies and startups working on AI-
age technological innovation, supporting both large companies and startups working on
based solutions to improve energy efficiency and the integration of renewable energy [41].
AI-based solutions to improve energy efficiency and the integration of renewable energy
At the infrastructure level, policies should promote the development of smart grids which
[41]. At the infrastructure level, policies should promote the development of smart grids
leverage AI to manage energy distribution more efficiently [85]. It is essential that these
which leverage AI to manage energy distribution more efficiently [85]. It is essential that
technologies are accessible to all regions, avoiding the exclusion of vulnerable or low-
these technologies are accessible to all regions, avoiding the exclusion of vulnerable or
income communities [86]. Likewise, the creation of job training and retraining programs
low-income communities [86]. Likewise, the creation of job training and retraining pro-
will be key to ensuring that the workforce is prepared to adapt to the new challenges and
grams will be key to ensuring that the workforce is prepared to adapt to the new chal-
opportunities that AI brings [87]. Finally, policies should foster international cooperation,
lenges and opportunities that AI brings [87]. Finally, policies should foster international
ensuring that the benefits of AI in the energy transition are shared globally and contribute
to the sustainable development of all countries, especially developing ones [88].
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 6 of 31

Most renewable energy systems that plan to use AI are deconcentrated and decentral-
ized. Part of the optimization of the systems involves avoiding long transmission lines
as much as possible so that the combinations of renewable energy sources are closer to
the load. Given the interest generated by the high performance of AI, decarbonization
processes, and the implementation of emerging technologies, many other energy compa-
nies are using AI to ensure a balance between supply and demand [89]. The challenge
also consists of limiting the share of energy from fossil fuels, since demand is constantly
growing. AI has also focused on looking for customer behavior patterns, and technical
and economic analysis helps to analyze a large amount of data produced by the power
sector [90]. Other applications of AI have also been identified, such as energy storage and
the operation of autonomous networks [87], for example, on islands to guarantee service
continuity at maximum load [88]; simulations and creation of scenarios are carried out in
different meteorological conditions [91].
Research is expected to focus on the integration of AI throughout the energy transition
process, optimizing the generation and distribution of renewable energy through accurate
predictions on the availability of sources such as solar and wind [92]. Its integration with
smart grids will allow fir efficient management of energy supply and demand, facilitating
storage and distribution according to needs [93]. In addition, AI will promote energy
efficiency in buildings and cities, automatically controlling consumption and improving
sustainability [94]. As it advances, it will empower emerging technologies, such as car-
bon capture and the development of new battery materials. It will also facilitate energy
decentralization, allowing for autonomous management of distributed energy systems
and optimizing energy transactions through blockchain [28]. Likewise, AI will support
the creation of informed and equitable public policies, by analyzing large volumes of data
to predict consumption and emissions trends [95–97]. Together, these innovations will
contribute to a more agile, efficient, and sustainable energy transition [98].

3. Methodology
This study uses a bibliometric approach to visualize the analysis based on the statistics
of the number of published articles and the main background surrounding the docu-
ments [99]. Bibliometric methods are widely used to evaluate scientific results, analyze the
results by area of knowledge, country, and authors, structure scientific knowledge graphs,
and identify the direction of development of specific fields [100]. Vosviewer is one of the
most recognized bibliometric analysis tools, but there are also others, such as CiteSpace
(version number 6.3.R1) [101], Ucinet (version number 6.806) [102], and RStudio (version
number 2024.12.1) [103], used in the research field.
In this study, Vosviewer visualization software was used as a powerful analysis
tool [99] to extract and analyze the data. In this way, the databases are systematically ana-
lyzed, including keywords and the timeline distribution in artificial intelligence and energy
transition fields. VOSviewer uses the VOS mapping technique to build two-dimensional
distance-based maps, which can display maps such as authors or journals satisfactorily
compared to most bibliometric programs [104].
A comprehensive review of the literature related to AI and the energy transition
was conducted; the search databases are Scopus and several search attempts were made,
including filtering between the following: TS = (“Artificial intelligence *” OR “AI *” OR
“Data Analytics *” OR “Business Intelligence *” OR “Artificial intelligent *” OR “Big Data *”
OR “Generative AI *” OR “Machine learning *” OR “Deep learning *”) OR “Multimodal
model *” OR “NLP *” OR “Computer Vision *” OR “LLM *” OR “Neural networks *” AND
TS = (“Energy Transition *” OR “Energy Planning *” OR “Long Term *” OR “Energy *” OR
 “Energy policy *” OR “Energy efficiency *” OR “Smart Energy *” OR “Wind *” OR “solar
*”).
The search in the Scopus database yielded 342 documents, indicating a notable
growth in publications related to AI and the energy transition over the last four years.
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 7 of 31
Figure 2 below graphically presents the methodology used in the review.
The study consists of three clearly defined steps. The first step consists of analyzing
“Zero
the source of data Carbon according
obtained *” OR “Electricity *” OR previously
to the words “Decarbonization
defined*”in
OR the“Renewables
Scopus da- *” OR “Energy
policy *” OR “Energy efficiency *” OR “Smart Energy *” OR “Wind
tabase. Step 2 consists of analyzing the results obtained, considered in terms of data *” OR
pat-“solar *”).
The
tern findings. Finally, insearch
step 3,in the Scopus
these results database yielded
are discussed. The342 documents,
countries that indicating a notable growth
generate the
most scientific contributions are highlighted, in addition to identifying the main authorsyears. Figure 2
in publications related to AI and the energy transition over the last four
and the researchbelow graphically
centers presents
that are giving thethe methodology
greatest impetusused in area
to the the review.
of AI&ET.

Step1: Data Sources and Data: SCOPUS core colletion

Research Methods Search strategy: TS = (“Artificial intelligence *” OR “AI *” OR “Data Analytics *” OR
“Business Intelligence *” OR “Artificial intelligent *” OR “Big Data *” OR “Generative AI
*” OR “Machine learning *” OR “Deep learning *”) OR “Multimodal model *” OR “NLP *”
OR “Computer Vision *” OR “LLM *” OR “Neural networks *” AND TS =(“Energy
Transition *” OR “Energy Planning *” OR “Long Term *” OR “Energy *” OR “ Zero Carbon
*” OR “Electricity *” OR “Decarbonization *” OR “Renewables *” OR “Energy policy *” OR
“Energy efficiency *” OR “Smart Energy *” OR “Wind *” OR “solar *”).

Step2: Analysis of Results

Institutional Analysis
Keyword Clustering
Trend of annual publicaions Author Collaboration
Burst Detection Analysis
Disciplinary Distribution Citation Analysis
Timeline Analysis
Regional Analysis

Hot Issues in Current Research

Step3: Further Discussion

Future Trends and Challenges

Figure 2. The methodology used

Figure 2. The in the research.
methodology used in the research.

The degree of advancement

The study consistsof theofuse of AI
three in thedefined
clearly supplysteps.
chain The
of the electrical
first sys- of analyzing
step consists
tem has been considered,
the source not limited
of data to a specific
obtained part oftothe
according electrical
the words system. The defined
previously number in the Scopus
of works dedicated to integrating
database. AI&ETof
Step 2 consists and classifiedthe
analyzing byresults
subareas has beenconsidered
obtained, determined. in terms of data
Published andpattern
not justfindings.
acceptedFinally,
research in has
stepbeen identified,
3, these appearing
results are discussed.in an
The important
countries that generate
scientific platform calledscientific
the most Scopus.contributions
Scopus has a arelong-standing
highlighted,reputation
in additionand offers a vari-
to identifying the main authors
ety of features,and
including a usercenters
the research interface
thatand
arebibliometric analyzers.
giving the greatest Scopus’
impetus to theimpact in-AI&ET.
area of
cludes diverse subjectTheareas, years
degree of publication,ofand
of advancement thedocument
use of AItypes,
in theand covers
supply more
chain of the electrical
than 5000 publishers,
system data on funders,
has been and patents.
considered, not limitedIts strict
to a policies
specific mean
part ofthat
theaelectrical
journal system. The
must pass a series
numberof filters of the
of works highest quality
dedicated to be indexed
to integrating AI&ET [105]. Scopus data
and classified are
by subareas has been
incorporated into other Elsevier
determined. research
Published and products
not justsuch as ScienceDirect,
accepted research hasIEEE,been and Men- appearing in
identified,
deley [106]. Customers incorporate
an important scientificScopus Custom
platform calledData (SCD)Scopus
Scopus. and Scopus
has aApplication
long-standing reputation
Programming Interfaces
and offers(APIs) into of
a variety their tools. Scopus
features, includingprovides
a userabstract andand
interface citation data
bibliometric analyzers.
for the most important research
Scopus’ impact worldwide;
includes typically,
diverse subject renowned
areas, years researchers try toand
of publication, make
document types,
their works available on this
and covers sitethan
more for 5000
prestige [107]. Scopus
publishers, data onindexes three
funders, main
and types Its
patents. of strict policies
scientific content:
meanconference proceedings,
that a journal must passresearch journals,
a series and
of filters of books [108]. quality
the highest Bibliometric
to be indexed [105].
Scopus data are incorporated into other Elsevier research products such as ScienceDirect,
IEEE, and Mendeley [106]. Customers incorporate Scopus Custom Data (SCD) and Scopus
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) into their tools. Scopus provides abstract and
citation data for the most important research worldwide; typically, renowned researchers
try to make their works available on this site for prestige [107]. Scopus indexes three main
types of scientific content: conference proceedings, research journals, and books [108].
Energies 2025, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 33
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 8 of 31

analyses, such as in the current study, and data analysis simplify the work of students,
Bibliometric analyses, such as in the current study, and data analysis simplify the work of
researchers, and research center administrators.
students, researchers, and research center administrators.

4. Analysis
4. Analysis of
of Results
Results
4.1. Annual
4.1. Annual Publication
Publication Statistics
Statistics
Publicationstatistics
Publication statisticsare
areofofgreat
greatimportance
importanceinin identifying
identifying thethe level
level of of development
development of
of an area or synergies between areas in a period of time determined by the
an area or synergies between areas in a period of time determined by the research authors. research au-
thors.
The The analyses
analyses carried
carried out will out
dependwill greatly
dependongreatly on recent
the most the most recent
trends, andtrends, andwill
the future the
be marked by the most recent expectations that have been generated. Figure 3 presents the3
future will be marked by the most recent expectations that have been generated. Figure
presents
annual the annualdeveloped
publications publications fromdeveloped from
1990 to the 1990(end
present to the
of present (end ofthe
2024) between 2024) be-
related
tween the related areas of artificial intelligence in
areas of artificial intelligence in the energy transition. the energy transition.

Figure 3. Documents
Figure 3. Documents by
by year
year in
in the
the field
field of
of AI&ET.
AI&ET.

Interpreting
Interpreting the the data
data in in Figure
Figure 3, 3, itit can
can bebe expressed
expressed that that the
the number
number of of documents
documents
published
published in Scopus in the field of AI&ET research shows significant growth, especially
in Scopus in the field of AI&ET research shows significant growth, especially
in
in the last five
the last five years.
years.Consequently,
Consequently,the theresearch
researchrelated
relatedtotothese
these two
two merged
merged areas
areas cancan
be
be divided into three stages of development. The first corresponds
divided into three stages of development. The first corresponds to the stage that goes from to the stage that goes
from
1990 1990
to 2013to 2013
and canandbe can be called
called moderate
moderate growth growth
withwith 46 documents;
46 documents; the second
the second stagestage
can
can be recognized as significant growth between 2014 and 2019
be recognized as significant growth between 2014 and 2019 with 73 articles, which exceeds with 73 articles, which
exceeds
the previousthe previous
period based period on based on theofnumber
the number documents of documents
and in a shorterand in a shorter
time. time.
Meanwhile,
Meanwhile, the third stage is considered high growth because
the third stage is considered high growth because the increase in publications has ex- the increase in publications
has exceeded
ceeded expectations
expectations between between
2020 and 2020 andwith
2024, 2024,223with 223 documents.
documents. The number The number of
of articles
articles published in these five years is relatively small, but
published in these five years is relatively small, but the number of publications exceedsthe number of publications
exceeds 305% compared
305% compared to the stage.
to the previous previous
Researchstage.onResearch on artificial has
artificial intelligence intelligence
achieved hassig-
achieved significant developments, and we see the authors
nificant developments, and we see the authors of various studies applying them to the of various studies applying
them
energy totransition
the energy transition
processes processes
that need to be that need to be
intensified intensified
and incorporate andthe incorporate the
highest levels
highest levels of penetration
of penetration of renewable energies. of renewable energies.
Figure
Figure44belowbelowshowsshows thethedocuments
documents published
published by country,
by country, which includes
which the 15the
includes coun-
15
tries with the most publications in IA&ET. In this sense, China
countries with the most publications in IA&ET. In this sense, China leads by far with 104 leads by far with 104 docu-
ments,
documents,followed by theby
followed United StatesStates
the United with 43 documents,
with India with
43 documents, India37,withand37,South
and Korea
South
with
Korea with 20. Subsequently, there is a block of 11 countries that have published less than
20. Subsequently, there is a block of 11 countries that have published less than
20
20 documents
documents in in the
the area
area butbut are
areundoubtedly
undoubtedlyof ofgreat
greatcontribution
contributionto tothe
theenergy
energysector.
sector.
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 Meanwhile, Table 1 shows 65 countries that have published at least 1 article, and 16
9 of 31
documents do not have a country-specific definition.

Figure 4. The top 15 countries with the most publications on AI&ET.

Figure 4. The top 15 countries with the most publications on AI&ET.
Meanwhile, Table 1 shows 65 countries that have published at least 1 article, and
Table
16 1. Total countries
documents in terms
do not have of published documents
a country-specific on AI&ET.
definition.
Country Docs Country Docs Country Docs Country Docs Country Docs
Table 1. Total countries in terms of published documents on AI&ET.
China 104 Iraq 7 Tunisia 3 Cyprus 1 Thailand 1
United States
Country 43
Docs Mexico
Country 7
Docs Viet Nam
Country 3
Docs Czech Republic
Country Docs 1 Ukraine
Country 1
Docs
United Arab
India
China 10437 Singapore
Iraq 7 Austria
Tunisia 32 Congo
Cyprus 1 1 Thailand 11
United States 43 Mexico 7 Viet Nam 3 Czech Republic 1 Emirates
Ukraine 1
South Korea 20 Egypt 6 Chile 2 Finland 1 Venezuela
United Arab 1
India 37 Singapore 7 Austria 2 Congo 1 1
Iran 18 Poland 6 Colombia 2 Greece 1 Yemen
Emirates 1
South Korea
Spain 2015 Egypt
Russian 66 Chile
Luxembourg 22 Finland
Hungary 1 1 Venezuela
Undefined 1
16
Iran 18 Poland 6 Colombia 2 Greece 1 Yemen 1
Canada
Spain 1514 Germany
Russian 56 Netherlands
Luxembourg 22 Ireland
Hungary 1 1 Undefined 16
France 14 Italy 5 Oman 2 Kuwait 1
Canada 14 Germany 5 Netherlands 2 Ireland 1
Taiwan
France 1412 Brazil
Italy 45 Pakistan
Oman 22 Lebanon
Kuwait 1 1
Malaysia
Taiwan 1211 Indonesia
Brazil 44 Portugal
Pakistan 22 Macao
Lebanon 1 1
Malaysia
United Kingdom 1111 Indonesia
Morocco 4 Portugal
Romania 22 Macao
Norway 1 1
United Kingdom
Australia 1110 Morocco
Turkey 44 Romania
South Africa 22 NorwayPeru 1 1
Australia 10 Turkey 4 South Africa 2 Peru 1
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia 10
10 Algeria
Algeria
33 Belgium
Belgium 1
1 Slovakia
Slovakia 1
1
HongKong
Hong Kong 8 8 Nigeria
Nigeria 33 Bulgaria
Bulgaria 11 Switzerland
Switzerland 1 1
Japan
Japan 8 8 Sweden
Sweden 3 Croatia
Croatia 11 Tanzania
Tanzania 1 1

Figure 5 shows the authors’ names with the largest number of published documents
Figure 5 shows the authors’ names with the largest number of published documents
on AI&ET. It should be noted that the author Puig, Vicenç has five documents, followed
on AI&ET. It should be noted that the author Puig, Vicenç has five documents, followed
closely by three authors with four documents each, who are Anwar K., Deshmukh S., and
closely by three authors with four documents each, who are Anwar K., Deshmukh S.,
Homod, R.Z. A large number of authors have published three documents each: Fan X,
and Homod, R.Z. A large number of authors have published three documents each: Fan
Herbert T, Jin Y, López Estrada F.R., Pérez-Perez E.J. Rohani A, Santos Ruiz I, Taki M,
X, Herbert T, Jin Y, López Estrada F.R., Pérez-Perez E.J. Rohani A, Santos Ruiz I, Taki M,
Valencia Palomo G, and Yan D. Finally, AI-Fattah S.M. published two documents related
Valencia Palomo G, and Yan D. Finally, AI-Fattah S.M. published two documents related
to AI&ET.
to AI&ET.
In the context of the review concerning AI&ET, the authors V. V. Elistratov [109] and
Spiru Paraschiv [110] emphasize the need to increase the growth of renewable and low-
 ergy potential can be better exploited by adequately extracting the energy available in the
different areas of analysis. It has been identified that by using AI, oversizing the planned
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 generation plants can be avoided, making the initial investment more attractive 10 ofand
31
achieving the decarbonization of the systems as a primary objective.

Figure5.5.Documents
Figure Documentsby
byauthor
authorrelated
relatedtotoAI&ET.
AI&ET.

In the context
Figure of the
6 presents review concerning
the documents AI&ET,
by affiliation the authors
published V. V. with
on AI&ET, Elistratov [109]
the Chinese
and Spiru Paraschiv
Academy of Sciences[110] emphasize
having thenumber
the largest need toofincrease the on
documents growth of renewable
AI&ET. The Ministryandof
low-carbon electricity generation. Much of the literature contemplates initiatives
Education of the People follows with nine documents, Fudan University with seven docu- for the
inclusion
ments, andof Southeast
energy storage systems.
University andThe designed
Tsinghua systemswith
University are primarily optimized,
six documents, amongand
the
AI application
relevant ones. tools are helpful in allowing these procedures to have a great long-term
effect. AI has been made visible under the synergy of modern technologies, such as DL, ML,
and advanced neural networks. These structures allow us to identify that the renewable
energy potential can be better exploited by adequately extracting the energy available
in the different areas of analysis. It has been identified that by using AI, oversizing the
planned generation plants can be avoided, making the initial investment more attractive
and achieving the decarbonization of the systems as a primary objective.
Figure 6 presents the documents by affiliation published on AI&ET, with the Chinese
Academy of Sciences having the largest number of documents on AI&ET. The Ministry
of Education of the People follows with nine documents, Fudan University with seven
documents, and Southeast University and Tsinghua University with six documents, among
the relevant ones.
Other advanced operations in different areas are already within reach of society
thanks to AI, including predicting failures in different production systems, which means
anticipating their occurrence, saving time and money, and, above all, safeguarding human
lives [57]. The applications of AI in the energy industry will expand and deepen in the
coming years. They will focus on the entire energy value chain, including at the customer
service level, so AI is expected to be integrated into adjacent related areas such as mobility,
agriculture, and security, among others. Its scope may still be unimaginable, but the
human being must prevail, which is being constantly discussed in different international
forums [111].
Figure 7 presents the documents by type. Articles account for 70.5%, conference papers
for 21.1%, conference reviews for 3.8%, reviews for 2.6%, book chapters for 1.8%, and data
papers for 0.3%.
 Energies 2025, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 33
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 11 of 31

Energies 2025, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 33

Figure 6. Documents by affiliation related to AI&ET.

Figure 6. Documents by affiliation related to AI&ET.

Other advanced operations in different areas are already within reach of society
thanks to AI, including predicting failures in different production systems, which means
anticipating their occurrence, saving time and money, and, above all, safeguarding human
lives [57]. The applications of AI in the energy industry will expand and deepen in the
coming years. They will focus on the entire energy value chain, including at the customer
service level, so AI is expected to be integrated into adjacent related areas such as mobility,
agriculture, and security, among others. Its scope may still be unimaginable, but the hu-
man being must prevail, which is being constantly discussed in different international
forums [111].
Figure 7 presents the documents by type. Articles account for 70.5%, conference pa-
pers for 21.1%, conference reviews for 3.8%, reviews for 2.6%, book chapters for 1.8%, and
data papers for 0.3%.

Figure 7. Documents by type related to AI&ET extracted from the Scopus database.
Figure 7. Documents by type related to AI&ET extracted from the Scopus database.
4.2. Network Analysis
4.2. Network
In thisAnalysis
subsection, the publications are analyzed from four perspectives. First, the
In this subsection,
databases on AI&ET are the analyzed
publications areVOSviewer
using analyzed from four through
software perspectives. First, the
a co-occurrence
databases
network,on theAI&ET are analyzed
full counting method, using
and anVOSviewer software
analysis unit, throughkeywords
which identify a co-occurrence
according
network, the full counting
to the literature specified method, and an analysis
in the Methodology unit,
Section. Thewhich identify
minimum keywords
number accord-
of occurrences
ing
is to
fivethefor
literature
a keyword.specified in 4230
Of the the Methodology
words, 148 meetSection. The minimum
the threshold. number
Figure of oc-
8 shows that
currences
the mostisprevalent
five for a keyword.
keywordsOfarethethose
4230 identified
words, 148with
meetlarger
the threshold.
and more Figure 8 shows
intense circles,
that the mostof
consisting prevalent keywordsdeep
neural networks, are those identified
learning, with
artificial larger and and
intelligence, moreforecasting.
intense circles,
consisting of neural networks, deep learning, artificial intelligence, and forecasting.
It should be noted that VOSviewer aims to visualize bibliometric networks. It also
runs in a web browser and can be used to share interactive visualizations. These networks
can be built based on citation relationships, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, or co-au-
thorship. VOSviewer also presents a comprehensive view of scientific activities in specific
areas, such as the one studied in this document on AI&ET, and can serve as an excellent
tool to support strategic decision-making.
For visualization purposes, version 1.6.20 of VOSviewer, updated on October 31,
Energies 2025, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 33
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 12 of 31

Keywordanalysis
Figure8.8.Keyword
Figure analysis in
in the
the reviewed
reviewed literature
literatureusing
usingVOSviewer.
VOSviewer.

It should be noted that VOSviewer aims to visualize bibliometric networks. It also runs
The analysis was then carried out by authorship and co-authorship with a maximum
in a web browser and can be used to share interactive visualizations. These networks can be
of 25 authors in the articles. The number of authors and co-authors is 1182, as shown in
built based on citation relationships, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, or co-authorship.
Figure 9. The most relevant researchers are identified as Wang X, Wang J, Kim S, Li X, and
VOSviewer also presents a comprehensive view of scientific activities in specific areas, such
Zhang
as the Z.
oneFigure
studied10inidentifies that there
this document are collaborations
on AI&ET, and can serve asbetween the tool
an excellent mosttoprominent
support
authors, and they form
strategic decision-making.an extended network to publish their documents.
For visualization purposes, version 1.6.20 of VOSviewer, updated on October 31,
2023, was used. VOSviewer was selected for its superior capability in visualizing complex
bibliometric networks and its proven effectiveness in identifying emerging research patterns
in technological fields. This version offers improved functions for creating maps based on
data downloaded through API and supports the creation of maps based on data exported
from Scopus in the new Scopus file format.
The analysis was then carried out by authorship and co-authorship with a maximum
of 25 authors in the articles. The number of authors and co-authors is 1182, as shown in
Figure 9. The most relevant researchers are identified as Wang X, Wang J, Kim S, Li X, and
Zhang Z. Figure 10 identifies that there are collaborations between the most prominent
authors, and they form an extended network to publish their documents.
Table 2 presents the evaluation results by supply chain according to the most promi-
nent AI domain area and the featured publications from January 1990 to December 2024.
The use of AI in research is experiencing exponential growth, and its applications in the
energy sector follow similar trends, which highlights the growing interest in studying
the two integrated fields and, most likely, that shortly they will bring about unexpected
outcomes since the AI growth ceiling is still far away.

Figure 9. Visualization network by authorship and co-authorship.

 Figure 9. The most relevant researchers are identified as Wang X, Wang J, Kim S, Li X, and
Zhang Z. Figure 10 identifies that there are collaborations between the most prominent
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 13 of 31
authors, and they form an extended network to publish their documents.

Energies 2025, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14

Figure 9. Visualization network by authorship and co-authorship.

Figure 9. Visualization network by authorship and co-authorship.

Figure 10. Inter-relations between most prominent authors.

Figure 10. Inter-relations between most prominent authors.

Table 2 presents the evaluation results by supply chain according to the most p
inent AI domain area and the featured publications from January 1990 to December
The use of AI in research is experiencing exponential growth, and its applications i
energy sector follow similar trends, which highlights the growing interest in studyin
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 14 of 31

Table 2. Assessment by supply chain according to the most prominent AI domain identified in the featured publications as of December 2024.

Part of the Supply Most Prominent AI AI Application

Use Cases Full Article Title Journal Authors Citations
Chain Domain Examples

“Artificial intelligence and machine - ML-based

Energy Wind energy forecasting Machine Learning learning in grid connected wind Nathan Oaks Farrar, Ali, prediction of
Energies 25 wind energy
Generation (Wind) and optimization (ML) turbine control systems: A M. H., Dasgupta, D
comprehensive review” [112] generation.

Mersad Shoaei, - Solar power

“A review of the applications of
Younes Noorollahi, generation
Energy Solar energy production artificial intelligence in renewable Energy Conversion and
Deep Learning (DL) Ahmad Hajinezhad, 50 prediction using
Generation (Solar) optimization energy systems: An approach-based Management
Seyed Farhan deep learning.
study” [113]
Moosavian

Efficient grid Optimization “A Survey on the Electrification of Wencong Su, - Automated fault
Energy Distribution IEEE Transactions on detection in
management and fault Algorithms and Neural Transportation in a Smart Grid Habiballah Eichi, Wente 639
(Smart Grids) Smart Grid the grid.
detection Networks Environment” [114] Zeng, Mo-Yuen Chow

“Optimization of energy storage - Optimization of

Battery life prediction
Energy Predictive Analytics systems for integration of renewable battery
and energy storage Journal of Energy Storage Hira Tahir 14
Storage (Batteries) and Machine Learning energy sources—A bibliometric storage efficiency.
management
analysis” [115]

“The Current State of the Art in Moamin A. Mahmoud

Research on Predictive Maintenance in 1, Naziffa Raha Md - Predictive
Energy Grids Fault prediction and Computer Vision and maintenance for
Smart Grid Distribution Network: Energies Nasir, Mathuri 200
(Power Networks) grid maintenance Predictive Analytics power grids.
Fault’s Types, Causes, and Prediction Gurunathan, Preveena
Methods—A Systematic Review” [116] Raj, Salama A. Mostafa

F. Chen Jong, Musse - Prediction of

Hydropower “A new hybrid Artificial Intelligence
Energy Generation Process Optimization Mohamud Ahmed, W. water flow and
optimization for (AI) approach for hydro energy sites Heliyon 150
(Hydropower) and Simulation Kin Lau, H. Aik Denis turbine efficiency.
efficiency selection and integration” [117]
Lee

Siow Jat Shern, Md

“Artificial Intelligence Optimization - Charging station
Optimization of EV fleet Optimization Tanjil Sarker,
for User Prediction and Efficient demand
Electric Vehicles (EVs) energy consumption Algorithms and Energies Mohammed Hussein 1
Energy Distribution in Electric Vehicle prediction.
and routing Computer Vision Saleh Mohammed
Smart Charging Systems” [118]
Haram

“Performance analysis of AI-based - Energy

Supervised Learning
Charging station load energy management in electric Energy Conversion and Jincheng Hu, Yang Lin, optimization for
EV Charging Networks and Predictive 210
balancing vehicles: A case study on classic Management Jihao Li charging stations.
Analytics
reinforcement learning” [119]
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 15 of 31

Table 2. Cont.

Part of the Supply Most Prominent AI AI Application

Use Cases Full Article Title Journal Authors Citations
Chain Domain Examples

- Optimization of
Industrial energy energy
Neural Networks and “Energetics Systems and artificial Tanveer Ahmad,
Energy Consumption optimization for consumption in
Optimization intelligence: Applications of industry Energy Reports Hongyu Zhu, 180
(Industry) manufacturing industrial
Algorithms 4.0” [120] Dongdong Zhang
processes operations.

- Automated
“Applications of artificial intelligence energy
Energy Consumption Energy management in Intelligent Control and Raheemat O. Yussuf, consumption
for energy efficiency throughout the Energy and Buildings 48
(Smart Buildings) smart buildings Neural Networks Omar S. Asfour adjustments in
building lifecycle: An overview” [121]
buildings.

- Real-time energy
Household energy Predictive Analytics “Deep Reinforcement Learning for consumption
Energy Consumption IEEE Internet of Things Liang Yu, Weiwei Xie,
usage prediction and and Optimization Smart Home Energy Management” 278 prediction and
(Homes) Journal Di Xie, Yulong Zou
optimization Algorithms [122] adjustment.

“Production of biofuels from biomass: Manish Meena, - Biomass energy

Energy Generation Biomass energy Optimization and generation
Predicting the energy employing Bioresource Technology Shubham Shubham, 130
(Biomass) production efficiency Predictive Modeling prediction.
artificial intelligence modelling” [123] Kunwar Paritosh

- Predicting
Optimization geothermal
Energy Generation Geothermal energy “The Geothermal Artificial Intelligence J. Moraga, H.S. Duzgun, energy output
Algorithms and Renewable Energy 115
(Geothermal) production forecasting for geothermal exploration” [124] M. Cavur, H. Soydan based on
Simulation
geological data.

A. Sai Ramesh, S. - Optimization of

Hydrogen production “Artificial intelligence driven
Energy Storage Predictive Modeling Vigneshwar, Sundaram hydrogen storage
optimization for energy hydrogen and battery technologies—A Fuel 95
(Hydrogen) and Simulation Vickram systems.
storage review” [125]

Gokul Sidarth - Real-time control

“Role of optimization techniques in Thirunavukkarasu, of microgrid
Microgrids (Energy Microgrid optimization Neural Networks and Energy Strategy
microgrid energy management Mehdi 120 energy
Networks) for energy distribution Control Algorithms Reviews
systems—A review” [126] Seyedmahmoudian, distribution.
Elmira Jamei
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 16 of 31

Table 2. Cont.

Part of the Supply Most Prominent AI AI Application

Use Cases Full Article Title Journal Authors Citations
Chain Domain Examples

- Wave behavior
Optimization of tidal Predictive Models and “Wave energy converter array layout Bo Yang, Shaocong Wu, prediction for
Energy Generation
and wave energy Computational optimization: A critical and Renewable Energy Hao Zhang, Bingqiang 110 energy
(Tidal and Wave)
generation Simulation comprehensive overview” [127] Liu optimization.

AI-assisted “The role of utilizing artificial - Development of

Computational Fatma M. Talaat, A.E. new solar
Energy R&D development of new intelligence and renewable energy in
Simulation and Renewable Energy Kabeel, Warda M. 135 materials using
(Innovation) renewable energy reaching sustainable development
Machine Learning Shaban AI.
technologies goals” [128]

SeyedehNiloufar - Predictive energy

“Data-driven prediction and
Mousavi, María optimization for
Energy Consumption Commercial building Machine Learning and optimization toward net-zero and Building and
Villarreal-Marroquín, 66 commercial
(Commercial) energy optimization Data Analytics positive-energy buildings: A Environment
Mostafa facilities.
systematic review” [129]
Hajiaghaei-Keshteli

“Recent advances in artificial - Predictive

Supercapacitor Neural Networks and Xinxin Liu, Kexin Fan, analytics for
Energy Storage intelligence boosting materials design Chemical Engineering
optimization for fast Optimization Xinmeng Huang, 24 energy storage
(Supercapacitors) for electrochemical energy storage” Journal
energy storage Algorithms Jiankai Ge efficiency.
[130]

“A novel AI approach for optimal

Optimizing charging Optimization deployment of EV fast charging - Optimizing the
EV Charging Fareed Ahmad, Imtiaz placement of
network design and Algorithms and station and reliability analysis with Energy Reports 64
Infrastructure Ashraf, Atif Iqbal charging stations.
maintenance Predictive Analytics solar based DGs in distribution
network” [131]

“Design and Optimization of Control - AI-assisted

Optimization of electric Computational System for More Electric Aircraft Ratapon Phosung, design for
Aviation (Electric
aircraft design and Simulation and Power Systems Using Adaptive Tabu IEEE Access Kongpan Areerak, 125 energy-efficient
Aircraft)
operations Machine Learning Search Algorithm Based on Kongpol Areerak electric aircraft.
State-Variables-Averaging Model” [30]

“Leveraging the power of machine - AI-driven load

Zaid Allal, Hassan N.
Energy Grids (Load Load balancing for Control Algorithms learning and data balancing Engineering Applications balancing for
Noura, Ola Salman, 150
Balancing) energy grids and Optimization techniques to evaluate stability in of Artificial Intelligence power grids.
Khaled Chahine
smart grids” [132]
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 17 of 31

Table 2. Cont.

Part of the Supply Most Prominent AI AI Application

Use Cases Full Article Title Journal Authors Citations
Chain Domain Examples

“AI-based energy-efficient path - Optimizing

Pengfei Du, Xiang He, energy delivery
Optimization of energy Route Optimization planning of multiple logistics UAVs in Computer
Energy Logistics Haotong Cao, Sahil 33 routes for
transportation networks and Machine Learning intelligent transportation systems” Communications
Garg transport.
[133]

- AI optimization
Evolutionary “Public willingness to pay for the for solar cell
Research in new solar Jianjun Jin, Xinyu Wan,
Solar Energy R&D Algorithms and Neural research and development of solar Energy Policy 110 material
cell technologies Yongsheng Lin
Networks energy in Beijing, China” [134] properties.

“Integrated deep learning neural - Biogas

Mahmood
Energy Generation Biogas plant Control Algorithms network and desirability analysis in production
Energy Mahmoodi-Eshkaftaki, 90
(Biogas) optimization and Optimization biogas plants: A powerful tool to forecasting.
Rahim Ebrahimi
optimize biogas purification” [135]

- AI-assisted
Planning and The Journal of High K. Rajendra Prasad, energy
Energy Networks AI-Based Planning and “AI in public-private partnership for
development of energy Technology Management Santoshachandra Rao 32 infrastructure
(Infrastructure) Simulation IT infrastructure development” [136]
infrastructure Research Karanam, D. Ganesh planning.
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 18 of 31

• Among the most prominent AI domains for the energy sector are the domains
of “ML”, “DL”, “Predictive Analytics”, “Computer Vision”, “Neural Networks”,
and “Optimization.”
• Although there is a long history of using optimization techniques in the energy sector,
the current taxonomy of AI is very restricted to rather metaheuristic algorithms. After
analyzing high-impact works, articles of global interest were published in world-
renowned journals and had a high impact, according to JCR. Additionally, the number
of citations for each article is quite significant despite several recent publications. The
development of the publications of the main authors in the area of interest and those
who develop collaborative work with other prominent authors is highlighted. New,
relatively young authors are emerging in these growth areas; they may be the creators
of future developments in AI&ET.
The extensive analysis presented above shows that AI techniques directly impact
the energy sector, mainly large-scale renewable energy production systems. The search
for a more reliable, intelligent, and secure system is being pursued by improving digital
systems. The analysis of generation systems has become essential since the conventional
electrical system has undergone significant changes. Nowadays, a consumer can also be a
generator, and their systems can operate better thanks to communications, especially with
the support of AI. This situation radically changes the analysis of energy systems in energy
transition processes.
The analysis of the reviewed literature, particularly the publications presented in
Table 2, reveals several significant gaps that require further research:
- Large-scale integration: While most studies focus on specific AI applications, there is a
notable lack of research addressing the holistic integration of multiple AI technologies
into entire energy systems at the national or regional scale. Current implementations
tend to be siloed and lack integration frameworks. Studies currently available for
large-scale energy planning, such as EnergyPLAN, Message, Elena, and others, still
lack platforms or features that include artificial intelligence tools, which would make
energy planning models much more complex and present opportunities for research
and development.
- Economic aspects: Existing studies predominantly focus on technical feasibility, with a
scarcity of research comprehensively evaluating the economic and financial aspects of
implementing AI-based solutions, particularly in emerging economies. Cost–benefit
analyses and return on investment studies for large-scale AI implementations are
notably lacking.
- Standardization: A significant gap exists in the literature regarding the standardization
of protocols and methodologies for AI implementation in energy systems. This lack of
standardization hinders the replicability and scalability of proposed solutions across
different contexts and regions.
- System resilience: Current publications inadequately address how AI-based systems
can maintain their effectiveness in the face of disruptive events or significant changes
in operating conditions. The robustness of AI solutions under various stress scenarios
requires further investigation.
- Developing countries: There is a marked absence of studies examining AI solution
implementation in developing country contexts, where energy infrastructures may be
less advanced. This gap is particularly relevant given that these countries often face
unique challenges in energy transition.
- Social aspects: The literature lacks deep research on the social impact of AI imple-
mentation in energy systems, including aspects such as public acceptance, job market
 Energies 2025, 18, 1523 19 of 31

implications, and equity in access. The human dimension of AI-driven energy transi-
tions remains understudied.
- Human Development: No research has yet been identified in prestigious journals that in-
cludes human development indicators resulting from these new technological developments.
These identified gaps represent significant opportunities for future research in the
field of AI applied to energy transition. Addressing these gaps will be crucial for achieving
a more comprehensive understanding of how AI can effectively support global energy
transition efforts while ensuring equitable and sustainable implementation.
Pal Boza and Theodoros Evgeniou [137] gave sufficient guidelines on how artificial
Energies 2025, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 33
intelligence can support the integration of variable RESs into the electrical system. The
literature review also identifies that authors mainly apply non-linear models due to the
large data volume and complexity [138]. The application of AI in the energy industry is
gradually shifting toward a data analytics-based approach as technologies reach signifi-
gradually shifting toward a data analytics-based approach as technologies reach significant
cant maturity levels and processing capabilities improve [139]. According to Figure 3 pre-
maturity levels and processing capabilities improve [139]. According to Figure 3 presented
sented in this study, ML algorithms began to be used more frequently in the third period
in this study, ML algorithms began to be used more frequently in the third period to
to forecast electricity demand, generation, and energy market price. The future is promis-
forecast electricity demand, generation, and energy market price. The future is promising
ing for carrying out energy transition processes in a planned and orderly manner, avoid-
for carrying out energy transition processes in a planned and orderly manner, avoiding
ing taking unforeseen actions on the fly that typically determine higher economic resource
taking unforeseen actions on the fly that typically determine higher economic resource
requirements [140]. Reducing maintenance or fuel costs or extending the useful life of as-
requirements [140]. Reducing maintenance or fuel costs or extending the useful life of
setsassets
can be measured in laboratory environments and verify that the new order based on
can be measured in laboratory environments and verify that the new order based on
clean energy
clean energywould
wouldbenefit thethe
benefit energy
energysector.
sector.
Serban and Lytras [141] summarized
Serban and Lytras [141] summarized thethe
applications
applicationsofofAIAIininlarge-scale
large-scaleintegration
integration of
of RESs concerning the generator side, the grid side, and the consumer
RESs concerning the generator side, the grid side, and the consumer side. side. This
This is con-
is considered
sidered
to be to be possible
possible withinwithin a significant
a significant time range.
time range. Researchers
Researchers commonly commonly
considerconsider a
a time frame
time frame of up to 2050, so we built an adapted model in which countries
of up to 2050, so we built an adapted model in which countries with reduced developmentwith reduced
development
capacity can capacity can beasinserted,
be inserted, shown inasFigure
shown11. in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Application of AI techniques using large-scale long-term RESs.

Figure 11. Application of AI techniques using large-scale long-term RESs.
5. Discussion
5. Discussion
According to the literature review in this study aimed at identifying the main impacts
ofAccording todevelopments
joint AI&ET the literature review in this
that focus study digital
on global aimed at identifying theamain
decarbonization, largeimpacts
number of
of joint AI&ET developments that focus on global digital decarbonization, a large number
of RES systems will be connected to the grid shortly given the great growth in AI as evi-
denced in the last five years (third stage). Much of the literature indicates that small dis-
tributed renewable energy sources can generate and sell electricity to the grid [142,143].
Among the most renowned studies are those promoted by Marcos Tostado, who provides
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 20 of 31

RES systems will be connected to the grid shortly given the great growth in AI as evidenced
in the last five years (third stage). Much of the literature indicates that small distributed
renewable energy sources can generate and sell electricity to the grid [142,143]. Among the
most renowned studies are those promoted by Marcos Tostado, who provides sufficient
guidelines on how smart homes will influence the future and has also created a method-
ology to evaluate grid-integrated energy systems in the community context [26,144,145].
Electric vehicles and associated techniques (such as fast-charging batteries) will show in-
creasing market demand, as stated by David Borge-Diez et al. [146] in their study regarding
V2B. Antonio Barragan et al. [147] have also pointed out the main barriers that currently
hinder the deployment of renewable energies in countries that seek to transform their en-
ergy matrix to a more environmentally friendly one. It is also recognized that smart home
devices can be connected to the grid even without the knowledge of the grid operator [148].
All this would significantly impact the energy stability of the local electrical grid, which,
through AI techniques, can be controlled and energy efficiency criteria applied [149,150].
Optimizing the operation of the network with the help of AI techniques will further im-
prove the transmission and distribution capacity of existing lines, and, to a large extent,
repowering these network segments will be avoided. The useful life of the equipment can
be extended thanks to the transformation of the energy sector that includes higher rates of
participation in renewable energy supported by state-of-the-art digital systems [151,152].
However, the application of AI techniques in large-scale renewable energy integration still
encounters many barriers and limitations that must be intensively addressed and discussed,
so an interesting deployment of research is expected to be indexed in the databases and
its methodologies will contribute to the development of AI&ET [79,153]. Some of these
challenges include the following:
Integrating renewable energy: The variability in sources such as solar and wind can make
integrating them into the grid difficult. AI can help predict energy production and manage
demand, optimizing the use of renewable energy.
Energy efficiency: Improving energy consumption efficiency is critical. AI can analyze
consumption patterns and suggest strategies to reduce energy use in buildings and indus-
trial processes.
Smart grid management: Implementing smart grids requires complex management. AI can
facilitate real-time monitoring and control, ensuring efficient and reliable energy distribution.
Energy storage: Storage systems are crucial to balancing supply and demand. AI can
optimize the use of batteries and other storage systems, improving their performance and
extending their lifespan.
Changing consumer behavior: The energy transition involves changes in how consumers
use energy. AI can personalize recommendations and incentives to encourage more respon-
sible consumption.
Innovation in clean technologies: AI can accelerate the research and development of new
energy technologies, helping to discover more efficient and sustainable solutions.
Inequality in energy access: The energy transition must be inclusive. AI can analyze social
and economic data to identify areas where energy access needs to be improved.
Regulation and policies: Designing effective policies for the energy transition is complex.
AI can provide predictive analysis that informs policy decisions and regulations.
Collaboration between energy and AI experts is essential to effectively address these
challenges and promote a more sustainable and efficient energy future.
As expected, algorithms in AI related to planning are popular in power system plan-
ning, especially those designed to achieve the location and sizing of power generation units,
transmission, and distribution networks [79]. However, according to the literature review,
the use of AI in planning exercises is detected to be much less frequent than in O&M,
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 21 of 31

which may be related to the nature of the task and the AI algorithms currently used [154].
For example, in planning generation systems using renewable energy, efforts are directed
toward expansion plans of energy systems using the concept of smart energy [45]. This
type of planning structures energy systems as blocks but does not focus solely on parts of
the network as the study of smart grids does. Of course, the more distant the reference
horizon is, the less visible the AI precision is in short- and medium-term planning. How-
ever, long-term studies are conceived as roadmaps that define the path to be followed
to achieve, for example, decarbonization processes in a defined territory with renewable
energy potentials that possess exploitation possibilities.
Table 3 below compares the differentiating aspects between the most outstanding
works in AI&ET and the present study. The key differences in the works in the analysis
field in high-impact journals and general trends can be seen. The main approaches are
related to renewable energy optimization; algorithms, neural networks, and machine
learning have typically been used. These developments are leading to easier integration of
renewable energy, improving energy efficiency and the stability of energy systems. The
challenge lies in making these applications much more economically accessible.

Table 3. Comparative analysis of the present study with the latest research related to AI&ET.

Technologies/Methods Impact on Energy

Title of the Research Main Focus Challenges Authors
Used Transition
“Optimization of
energy acquisition Improves grid
Optimizing smart Optimization
system in smart grid efficiency and Need for
grids using AI for algorithms, neural
based on artificial stability, facilitating advanced infrastruc- Zhen Jing et al. [155]
efficient energy flow networks, and
intelligence and renewable energy ture.
management. machine learning.
digital twin integration.
technology” (2024)
“Artificial
intelligence powered
large-scale
renewable Forecasting Machine learning,
Enhances renewable
integrations in renewable energy prediction Variability in
energy predictability, Zhengxuan Liu
multi-energy generation (solar, algorithms, neural generation
optimizing et al. [156]
systems for carbon wind) using AI for networks, and Big and storage.
grid integration.
neutrality transition: grid integration. Data analysis.
Challenges and
future
perspectives”(2022)
“Predicting energy
consumption in
multiple buildings Optimizing energy Optimization
Reduces demand Scalability in
using machine consumption in algorithms, deep Anh-Duc Pham
peaks and increases different
learning for buildings and cities neural networks, and et al. [157]
energy efficiency. environments.
improving energy using AI. predictive analytics.
efficiency and
sustainability” (2020)
“AI-driven
Using AI for Machine learning Improves Ibrahim Adeiza
predictive Complexity in
predictive algorithms, Big Data infrastructure Ahmed and Paul
maintenance for integrating
maintenance in analysis, and cyber– reliability and Boadu
energy infrastruc- heterogeneous data.
energy infrastructure. physical systems. reduces downtime. Asamoah [158]
ture” (2024)
“Smart energy
AI algorithms,
systems: A critical Implementing AI in Optimizes efficiency
optimization, Requires infrastruc-
review on design energy management and stability in Yizhe Xu et al. [159]
machine learning, ture upgrades.
and operation for smart grids. smart grids.
and neural networks.
optimization” (2020)
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 22 of 31

Table 3. Cont.

Technologies/Methods Impact on Energy

Title of the Research Main Focus Challenges Authors
Used Transition
“Application of
artificial intelligence
Optimizing Optimization Enhances storage
for prediction,
renewable energy algorithms, neural capacity and Cost and efficiency of A.G. Olabi
optimization, and
storage systems networks, and renewable storage systems. et al. [31]
control of thermal
with AI. predictive control. energy integration.
energy storage
systems” (2023)
“Does artificial
Review of
intelligence promote
A comprehensive technologies,
energy transition Provides a holistic Challenges in
review of AI machine learning Qiang Wang
and curb carbon view of AI in the integrating
applications in approaches, Big Data, et al. [22]
emissions? The role energy transition. diverse technologies.
energy transition. and
of trade
predictive analytics.
openness” (2024)
“Artificial
intelligence
techniques for
stability analysis AI applications for
Predictive algorithms,
and control in smart enhancing the Increases the stability Integration of
machine learning, Zhongtuo Shi
grids: stability and and resilience of real-time
and Big et al. [160]
Methodologies, reliability of power grids. control systems.
Data analysis.
applications, power grids.
challenges and
future
directions” (2020)
Icaza Alvarez, D.,
Identify the main AI
Using Gonzalez L.,
Evaluation of AI in developers and the Impact of AI on
interconnection maps Fernando, Rojas E.,
Current research the energy transition application paths in long-term
of the main J., Borge Diez D.,
in recent years. energy energy planning.
development centers. Pulla G. S.,
transition processes.
Flores C.

Research on the application of AI in the energy transition has advanced rapidly in

recent years. It focuses on smart grids, renewable energy forecasting, energy storage
optimization, and predictive maintenance. These studies use advanced technologies such
as machine learning, Big Data, and neural networks to improve energy system efficiency,
renewable energy integration, and sustainability.
Key challenges include variability in renewable energy generation, data integration
complexity, and solutions’ scalability. Despite this, studies are paving the way for more
efficient and resilient energy systems crucial to achieving global sustainability and decar-
bonization goals.
It is suggested that policies be developed on the incorporation of AI in the energy
industry by creating a regulatory framework that guarantees the ethical use of AI, ensuring
that biases in algorithms are avoided and that models are transparent and explainable.
It would be appropriate to create regulations to require companies to conduct ethical
and social impact assessments before implementing AI technologies in their operations.
This would include assessing how they might affect the workforce, communities, and
the environment.

6. Conclusions
This review article presents the development of research addressing the issue of
climate change with a much greater focus on AI&ET. However, the literature is being
developed at an accelerated pace that will become much more promising in the coming
years and will surely have surprising impacts on the energy industry. There is still a
lack of important developments, such as creating roadmaps for countries using artificial
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 23 of 31

intelligence. However, there are already signs that efforts are being made to create tools
directly related to these areas of long-term market planning. All the studies found that 100%
RESs is technically the most desirable and best applicable. The following can be concluded:
The synergy between AI and ET represents a crucial advancement in the quest for a
more sustainable and efficient energy system. First, AI can optimize the management of
energy resources by analyzing large volumes of data in real time. This makes it possible
to adjust energy production, distribution, and consumption, facilitating the integration of
renewable sources such as solar and wind, which depend on variable weather conditions.
By predicting demand and balancing supply, AI helps minimize energy waste and reduces
operating costs, which is especially important in the context of increasing pressure for
sustainability. In addition, the development of smart grids is one of the areas where the
synergy between AI and ET shows its potential. Thanks to AI’s analytical capacity, it is
possible to implement monitoring and control systems that optimize the operation of the
energy infrastructure. These smart grids allow for dynamic energy management, adapting
to fluctuations in real time and guaranteeing a more reliable supply. This not only improves
the energy system’s resilience but also supports the penetration of renewable resources,
helping to meet greenhouse gas emission reduction targets.
Another crucial aspect is how AI can influence consumer behavior and promote
responsible energy use. By personalizing recommendations and analyzing consumption
patterns, AI can educate and incentivize users to adopt more sustainable habits. For
example, energy management apps and platforms can offer real-time information on
consumption and suggestions for reducing it. This approach not only fosters environmental
awareness among consumers but also contributes to the stability of the energy system by
reducing demand during periods of high load.
Among the research centers that are currently creating the most development world-
wide are the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Education of the People, Fudan
University, Southeast University, and Tsinghua University, with most of these centers
located in Asia. For this reason, it is expected that in the coming years there will be a signif-
icant deployment of products and services from these centers that will revolutionize the
different productive sectors in the world. Future scientific research will be directed toward
optimization for the integration of renewable sources such as solar and wind through smart
power grids and predictive supply and demand systems. In addition, AI will improve
energy efficiency in buildings and industries through automation and real-time analysis. It
will contribute to the development of more efficient storage technologies and smart man-
agement of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. It will also facilitate decentralized
and more flexible energy markets and enable accurate monitoring of emissions and the life
cycle of energy resources. In this way, AI will become essential to accelerating the transition
toward a more sustainable and resilient energy system.
Finally, AI is also instrumental in developing more informed and equitable energy
policies. Using predictive analytics and data intelligence techniques, policymakers can
identify trends, challenges, and opportunities in the energy sector. This includes identifying
areas with limited access to energy, which favors inclusive initiatives in the energy transition.
Combining AI with a social justice-focused approach can ensure that the benefits of the
energy transition are equitably distributed, contributing to a sustainable future for all
communities. In short, the synergy between AI and the energy transition will foster
sustainability and transform how we interact with energy. The limitations of this study
include the fact that it has not been possible to identify the extent to which AI is impacting
the energy systems of developing countries. Future work that follows from this study lies in
creating decarbonization roadmaps for countries, regions, and islands by applying current
AI-based tools. Future research should address critical gaps, including large-scale AI
Energies 2025, 18, 1523 24 of 31

system integration, economic viability in emerging economies, standardization protocols,

system resilience, implementation in developing countries, social equity considerations,
and impacts on human development indicators. These directions would enhance our
understanding of how AI can effectively support sustainable energy transitions. This could
be of great interest for future research in the field.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.I.A.; methodology, D.I.A. and F.G.-L.-d.-G.; data cura-
tion, D.I.A., J.R.E. and S.P.G.; validation, D.I.A., F.G.-L.-d.-G., C.F.-V. and D.B.-D.; writing—original
draft, D.I.A.; writing—review and editing, D.I.A., F.G.-L.-d.-G., J.R.E., S.P.G., C.F.-V. and D.B.-D. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding: Daniel Icaza Alvarez, Santiago Pulla Galindo, and Carlos Flores Vázquez received the
support of the Universidad Católica de Cuenca in Ecuador. Jorge Rojas Espinoza received support
from the Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, David Borge Diez received support from the University
of León in Spain, and Fernando Gonzalez Ladrón de Guevara received support from the Universitat
Politècnica de València.

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the
corresponding author.

Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Red Ecuatoriana de Universidades de Inves-
tigación y Postgrado (REDU) for its support of this publication, to which the Red de Investigación en
Análisis de Sistemas Energéticos e Iluminación del Ecuador (RIASE-IE) is attached.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Nomenclature
AI Artificial intelligence
AI&ET Artificial intelligence and energy transition
ANN Artificial neural network
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
CO2 Carbon dioxide
DL Deep learning
ESS Energy storage solution
GA Genetic algorithm
GHG Greenhouse gas
HED High-quality energy development
IEA International Energy Agency
ML Machine learning
O&M Operation and maintenance
PV Photovoltaic
RD&D Research, development, and demonstration
RE Renewable energy
RES Renewable energy source
SCD Scopus custom data
TES Thermal energy storage
UN United Nations
WTO World Trade Organization

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