UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA » \ Ap \ FACULTY OF ENGINEERING\ / ~~ FEG XY7 GENERAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY J XXX LEVEL, XXX SEMESTER LABORATORY REPORT v\ Ge) \Q BP) t . EXPERIMENT No. EXPERIMENT TITLE: & NAME: MAT. No.: | DEPARTMENT: LAB GROUP: { DATE OF EXPERIMENT: tte | TIME OF EXPERIMENT: | LAB INSTRUCTOR: . Sign & Date |1.0 Abstract stract is meant to give a Abstract is meant to give summary of the information contained in the laboratory report for quick overview of the presentation. It must contain parts from each major section of your report. It gives the highlights of the main idea inthe report — aim ofthe experiment, materials and method as wel! as ‘major findings. Quantitative results and their uncertainties should be included when possible. It should be no more than 180 words. For example: ‘The experiment was conducted to determine coefficient of fri ion between different materials moving over a smooth steel surface. Different materials were brought in contact and moved over the steel surface under different load, angular positions and area of contact. Readings of the commencement of {ree and imparted motions were taken. Simple statistical methods were used to determine average coefficient of friction betwren the steel plate and individual material. The results have high coefficient of variance, about 0.23, probably due to some scratches on the surface of the steel plate. It was found that glass has the least coefficient of friction while the highest is obtained from leather; characteristics which made it more suitable to be used for brake pads than other materials tested, Note that abstract is made up of only one paragraph. 2.0 Aim and Objectives ~ brief and clearly stated @ ‘This gives explicitly the lab and the central aim(s) of the lab and the objectives to achieve itthem. 3.0 Introduction/Theory - good definition of laws, equations numbered, all variables well defined. “ The engineering principle(s) that the experiment is intended to demonstrate is defined and briefly explained. This is followed by the reason for the experiment — usually depicted as the aim of the experiment. The theoretical background and other usefully past work are presented without proofs. Equations are set apart in text for emphasis and clearly numbered for quick identification, Terms of the governing equations are explained. For example: ws val wo 7]Where 4c stands for cvefficient of dynamic friction fs and for fri nal Fare mg is the Wegnt ot Que iotd bel Note that every experiment has a question to answer. For example, at what loads and corresponding efforts do the pads commence movement? Such question must be in focus throughout the report. 4.0 Method/Procedure @ This section provides the processes taken to conduct the experiment. Detailed but straight to the fact step by step actions taken during the experiment are presented in sequential order. It is done in a way that the reader should be able to completely reproduce the experiment to verify the results. For ‘example: The steel plaie was inclined and secured firmly at an angle of 30°. The pad was foaded with LSke | (applied loads) and a string was used over a pulley and tightened to a load hanger (effort Toads) to hhaul the pad (and the loads) along ne steel plate. Loads are continually accumulated on effort hanger until the pads just commence movement ~ under two conditions: namely, when slightly tapped and when allowed to commence mov nent feevty. In each case, the applied load and the effort loads used to overcome static friction were noted. The readings were plotted in the equation oF friction to | fon fur each 1 sted. determine the coefficient of 5.0 Apparatus/Equipment/Tools A schematic diagram of the apparatus/equipment isfare required to enable the report reader to visualize the experiment. In the diagram, descriptive annotations are used. The apparatus is described briefly with all the equipment fisted out in tabular form. The manufacturer, model number, seria! number and level of uncertainties are presented. ‘The diagram is well numbered and captioned Diagram; well labelled @) Other useful information ~ bri @ description, component lists etejure 1 The equipment for this experiment was set up as shown in this figure.6.0 Results Readings, findings and observations are presented in this section of the report. usually in tabuiar form. Data is usually rearranged nicely and explained briefly. Each column of the table must have a heading and appropriate unit, Graphs must be frequently used to give visually presentation of the data. Data should not be altered, as deviations from expectations are part of the inteut oF every experiment. Example of table, and graph, ‘Table 1 Data Obtained from the heating of water tion 0 to 16 minutes. Ttme fo jo fade fs jm te re jo | lean ee Presentation of result ee) Ca'culations for ail other unknowns using the equations- @) Pe oe 1. The coordinate points - (1/4) 1 2, Fitting of lines - (1/4) 3, TithéW& Scale of the graph - (1/4) 4, Vertical and horizontal Labels ~ (1/4) | 5, Units - (1/4) t r Figure 2. line graph of temperature versus tine ofthe data obtained in Table 1 — “ 7.0 Analysis and Discussion ¢ eS Kyo, ‘The steps taken to achieve each result inv Table 1 Sre-Gescribed here. Sample calculations (two are enough!) of the results in table 1 are presented. All constant parameters used in equation(s) are -d out and reasons explained. The closeness and gaps of the solution to the expected results are poil given for uniform-y or disparity. Results and observations are then interpreted with reasons and supporting engineering principles clearly outlined. Seient ically bused opinions are inserted.8.0 Conclusion This is sun: = - | y of the success i ) ucCess OF the experiment with reference 10 the aim snd onjectives. The final results and discussion trom the repe iniay also be indicated. Only the hey findings of the repert are stated. C concise, meaningful sates s in conclusica. Sh hey results and report the errers you discovered during experiments jon, Future ideas are hig Jhted for further experimentation, Reference (et least 7) All references in accordance with APA standards must he cited. For example: 1. Kiencke, U. and Nielson, ineers London: Spri | (2005) Automotive Control Systems: Society of Automotive 2. ‘Thompson. S$. (1989), Control Systems Fast Technical Series, USA, Tess ing and Design: Longman Scicmtific and Appendix ‘You must attach a signed copy of the lab result (Your work will not Be red if te result is not available). —. Organization and neatness ~ as Important Reminders for a Lab Report 1) Spellings must be correct! It is thus, good te compile your reports early to give room for review. 2) Significant figures and units regarding ‘measurements and caleulat ng must be right 3) Avoid use of personal pronouns (like: J, we or she observed that .... they measured the width.) 4) Headings should stand out and each section should be separated by line spacing. 5) Neatness counts ~ write clearly, Use ruler & pencil when drawing diagrams, tables and graphs. 6 Donat copy verbatim (word for word) from the lab hand-out or any other source. This plagiarism and would resulta very serious penalty