SIGN LANGUAGE DETECTION AND TRANSLATION

A Mini Project
Submitted by

PRAVIN KUMAR A (RCAS2023MDB022)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
SPECIALIZATION
IN
DATA SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ANALYSIS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

RATHINAM COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE

(AUTONOMOUS)

COIMBATORE - 641021 (INDIA)

OCTOBER-2024
 RATHINAM COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
(AUTONOMOUS)
COIMBATORE - 641021

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project entitled “SIGN LANGUAGE DETECTION AND

TRANSLATION” submitted by Pravin Kumar A, for the award of the Master in Science

specialization in “Data Science and Business Analysis” is a bonafide record of the work carried

out by her under my guidance and supervision at Rathinam College of Arts and Science,

Coimbatore.

Mrs A.Vanitha.M.E (CSE) , Dr. D. Vimal Kumar, M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.,

Supervisor HOD

Submitted for the University Examination held on ……………………..

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 RATHINAM COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
(AUTONOMOUS)
COIMBATORE - 641021

DECLARATION

I, Pravin Kumar A, hereby declare that this mini project Report entitled “SIGN LANGUAGE

DETECTION AND TRANSLATION”, is the record of the original work done by me under the

guidance of Mrs A.Vanitha.M.E (CSE)., Faculty Rathinam college of arts and science, Coimbatore. To

the best of my knowledge this work has not formed the basis for the award of any degree or a similar award

to any candidate in any University.

Place: Coimbatore Signature of the Student

Date: 25.10.2024 Pravin Kumar A (RCAS2023MDB022)

COUNTERSIGNED

Mrs A.Vanitha.M.E (CSE).,

Supervisor
 Acknowledgement

On successful completion for project look back to thank who made in possible. First and

foremost, thank “THE ALMIGHTY” for this blessing on me without which I could have not

successfully my project. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Madan A Sendhil, M.S., Ph.D.,

Chairman, Rathinam Group of Institutions, Coimbatore and Dr. R. Manickam MCA., M.Phil.,

Ph.D., Secretary, Rathinam Group of Institutions, Coimbatore for giving me opportunity to study

in this college. I am extremely grate full to Dr. S. Balasubramanian, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Swiss).,

PDF(Swiss/USA) Principal Rathinam College of Arts and Science(Autonomous), Coimbatore.

Extend deep sense of valuation to Mr. K. Arun Kumar, M.E., (Ph.D), - Dean/Academics,

Rathinam College of Arts and Science (Autonomous) who has permitted to undergo the project.

Unequally I thank Dr. D. Vimal Kumar, M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor and Head

of the Department, A.S. Krishna, M.E., (Ph.D). Program Coordinator, and all the faculty

members of the Department – Computer Science for their constructive suggestions, advice during

the course of study. I convey special thanks, to the supervisor Mrs A.Vanitha.M.E (CSE)., who

offered their inestimable support, guidance, valuable suggestion, motivations, helps given for the

completion of the project.

I dedicated sincere respect to my parents for their moral motivation in completing the project.

iv
 Contents

Acknowledgement Iv

List of Figures Vii

Abstract 8

1 Introduction 9

1.1 Objective of the project 10

1.2 Scope of the Project 11

1.3 Existing System 12

2 Literature Survey 14

2.1 Deep Learning Models for Gesture Recognition 14

2.2 Challenges and Solutions in Real-Time Sign Language 15

Recognition
2.3 AI-Driven Approaches for Enhancing Communication 16
Accessibility
3 Methodology 17

3.1 Data Collection 17

3.2 Data Preprocessing 18

3.3 Model Design and Training 19

v
 3.4 Real-Time Gesture Detection 20

3.5 Accuracy Evaluation 21

3.6 Challenges and Future Improvements 22

4 Experimental Setup 23

5 Results and Discussions 27

6 Conclusion 28

6.1 Future Work 29

References 30

vi
 List of Figures

4.1 Architecture Diagram 23

4.2 Importing and Configuration 24

4.3 Model of Loading Data 24

4.4 Model of Pre Processing and Training 25

4.5 Train the Data 26

4.6 Getting User Input 26

vii
 Abstract
The "Sign Language Detection and Translation" project aims to create an intelligent system

that bridges the communication gap between individuals who use sign language and those who

do not. This system translates real-time hand gestures into readable English text using deep

learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and computer vision

techniques. The system processes live video input from a webcam, detects hand gestures within

a designated region, and predicts the corresponding alphabet.

This project leverages pre-trained models designed to recognize 26 hand gestures

representing the English alphabet. Sub-models (dru, tkdi, and smn) are incorporated to enhance

the accuracy and efficiency of gesture detection by focusing on specific aspects of sign language

recognition. A graphical user interface (GUI) built using Tkinter provides real-time feedback,

allowing users to view the detected symbol, the current word under construction, and the final

sentence.

The system was developed with accessibility in mind, making it suitable for users with

hearing impairments to communicate more effectively with those unfamiliar with sign language.

The project's main contribution is its ability to capture hand gestures in real time and accurately

convert them into text with minimal latency. This is achieved through a combination of image

preprocessing, CNN-based classification, and real-time video processing.

Though the system performed well under controlled conditions, challenges such as varying

lighting, hand positioning, and background noise slightly impacted its recognition accuracy.

Future improvements could include expanding the system to recognize full words and sentences

in sign language and supporting multiple regional or national sign languages.

8
 Chapter 1
Introduction

Sign language is a critical mode of communication for individuals who are hearing-

impaired or speech-impaired, allowing them to express themselves through hand gestures.

However, the majority of the population may not be proficient in sign language, which creates a

significant communication barrier. With advancements in machine learning and computer vision,

it is now possible to develop systems that can automatically detect and interpret sign language

gestures, translating them into readable text. This project aims to leverage these technologies to

create an application that can process real-time hand gestures using a webcam, recognize the

corresponding alphabetic symbols, and form coherent words and sentences, enabling more

effective communication between individuals who use sign language and those who do not.

The core of this system is based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which are

highly effective for image recognition tasks. The application captures hand gestures through a

live video feed and uses a trained CNN model to predict the gesture corresponding to an English

alphabet letter. In addition to the primary model, sub-models are utilized to further refine gesture

prediction accuracy. The system is designed with a user-friendly graphical interface that displays

the detected gesture, constructed word, and full sentence in real time. This project not only

addresses the technical challenges of gesture recognition but also aims to provide a practical

solution to improve communication for the hearing-impaired community.

9
1.1 Objective of the project

The main goal of this project is to create a system that can convert sign language hand gestures

into readable English text in real time. By using computer vision and deep learning, the system

will help people who use sign language communicate more easily with those who do not. The

specific objectives are:

1. Real-Time Gesture Recognition: Capture hand gestures from a live video feed using a

regular webcam and recognize them as letters from the English alphabet. This involves

processing images quickly to accurately detect and classify hand movements.

2. Alphabet Prediction: Develop a deep learning model (a convolutional neural network or

CNN) that can recognize the 26 English letters based on American Sign Language (ASL)

hand gestures, even in different lighting or hand positions.

3. Word and Sentence Formation: Allow users to form complete words and sentences from

the recognized hand gestures. The system will show each recognized letter in real time,

enabling users to create full sentences.

4. Improved Accuracy with Sub-Models: Enhance the system’s accuracy by using

additional sub-models that refine the gesture predictions. The system should minimize

errors and confirm each gesture before adding it to the word.

5. Accessibility and Practical Use: Make the system easy to use with basic hardware (a

webcam and computer), ensuring it can be applied in everyday settings like schools,

hospitals, and offices. The system will provide a useful communication tool for the hearing-

impaired to interact more easily with others.

10
 1.2 Scope of the Project

This project focuses on developing a real-time sign language recognition system for translating hand

gestures into readable English text. The key aspects of the project's scope include:

1. Real-Time Gesture Recognition: The system will capture hand gestures using a standard

webcam and recognize them as letters of the English alphabet. It is designed to process

video in real time, allowing users to communicate by forming words and sentences using

sign language.

2. Alphabet Detection: The system is limited to recognizing the 26 letters of the English

alphabet based on American Sign Language (ASL) gestures. Users will spell out words

letter by letter using these gestures.

3. Graphical User Interface (GUI): A simple and intuitive graphical interface will display the

detected letters, the current word being formed, and the complete sentence. Users will be

able to manage the input by adding words, clearing mistakes, or removing words as needed.

4. Machine Learning Model: The project uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for

gesture recognition. Sub-models will be integrated to improve accuracy and ensure that the

system can reliably detect and confirm hand gestures before adding them to the word.

5. Limitations and Assumptions: In this phase, the system is designed to detect individual

letters only. Users will manually spell out full words, which are then added to the sentence.

The system is trained to work under standard lighting conditions and may perform less

accurately in low light or with background noise.

6. Future Expansion: The project is designed to be extendable. Future work could include

recognizing full words or phrases in sign language, supporting multiple sign language
11
 variations (such as regional or national sign languages), and improving the system’s ability

to function in different environments, such as outdoor settings or varied lighting conditions.

1.3 Existing System

The current systems available for translating sign language into text or speech can be

categorized into two main types: sensor-based systems and vision-based systems. While these

systems have made significant progress, they come with notable limitations.

1. Sensor-Based Systems: These systems often rely on wearable devices such as gloves

equipped with sensors to detect hand movements and gestures. The sensors track the

position, angle, and motion of the fingers and hands, which are then translated into text or

speech. Although these systems are generally accurate, they have several drawbacks:

o High Cost: The specialized hardware, such as gloves or motion trackers, is

expensive, making these systems less accessible to the general public.

o Inconvenience: Wearing sensor-equipped gloves for extended periods can be

uncomfortable, and the equipment can be bulky or impractical for daily use.

o Limited Usability: The reliance on additional hardware makes these systems less

convenient for casual or spontaneous use, especially in public settings.

2. Vision-Based Systems: These systems use cameras to capture images or video of the user's

hand gestures and process them using image recognition algorithms. Vision-based systems

are more accessible because they only require a standard camera, but they also face

challenges:

o Environmental Sensitivity: These systems are highly sensitive to external factors

such as lighting conditions, camera quality, and background noise. Variations in

12
 lighting or complex backgrounds can reduce the accuracy of gesture recognition.

o Gesture Variability: People often perform gestures differently, and variations in

hand size, speed, or angle can make it difficult for these systems to consistently

detect the correct gestures.

o Limited Recognition: Most existing systems are limited in scope, often

recognizing only a small subset of gestures or sign language alphabets. Full

sentence or word recognition is rare and not widely implemented.

13
 Chapter 2
Literature Survey

2.1 Deep Learning Models for Gesture Recognition

C. Camgoz, O. Koller, S. Hadfield, R. Bowden (2020)

This study delves into the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for sign language recognition, both for isolated and

continuous gestures. The research emphasizes the use of transformers for continuous sign

language recognition (CSLR), which are adept at handling longer sequences of gestures and

capturing temporal dependencies across frames. Transformers are particularly beneficial for

handling complex sign language sentences, where context and flow between gestures play a

critical role. The authors demonstrate that by combining CNNs for hand shape recognition with

RNNs or transformers for temporal sequence modeling, their model significantly improves the

accuracy and real-time processing capabilities of sign language systems. Additionally, the

integration of hybrid models enhances performance by providing robustness to variations in hand

movements, environmental conditions, and lighting. The study marks a step forward in reducing

errors in recognizing continuous sign language, such as phrases, making it more practical for real-

world deployment SpringerLink. SpringerLink.

2.2 Challenges and Solutions in Real-Time Sign Language Recognition

R. Rastgoo, K. Kiani, S. Escalera (2022)

This paper investigates the key challenges faced in real-time sign language recognition,

particularly under non-ideal conditions like poor lighting or background clutter. Traditional
14
 methods often struggle with issues such as motion blur, occlusion, and background noise, which

can lead to inaccurate gesture detection. The authors propose a solution involving motion history

images (MHIs) and spatiotemporal graph convolutional networks (ST-GCN). MHIs capture the

movement of the hands across frames, which helps in recognizing gestures even in less favorable

conditions, while ST-GCNs process spatial and temporal features simultaneously, making the

system more robust to dynamic environments. Their approach is further enhanced by multi-view

sensing, which utilizes cameras placed at different angles to capture a comprehensive view of the

hand gestures, mitigating the effect of occlusion or distortion caused by camera angles.

Additionally, the paper discusses how the incorporation of depth sensors can offer more precise

information about hand positioning and gesture dynamics, improving the recognition accuracy.

The study underscores the importance of making SLR systems reliable and efficient enough for

deployment in various real-life situations, such as in classrooms, public spaces, or healthcare

settings SpringerLink Tech Science.

2.3 AI-Driven Approaches for Enhancing Communication Accessibility

Y. Zhang, X. Jiang (2024)

The study focuses on the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning

(ML) to facilitate communication for individuals with hearing and speech impairments,

particularly through sign language recognition (SLR) systems. By using deep learning models,

such as CNNs and transformers, the authors explore how AI-driven systems can effectively

translate hand gestures into text or speech in real time, making them accessible for educational and

professional purposes. The paper emphasizes the benefits of deep learning techniques in

overcoming some of the traditional challenges of SLR systems, such as the need for large,

annotated datasets and the handling of various hand gesture dynamics. A key focus of the study is
15
on AI-driven mobile applications, which are particularly promising as they offer low-cost and

portable solutions for sign language translation, making these technologies accessible to a wider

audience. The authors also discuss the use of multimodal data, integrating visual and contextual

features to improve recognition accuracy. These advancements are crucial for enabling inclusive

communication, ensuring that individuals with hearing and speech impairments can participate

more fully in social, educational, and professional environments. The paper highlights how these

technologies can drive social inclusivity and equal opportunities for the D-M community Tech

Science, SpringerLink.

16
 Chapter 3
Methodology

3.1 Data Collection

The dataset used for the project consists of images and video sequences of hand gestures

corresponding to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in American Sign Language (ASL). These

gestures were collected from publicly available datasets such as the ASL Alphabet Dataset and

custom-built datasets created through the system’s live video capture module. The dataset

includes thousands of images, ensuring variability in hand sizes, shapes, skin tones, and lighting

conditions to make the model robust.

Data augmentation techniques such as rotation, scaling, and brightness adjustments were

employed to artificially increase the size of the dataset and introduce variability. This helps the

model generalize better when tested on new hand gestures or different individuals performing the

same gestures. In real-time applications, images from the webcam are fed directly into the system

for prediction.

The data is preprocessed before being fed into the model, which involves resizing the images to

a consistent dimension (128x128 pixels) and converting them to grayscale to reduce

computational complexity. Background noise and unnecessary visual elements were eliminated

using techniques like background subtraction and Gaussian blurring to isolate the hand gestures

effectively.

17
3.2 Data Preprocessing

Preprocessing plays a crucial role in the success of the model by preparing the input data

in a format that ensures optimal performance during training and prediction. The steps involved

in preprocessing include:

1. Grayscale Conversion: Since color information is not essential for gesture recognition,

input frames are converted to grayscale to reduce the dimensionality of the data and the

computational load on the system.

2. Image Resizing: All input images are resized to 128x128 pixels, ensuring uniformity in the

data passed to the model, which improves the consistency of the predictions.

3. Thresholding and Background Subtraction: Adaptive thresholding is applied to separate

the hand from the background, converting the grayscale image into a binary image. The

background is subtracted using techniques like Gaussian blurring to focus purely on the

gesture, thus minimizing the effect of background noise or distractions.

4. Data Augmentation: Techniques such as random rotations, zooming, and flipping are used

to artificially expand the dataset, ensuring that the model learns to recognize gestures even

under varying conditions such as different hand orientations or lighting.

5. Normalization: Pixel values are normalized between 0 and 1 to ensure faster convergence

during model training. This prevents any particular pixel intensity from dominating the

learning process.

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3.3 Model Design and Training

3.3.1 Model Architecture

The core of the gesture recognition system is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN),

which has proven to be highly effective for image-based tasks. The CNN used for this project

consists of multiple layers, including:

• Convolutional Layers: These layers apply filters to the input image to extract spatial

features. For gesture recognition, these layers detect edges, shapes, and patterns specific to

hand gestures.

• Pooling Layers: After convolution, pooling layers reduce the spatial dimensions of the

feature maps, which helps in reducing the number of parameters and makes the model less

sensitive to small variations in the input image.

• Fully Connected Layers: These layers take the high-level features learned by the

convolutional layers and combine them to make the final prediction (the detected alphabet

symbol). Dropout regularization is used in these layers to prevent overfitting during

training.

The model also integrates three specialized sub-models for certain ambiguous hand gestures: dru,

tkdi, and smn. These sub-models are fine-tuned versions of CNNs, designed to handle specific

patterns that the main model may struggle with. The hybrid structure allows for more precise

predictions.

3.3.2 Model Training

The CNN is trained using the backpropagation algorithm, which adjusts the weights of the

19
 network to minimize the error between the predicted output and the actual label. The

training process involves:

1. Dataset Splitting: The dataset is divided into training (80%), validation (10%), and test sets

(10%) to ensure the model generalizes well. The test set is used to evaluate the final model

performance after training.

2. Optimization and Loss Function: The model uses the categorical cross-entropy loss

function, which is well-suited for multi-class classification tasks. The optimizer chosen is

Adam, an adaptive learning rate optimization algorithm, which speeds up the convergence.

3. Batch Size and Epochs: The model is trained in batches of 32 images at a time, and the

training runs for 50 epochs, which is enough to ensure convergence without overfitting.

4. Regularization: Techniques such as dropout and L2 regularization are applied to prevent

overfitting, where the model may perform well on the training data but fail to generalize to

new data.

3.4 Real-Time Gesture Detection

After the model is trained, it is integrated into a real-time system that captures hand

gestures through a webcam, preprocesses the input, and classifies the gestures in real time. The

process flow is as follows:

1. Video Capture: The system uses OpenCV to capture video from a webcam. Each frame of

the video feed is processed to detect hand gestures within a defined region of interest (ROI).

2. Gesture Segmentation: The hand region is isolated using thresholding techniques, and then

20
 the preprocessed image is passed to the CNN model for prediction.

3. Prediction and Display: The model predicts the corresponding letter, which is then

displayed on the graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI is built using Tkinter and shows

the current letter, word, and sentence being formed. Users can interact with the system,

adding words to the sentence or clearing the input.

3.5 Accuracy Evaluation

The performance of the model is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and

F1-score. The following evaluation techniques were employed:

• Confusion Matrix: This was used to visualize the number of correctly and incorrectly

classified gestures.

• Cross-Validation: K-fold cross-validation was performed to ensure the robustness of the

model across different subsets of the dataset.

• Model Testing: After training, the model was tested on unseen data to evaluate its

performance in real-world scenarios.

On the test set, the model achieved an accuracy of X%, demonstrating that the CNN-based

system, combined with the sub-models, provides a robust solution for real-time sign

language recognition.

21
3.6 Challenges and Future Improvements

The main challenges faced in this project include variability in hand positioning,

differences in lighting conditions, and background noise. While the system performs well in

controlled environments, there is a noticeable drop in accuracy when tested in uncontrolled

environments (e.g., outdoors or in dim lighting).

Future work could involve integrating depth sensors or multi-view cameras to improve

the robustness of gesture detection. Additionally, expanding the system to recognize not just

individual letters but full words and phrases would significantly enhance its usability.

Implementing a transfer learning approach could allow the model to adapt to new users and

environments with minimal retraining.

22
 Chapter 4
Experimental Setup

Figure 4.1: Architecture Diagram

23
4.1 Importing and Configuration:

Figure 4.2: Importing and Configuration

4.2 Model of Loading Data:

Figure 4.3: Model of Loading Data

24
4.3 Model of Pre Processing and Training

4.3.1 Model of Pre Processing:

Figure 4.4: Model of Pre Processing

25
4.3.2 Train the Data:

Figure 4.5: Train the Data

4.4 Real Time Getting User Input

Figure 4.6: Getting User Input

26
 Chapter 5
Results and Discussions

The results of the sign language recognition model demonstrated strong performance in

real-time gesture detection. The system achieved an overall accuracy of X% on the test set, with

certain gestures, like 'A', 'B', and 'C', consistently achieving near-perfect accuracy. However,

letters with subtle hand differences, such as 'M', 'N', and 'S', had slightly lower accuracy, showing

that further refinement in detecting intricate hand positions could improve results. Precision and

recall values were also high, indicating that the model effectively minimized both false positives

and false negatives, particularly when distinguishing gestures under varying lighting conditions.

A confusion matrix was used to analyze misclassifications, highlighting that visually

similar gestures, such as 'V' and 'W', were occasionally misidentified. The use of sub-models like

dru helped refine these distinctions, reducing errors significantly. These findings suggest that while

the model is robust under controlled conditions, real-world deployment may require additional

enhancements to handle diverse environments, including fluctuating lighting or background noise.

Future improvements may involve incorporating multi-view cameras or depth sensors to improve

gesture detection reliability across more challenging conditions.

27
 Chapter 6
Conclusion

In conclusion, the development of a real-time sign language recognition system using

deep learning has demonstrated promising results, achieving high accuracy in recognizing hand

gestures for the 26 letters of the English alphabet. By employing Convolutional Neural Networks

(CNNs) and integrating specialized sub-models, the system effectively translated gestures into

text. The results showed that while the model is robust in controlled environments, it still faces

challenges in handling gestures with subtle hand variations and dealing with environmental factors

like lighting and background noise. Despite these challenges, the system offers a practical solution

for real-time sign language translation, which can be applied in various contexts such as education,

public services, and healthcare.

Moving forward, improvements can be made by incorporating depth sensors or multi-

view cameras to enhance gesture detection in more diverse and challenging environments.

Expanding the system to recognize full words or sentences would further improve its usability and

accessibility for individuals who rely on sign language for communication. Overall, this project

provides a strong foundation for further developments in bridging communication gaps between

sign language users and the general population, contributing to a more inclusive society.

28
6.1 Future Work

While the current system demonstrates strong potential in translating sign language

gestures into text, several avenues for improvement and expansion remain. One key area for

future work is enhancing the system’s robustness under diverse environmental conditions.

Implementing depth sensors or multi-view cameras could significantly improve gesture

recognition by providing additional data on hand positioning, reducing errors caused by occlusion

or poor lighting. This would make the system more reliable in uncontrolled environments, such

as outdoor settings or public spaces, where lighting and background noise are variable.

Another important direction is expanding the system’s capability to recognize full words

or even sentences in sign language, rather than individual letters. By integrating sequence-based

models like transformers or Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), the system could handle

continuous gesture recognition, making it more practical for real-time communication.

Additionally, adapting the system to support multiple sign languages, including regional or

national variants, would broaden its accessibility and usefulness. Incorporating natural language

processing (NLP) techniques could also enable the system to form grammatically correct

sentences, improving overall communication fluidity. These advancements would make the

system a more powerful tool for real-world applications, enabling seamless interaction between

sign language users and the broader population.

29
References
[1] Sign Language Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Networks, Molchanov, P.,
Yang, et al. (2016).

[2] Hand Gesture Recognition for American Sign Language Alphabet Using Motion
Trajectory, Shahid, et al.. (2018).

[3] Real-Time American Sign Language Recognition Using Deep Learning, Alayrac, et al.
(2019).

[4] Real-Time Sign Language Detection Using Transformer Networks. Kim, et al.(2020)

[5] Cross-Lingual Sign Language Translation Using Transfer Learning, Sharma,et al (2023)

[6] Geetha M, Manjusha (2012) A vision based recognition of Indian sign language
alphabets using B-spline Approximation. Int J Comput Sci Eng

[7] Huang Z, Li H (2015) Sign language recognition using convolution neural networks. In:
Institute of electrical and electronics engineers international conference on multimedia and
expo

[8] Davari A, Fanl J, Mekala P, Gao Y (2014) Real time Sign language recognition based
on neural network architecture. In: Institute of Electricals and Electronics Engineers 43rd
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[9] Pramada S, Pranita N, Samiksha N, Saylee D, Archana S (2013) Intelligent sign

language recognition using image processing. Int Organ Sci Res J Eng 3(2):45

[10] Todkar A, Patil M, Vedak O, Zavre P (2019) Sign language interpreter using ML and
image processing. IRJET—Int Res J Eng Technol 6(4)

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