Chapter 1 Numbers

Fill in the blanks

1. The binary system consists of two digits 0 and 1.
2. A decimal number system uses the digits from 0 to 9.
3. The base in a decimal number system is 10.
4. A binary number system is written with 2 as the base.
5. In a decimal to binary conversion, the first remainder is known as Least Significant Bit
(LSB) and the last remainder is Most Significant Bit (MSB).
6. 20 = 1
7. Dr. John Von Neuman developed the concept of Binary Number system.
8. The number represented with base eight (8) is known as Octal Number.
9. The binary equivalent of hexa-decimal digit E is 1110.
10. A number system that uses alphanumeric digits, is known as Hexadecimal Number
System.

Complete the table

0+0=0

1+0=1

1 + 1 = 0 and carry over 1

0+1=1

0-0=0

1-0=1

1-1=0

0 - 1 = 1 with a borrow from next higher digit

0÷0=0

1
 0x0=0

1x1=1

1x0=0

0x1=0

0÷1=0

1÷1=1

1 ÷ 0 = Infinite

Choose the correct answer

1. Binary multiplication is possible with:

1. 0 and 1
2. 0 and 0
3. 1 and 1
4. All of the above ✓

2. The base of an octal number is represented by:

1. 2
2. 8✓
3. 7
4. None

3. To convert an Octal number to its binary equivalent, each Octal digit is expressed into:

1. 3 bits form ✓
2. 4 bits form
3. 8 bits form
4. All of the above

4. Sixteen raised to the power zero (160) is equivalent to:

2
1. 0
2. 1 ✓
3. 0 and 1
4. None

5. An octal number system uses the digits from:

1. 0 to 8
2. 1 to 8
3. 0 to 7 ✓
4. All of the above

6. The base of a Hexadecimal number is represented by:

1. H16
2. 16 ✓
3. 15
4. None

7. In a Hexadecimal number system 'B' represents the digit:

1. 11 ✓
2. 12
3. 14
4. 13

8. To express a Hexadecimal number to its Binary equivalent, each Hexadecimal digit is

expressed into:

1. 2 bits form
2. 3 bits form
3. 4 bits form ✓
4. None

9. The binary equivalent of a Hexadecimal digit 12 (C) is represented by:

1. 1010
2. 1011
3. 1101
4. 1100 ✓

3
 10. The Hexadecimal equivalent digit of 1011( 4 bits form) is:

1. E
2. F
3. B✓
4. C

Convert the following to their binary equivalents

1. (784)10

Answer (784)10 = (1100010000)2

2. (999)10

Answer (999)10 = (1111100111)2

3. (1401)10

Answer (1401)10 = (10101111001)2

4. (1423)10

Answer (1423)10 = (10110001111)2

5. (478.75)10

Answer

Converting integral part

2 Quotient Remainder

2 478 0

2 239 1

2 119 1

2 59 1

4
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 29 1

2 14 0

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1

Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.75 x 2 = 0.5 1

0.5 x 2 = 0 1

Therefore, (478.75)10 = (111011110.11)2

Question 6

(165.35)10

Answer

Converting integral part

2 Quotient Remainder

2 165 1

5
 2 Quotient Remainder

2 82 0

2 41 1

2 20 0

2 10 0

2 5 1

2 2 0

2 1 1

Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.35 x 2 = 0.7 0

0.7 x 2 = 0.4 1

0.4 x 2 = 0.8 0

0.8 x 2 = 0.6 1

Therefore, (165.35)10 = (10100101.0101)2

Question 7

(277.27)10

6
Answer

Converting integral part

2 Quotient Remainder

2 277 1

2 138 0

2 69 1

2 34 0

2 17 1

2 8 0

2 4 0

2 2 0

2 1 1

Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.27 x 2 = 0.54 0

0.54 x 2 = 0.08 1

0.08 x 2 = 0.16 0

7
 Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.16 x 2 = 0.32 0

Therefore, (277.27)10 = (100010101.0100)2

Question 8

(322.2)10

Answer

Converting integral part

2 Quotient Remainder

2 322 0

2 161 1

2 80 0

2 40 0

2 20 0

2 10 0

2 5 1

2 2 0

2 1 1

8
Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.2 x 2 = 0.4 0

0.4 x 2 = 0.8 0

0.8 x 2 = 0.6 1

0.6 x 2 = 0.2 1

Therefore, (322.2)10 = (101000010.0011)2

Perform the following

1. (1010110)2 to ( )10

Answer

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 4 + 16 + 64 = 86

(1010110)2 = (86)10

2. (1000011)2 to ( )10

Answer

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 2 + 64 = 67

(1000011)2 = (67)10

3. (1100111)2 to ( )10

Answer

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 2 + 4 + 32 + 64 = 103

(1100111)2 = (103)10

Question 4

(10101011)2 to ( )10

9
Answer

Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 2 + 8 + 32 + 128 = 171

(10101011)2 = (171)10

Question 5

(1010.001)2 to ( )10

Answer

Integral part

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

Fractional part

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 2-1 0.5 0x0.5=0

0 2-2 0.25 0x0.25=0

1 2-3 0.125 1x0.125=0.125

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 8 + 0.125 = 10.125

(1010.001)2 = (10.125)10

10
Question 6

(10100.11)2 to ( )10

Answer

Integral part

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

0 21 2 0x2=0

1 22 4 1x4=4

0 23 8 0x8=0

1 24 16 1x16=16

Fractional part

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 2-1 0.5 1x0.5=0.5

1 2-2 0.25 1x0.25=0.25

Equivalent decimal number = 4 + 16 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 20.75

(10100.11)2 = (20.75)10

Question 7

(1010.111)2 to ( )10

Answer

11
Integral part

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

Fractional part

Binary
Power Value Result
No

1 2-1 0.5 1x0.5=0.5

1 2-2 0.25 1x0.25=0.25

1 2-3 0.125 1x0.125=0.125

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 8 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.125 = 10.875

(1010.111)2 = (10.875)10

Question 8

(1010.0111)2 to ( )10

Answer

Integral part

12
 Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 20 1 0x1=0

1 21 2 1x2=2

0 22 4 0x4=0

1 23 8 1x8=8

Fractional part

Binary
Power Value Result
No

0 2-1 0.5 0x0.5=0

1 2-2 0.25 1x0.25=0.25

1 2-3 0.125 1x0.125=0.125

1 2-4 0.0625 1x0.0625=0.0625

Equivalent decimal number = 2 + 8 + 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 10.4375

(1010.0111)2 = (10.4375)10

Add the following binary numbers

1. (1101111)2 + (1011011)2

Answer : (1101111)2 + (1011011)2 = (11001010)2

2. (1111011)2 + (1011101)2

Answer : (1111011)2 + (1011101)2 = (11011000)2

3. (10111)2 + (110111)2

13
Answer : (10111)2 + (110111)2 = (1001110)2

4. (1101101)2 + (1110010)2

Answer : (1101101)2 + (1110010)2 = (11011111)2

5. (10111101)2 + (1101101)2

Answer : (10111101)2 + (1101101)2 = (100101010)2

Subtract the following

1. (110101)2 - (011010)2

Answer : (110101)2 - (011010)2 = (11011)2

2. (110110)2 - (01010)2

Answer : (110110)2 - (01010)2 = (101100)2

3. (101011)2 - (11101)2

Answer : (101011)2 - (11101)2 = (1110)2

4. (11111)2 - (01101)2

Answer : (11111)2 - (01101)2 = (10010)2

5. (10000)2 - (01111)2

Answer (10000)2 - (01111)2 = (1)2

Perform the following arithmetic

1. Add octal numbers (1546)8 and (641)8

Answer : (1546)8 + (641)8 = (2407)8

Explanation

1. 6 + 1 = 7.
2. 4 + 4 = 8, as sum is equal to 8 so we will do 8 - 8 = 0. Hence, sum = 0, carry over = 1.
3. 1 + 5 + 6 = 12, as sum is greater than 8 so we will do 12 - 8 = 4. Hence, sum = 4,
carry over = 1.
4. 1 + 1 = 2.

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 2. Subtract octal number (2546)8 from (5142)8

Answer : (5142)8 - (2546)8 = (2374)8

Explanation

1. 2 - 6, here 6 is greater than 2 so we borrow 1 from next significant digit 4 and it

becomes 3. Now 2 becomes 2 + 8 = 10 and 10 - 6 = 4.
2. 3 - 4, again 4 is greater than 3 so we borrow 1 from next significant digit 1 and it
becomes 0. Current digit 3 becomes 8 + 3 = 11. Lastly, 11 - 4 = 7.
3. 0 - 5, here 5 is greater than 0. Borrowing 1 from next significant digit 5 makes it 4.
Current digit 0 becomes 0 + 8 = 8. Lastly, 8 - 5 = 3.
4. 4 - 2 = 2.

3. Add hexa-decimal numbers (1F5C)16 and (AC2B)16

Answer : (1F5C)16 + (AC2B)16 = (CB87)16

Explanation

1. C + B = 12 + 11 = 23. As 23 is greater than 16 so 23 - 16 = 7. Hence, sum = 7 and

carry over = 1.
2. 1 + 5 + 2 = 8.
3. F + C = 15 + 12 = 27. As 27 is greater than 16 so 27 - 16 = 11 or B. Hence, sum = B
and carry over = 1.
4. 1 + 1 + A = 1 + 1 + 10 = 12 or C.

4. Subtract hexa-decimal number (A68D)16 from (D53F)16

Answer : (D53F)16 - (A68D)16 = (2EB2)16

Explanation

1. F - D = 15 - 13 = 2.
2. 3 - 8, here 8 is greater than 3 so we borrow 1 from next significant digit 5 and it
becomes 4. Now 3 becomes 3 + 16 = 19 and 19 - 8 = 11 or B.
3. 4 - 6, here again 6 is greater than 4 so we borrow 1 from next significant digit D and
it becomes C. Now 4 becomes 4 + 16 = 20 and 20 - 6 = 14 or E.
4. C - A = 12 - 10 = 2.

5. Subtract hexa-decimal number (ABCD)16 from (EA9C)16

Answer : (EA9C)16 - (ABCD)16 = (3ECF)16

15
Explanation

1. C - D = 12 - 13, as 13 is greater than 12 so we borrow 1 from next significant digit 9

and it becomes 8. Now 12 becomes 12 + 16 = 28 and 28 - 13 = 15 or F.
2. 8 - C = 8 - 12, as 12 is greater than 8 so we borrow 1 from next significant digit A
and it becomes 9. Now 8 becomes 8 + 16 = 24 and 24 - 12 = 12 or C.
3. 9 - B = 9 - 11, as 11 is greater than 9 so we borrow 1 from next significant digit E
and it becomes D. Now 9 becomes 9 + 16 = 25 and 25 - 11 = 14 or E.
4. D - A = 13 - 10 = 3.

Perform the following multiplication

Question 1 : (10110)2 x (110)2

Answer : (10110)2 x (110)2 = (10000100)2

Question 2 : (10101)2 x (100)2

Answer: (10101)2 x (100)2 = (1010100)2

Question 3 : (11000)2 x (101)2

Answer : (11000)2 x (101)2 = (1111000)2

Question 4 : (10.001)2 x (0.11)2

Answer : (10.001)2 x (0.11)2 = (1.10011)2

Question 5 : (101.10)2 x (1.10)2

Answer : (101.10)2 x (1.10)2 = (1000.0100)2

Question 6 : (10.101)2 x (10.1)2

Answer : (10.101)2 x (10.1)2 = (110.1001)2

Question 7 : (100.01)2 x (11.1)2

Answer : (100.01)2 x (11.1)2 = (1110.111)2

Question 8 : (101.001)2 x (0.11)2

Answer : (101.001)2 x (0.11)2 = (11.11011)2

16
Convert to Octal equivalents

Question 1 : (4507)10

Answer : Therefore, (4507)10 = (10633)8

Question 2 : (7757)10

Answer : (7757)10 = (17115)8

Question 3 : (7606)10

Answer : (7606)10 = (16666)8

Question 4 : (10110111)2

Answer :Grouping in bits of 3: (10110111)2 = (267)8

Question 5 : (110101101)2

Answer : Grouping in bits of 3 : (110101101)2 = (655)8

Question 6 : (100001111)2

Answer : Grouping in bits of 3: (100001111)2 = (417)8

Question 7 : (11010.0101)2

Answer : Grouping in bits of 3: (11010.0101)2 = (32.24)8

Question 8 : (1000.011)2

Answer : Grouping in bits of 3: (1000.011)2 = (10.3)8

Question 9 : (451.125)10

Answer :

Converting integral part

8 Quotient Remainder

17
 8 Quotient Remainder

8 451 3

8 56 0

8 7 7

Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.125 x 8 = 0 1

Therefore, (451.125)10 = (703.1)8

Question 10

(245.53)10

Answer

Converting integral part

8 Quotient Remainder

8 245 5

8 30 6

8 3 3

18
Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.53 x 8 = 0.24 4

0.24 x 8 = 0.92 1

0.92 x 8 = 0.36 7

0.36 x 8 = 0.88 2

Therefore, (245.53)10 = (365.4172)8

Question 11

(430.26)10

Answer

Converting integral part

8 Quotient Remainder

8 430 6

8 53 5

8 6 6

Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

19
 Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.26 x 8 = 0.08 2

0.08 x 8 = 0.64 0

0.64 x 8 = 0.12 5

0.12 x 8 = 0.96 0

Therefore, (430.26)10 = (656.2050)8

Question 12

(242.24)10

Answer

Converting integral part

8 Quotient Remainder

8 242 2

8 30 6

8 3 3

Converting fractional part

Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.24 x 8 = 0.92 1

20
 Multiply = Resultant Carry

0.92 x 8 = 0.36 7

0.36 x 8 = 0.88 2

0.88 x 8 = 0.04 7

Therefore, (242.24)10 = (362.1727)8

Convert the following to Decimal numbers

Question 1 : (5100)8

Answer : (5100)8 = (2624)10

Question 2 : (7070)8

Answer : (7070)8 = (3640)10

Question 3 : (4720)8

Answer : (4720)8 = (2512)10

Question 4 : (A452)16

Answer : (A452)16 = (42066)10

Question 5 : (ABC)16

Answer : (ABC)16 = (2748)10

Question 6 : (CD7)16

Answer : (CD7)16 = (3287)10

Question 7 : (27.64)8

Answer

Integral part

21
 Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 80 1 7x1=7

2 81 8 2x8=16

Fractional part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

6 8-1 0.125 6x0.125=0.75

4 8-2 0.0156 4x0.0156=0.0625

Equivalent decimal number = 7 + 16 + 0.75 + 0.0625 = 23.8125

(27.64)8 = (23.8125)10

Question 8

(57.55)8

Answer

Integral part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 80 1 7x1=7

5 81 8 5x8=40

Fractional part

22
 Octal
Power Value Result
No

5 8-1 0.125 5x0.125=0.625

5 8-2 0.0156 5x0.0156=0.078

Equivalent decimal number = 7 + 40 + 0.625 + 0.078 = 47.703

Therefore, (57.55)8 = (47.703)10

Question 9

(301.26)8

Answer

Integral part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

1 80 1 1x1=1

0 81 8 0x8=0

3 82 64 3x64=192

Fractional part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

2 8-1 0.125 2x0.125=0.25

6 8-2 0.0156 6x0.0156=0.0936

23
Equivalent decimal number = 1 + 192 + 0.25 + 0.0936 = 193.3436

Therefore, (301.26)8 = (193.3436)10

Question 10

(707.71)8

Answer

Integral part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 80 1 7x1=7

0 81 8 0x8=0

7 82 64 7x64=448

Fractional part

Octal
Power Value Result
No

7 8-1 0.125 7x0.125=0.875

1 8-2 0.0156 1x0.0156=0.0156

Equivalent decimal number = 7 + 448 + 0.875 + 0.0156 = 455.8906

Therefore, (707.71)8 = (455.8906)10

Perform the following

Question 1 : (3402)8 to ( )2

Answer : (3402)8 = (011100000010)2

24
Question 2 : (1507)8 to ( )2

Answer : (1507)8 = (001101000111)2

Question 3 : (2003)8 to ( )2

Answer : (2003)8 = (010000000011)2

Question 4 :(ABC)16 to ( )2

Answer : (ABC)16 = (101010111100)2

Question 5 : (9AD)16 to ( )2

Answer : (9AD)16 = (100110101101)2

Question 6 : (DE)16 to ( )2

Answer : (DE)16 = (11011110)2

Question 7 : (345.33)8 to ( )2

Answer : (345.33)8 = (011100101.011011)2

Question 8 : (501.75)8 to ( )2

Answer : (501.75)8 = (101000001.111101)2

Question 9 : (265.55)8 to ( )2

Answer : (265.55)8 = (010undefined 110undefined 101undefined . 101undefined

101undefined010110101.101101)2

Question 10 : (334.33)8 to ( )2

Answer : (334.33)8 = (011011100.011011)2

Convert the following to their Hexa-decimal equivalents

Question 1 : (110011101111)2

Answer Grouping in bits of 4: (110011101111)2 = (CEF)16

25
Question 2 : (100101101110)2

Answer : (100101101110)2 = (96E)16

Question 3 : (11010111100)2

Answer : (11010111100)2 = (6BC)16

Question 4 : (9894)10

Answer : (9894)10 = (26A6)16

Question 5 : (89392)10

Answer : (89392)10 = (15D30)16

Question 6 : (4966)10

Answer : (4966)10 = (1366)16

Question 7 : (11001110.00100111)2

Answer :(11001110.00100111)2 = (CE.27)16

Question 8 : (10010110.00111110)2

Answer : (10010110.00111110)2 = (96.3E)16

Question 9 : (1554.115)8

Answer (1554.115)8 = (001101101100.001001101)2

(1554.115)8 = (36C.268)16

Question 10 :

(7013.2011)8

Answer : (7013.2011)8 = (111000001011.010000001001)2

Grouping in bits of 4:

(7013.2011)8 = (E0B.409)16

26
Convert the following to their Binary equivalents followed by Octal
equivalents

Question 1 : (ABC)16

Answer : (ABC)16 = (101010111100)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

(ABC)16 = (5274)8

Question 2 : (2CDE)16

Answer : (2CDE)16 = (10110011011110)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

(2CDE)16 = (26336)8

Question 3 : (B45)16

Answer : (B45)16 = (101101000101)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

(B45)16 = (5055)8

Question 4 : (4DC3)16

Answer : (4DC3)16 = (0100110111000011)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

(4DC3)16 = (46703)8

Question 5 : (786A)16

Answer : (786A)16 = (0111100001101010)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

(786A)16 = (74152)8

Question 6 : (2345)16

27
Answer

(2345)16 = (0010001101000101)2

Grouping in bits of 3:

(2345)16 = (21505)8

Answer the following questions

Question 1 : What are the different types of number systems that a computer deals with?

Answer : The different types of number systems are:

1. Binary Number System

2. Octal Number System
3. Decimal Number System
4. Hexadecimal Number System

Question 2:What do you understand by Binary Number system?

Answer :A number system that uses only two types of digits (i.e. 0 and 1) to represent a
number is known as Binary Number System. Its base is 2.

Question 3 : Explain Decimal Number system with an example.

Answer : In Decimal Number system, a number is represented by using 10 digits — 0, 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Its base is 10. Numbers written without base are by default decimal
numbers. For example, 2457 would mean (2457)10, where 10 represents the base of decimal
number.

Question 4: How will you convert:

(a) A decimal number to a binary number

Answer

1. Divide a decimal number by 2 and obtain quotient and remainder. The remainder
will be the least significant bit (LSB) of the binary number.
2. Divide quotient by 2 and again obtain the next quotient and remainder.
3. Repeat the above step unless quotient becomes 0.
4. The last remainder will be the most significant bit (MSB) of the binary number.
5. Arrange all the remainders from MSB to LSB. It will be the binary equivalent of the
given decimal number.

28
(b) A binary number to a decimal number

Answer

1. Multiply each digit of binary number with 20, 21, 22, .... respectively from right side
towards left side of the number.
2. Add all the products to get the equivalent decimal number.

(c) An octal number to a binary number

Answer

To convert an octal number into its binary equivalent, write each octal digit into binary in
a combination of 3 bits. The complete set of bits will be the binary equivalent of the given
octal number.

(d) A binary number to a Hexa-decimal number

Answer

To convert a binary number into its equivalent hexadecimal form, group the binary digits
in 4 bits form from right hand side. If required, add zeros to the left to make the group in 4
bits. Write the hexadecimal equivalent of each binary group. The result will be the
hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number.

(e) A binary number to an octal number

Answer

To convert a binary number into its equivalent octal number, group the binary numbers in
3 bits form from right hand side towards left hand side. If required, add zeros to the left to
make the group in 3 bits. Convert each binary group of 3 bits into its octal equivalent.

(f) A hexa-decimal number to an octal number

Answer

To convert a hexa-decimal number to an octal number, first convert the hexa-decimal

number to its binary equivalent by writing the binary of the corresponding hexa-decimal
digit in 4 bit form. After that group the binary numbers in 3 bits form from right hand side
towards left hand side. Convert each binary group of 3 bits into its octal equivalent.

Question 5 : What are the rules to perform:

(a) Binary Addition

Answer

29
 1. 0+0=0
2. 0+1=1
3. 1+0=1
4. 1 + 1 = 0 and carry over 1
5. 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 and carry over 1

(b) Binary Subtraction

Answer

1. 0-0=0
2. 1-0=1
3. 1-1=0
4. 0 - 1 = 1 with a borrow from the next higher significant digits.

Question 6 : Write down the rules for:

(a) Binary Multiplication

Answer

1. 0x0=0
2. 0x1=0
3. 1x0=0
4. 1x1=1

(b) Binary Division

Answer

1. 0÷0=0
2. 0÷1=0
3. 1÷0=∞
4. 1÷1=1

Question 7 :

What do you understand by

(a) An Octal number

Answer :An octal number uses 8 types of digits — 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. It is represented with

base 8.

30
(b) A Hexa-decimal number

Answer :A Hexa-decimal number uses 16 types of digits (0 to 15). To represent digits from
10 to 15 it uses letters from A to F respectively. It is represented with base 16.

Question 8: Give two differences between:

(a) Binary number and Decimal number

Answer

Binary number Decimal number

It uses 2 digits — 0 and 1. It uses 10 digits — 0 to 9.

It uses base 2. It uses base 10.

(b) Octal number and Binary number

Answer

Octal number Binary number

It uses 8 digits — 0 to 7. It uses 2 digits — 0 and 1.

It uses base 8. It uses base 2.

(c) Hexa-decimal and Octal number

Answer

Hexa-decimal Octal number

It uses 16 digits — 0 to 15. It uses 8 digits — 0 to 7.

It uses base 16. It uses base 8.

31