MSE 2221
Strength of Materials
Chapter 01
Simple Stress
Ref: Strength of Materials, 4th Edition, Andrew Pytel & Ferdinand L. Singer
Ratul Islam Antor
Lecturer
Department of MSE, RUET
Mechanics
Mechanics is the study of forces that act on bodies and the resultant motion that
those bodies experience.
With roots in physics and mathematics, Engineering Mechanics is the basis of
all the mechanical sciences: civil, materials science, mechanical, aeronautical
and aerospace engineering.
Engineering Mechanics provides the "building blocks" of statics, dynamics,
strength of materials, and fluid dynamics. It is devoted to the solution of
mechanics problems through the integrated application of mathematical,
scientific, and engineering principles.
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Mechanics
What may
happen if
Engineering
Mechanics is
not applied
properly ???
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Mechanics
Equilibrium
In many mechanics applications, the sum of forces acting on a body is zero,
indicating a state of equilibrium.
A body is in equilibrium if all forces and moments applied to it are in balance, or
if the resultant of all forces and moments acting on the body is zero.
ΣF=0
ΣM=0
Force
Force is the action of one body on another body. It is a vector quantity.
.Principle of Transmissibility
A force may be applied at any point on its given line
of action without altering the resultant effects of the
force external to the rigid body on which it acts.
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Mechanics
Force–Couple Systems
A force can be replaced by an equal parallel force and a couple in the same
plane. This combination of a force and a couple is called Force-Couple System.
Free Body Diagram
A free-body diagram is a visual representation
of an object or a system of objects, isolated
from its surroundings, that shows all the
external forces and moments acting on it.
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Mechanics
Modeling the action of forces
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Mechanics
Modeling the action of forces
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Mechanics
Modeling the action of forces
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Mechanics
Modeling the action of forces
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Mechanics
Free Body Diagrams (Examples)
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Mechanics
Free Body Diagrams (Examples)
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Strength of Materials
Strength of Materials (also known as Mechanics of Materials or Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies) is a fundamental field within engineering mechanics that
deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading.
Statics and Dynamics vs Strength of Materials
Statics → Deals with objects that are at rest.
Dynamics → Deals with objects that are in motion and/or accelerating. Both
statics and dynamics treat objects as rigid bodies (they don't deform).
Strength of Materials → Focuses on the internal behavior of deformable
bodies when subjected to loads.
It goes beyond just the external forces and studies the stresses, strains, and
deformations that occur within the material itself. It's concerned with how
materials resist loads and whether they will break or deform excessively.
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Introduction
Stress is an internal resistive force per unit area that develops in a material when
subjected to external loads.
It is denoted by σ.
𝑷
Stress, σ = where,
𝑨
P = applied load and
A = cross-sectional area
Dividing the load by area does not give the stress at all points in the cross-sectional
area, but rather gives an average stress.
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Types of stress
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Illustrative Problems
101. A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a
bronze section and a steel section. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Determine the stress in each section.
Solution:
From the free body diagram,
Pbr = 4000 lb (tension),
Pal = 5000 lb (compression),
Pst = 7000 lb (compression).
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Illustrative Problems
101. A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened between a
bronze section and a steel section. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Determine the stress in each section.
Solution:
The stresses in each section are: σ=P/A
σbr = 4000 lb/1.2 in2 = 3330 psi (tension) (Ans.)
σal = 5000 lb/1.8 in2 = 2780 psi (compression) (Ans.)
σst = 7000 lb/1.6 in2 = 4380 psi (compression) (Ans.)
Neither the lengths of the sections nor the materials from which the sections are
made affect the calculation of the stresses.
Note that in this problem, it would have been easier to determine the load in the
steel by taking the section lying to the right of the exploratory section in the steel
and in that case, identical results would be obtained.
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Illustrative Problems
102. For the truss shown in the figure, determine the stress in members AC and
BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.
Solution:
Assumptions: Weights of the members are neglected, all connections are smooth
pins and all external loads are applied directly to the pins.
The free-body diagram of the entire
truss is shown. An equilibrium
analysis of this free-body diagram
results in the following values for
the external reactions: Ay = 40 kN,
Hy = 60 kN, and Hx = 0.
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Illustrative Problems
102. For the truss shown in the figure, determine the stress in members AC and
BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.
Solution:
To determine the force in member AC, we pass an imaginary cutting plane which
isolates joint A (section 1), whose free body diagram is shown:
Analyzing the free-body diagram, we have
(↑+) ΣFy = 0
3
Ay + AB = 0
5
5 5
AB = − Ay = − (40) = − 66.7 kN
3 3
(→+) ΣFx = 0 Note that both members have
4 been assumed to be in tension.
AC+ AB=0
5
4 4
AC= − AB= − (−66.7)= 53.4 kN
5 5
The minus sign indicates that the 66.7 kN force in member AB is compressive. The
force in member AC is 53.4 kN, tension.
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Illustrative Problems
102. For the truss shown in the figure, determine the stress in members AC and
BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.
Solution:
To determine the force in member BD, we pass an imaginary cutting plane that
exposes the force in member BD (section 2), whose free body diagram is shown:
To calculate the force BD, we eliminate the forces
BE and CE by taking a moment summation
about their point of intersection, E, and write,
The forces in members BD, BE,
and CE are assumed to be tensile.
Force in member BD is 66.7 kN, compression.
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Illustrative Problems
102. For the truss shown in the figure, determine the stress in members AC and
BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.
Solution:
The stresses in members AC and BD are-
(Ans.)
(Ans.)
In truss analysis, examining a single joint is the method of joints; while analyzing
a section comprising multiple joints is the method of sections.
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Illustrative Problems
103. The block of weight W hangs from the pin at A. The bars AB and AC are
pinned to the support at B and C. The areas are 800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for
AC. Neglecting the weights of the bars, determine the maximum safe value of W if
the stress in AB is limited to 110 MPa and that in AC to 120 MPa.
Solution:
The pin-connected bars AB and AC are two-force
members since their weights are negligible and
W is applied at a pin.
Analyzing the free-body diagram of joint A, we obtain,
Solving simultaneously, we have PAB = 0.508W and
PAC = 0.778W
The value of W that would cause the stress in each bar to equal
its maximum safe magnitude is determined as follows.
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Illustrative Problems
103. The block of weight W hangs from the pin at A. The bars AB and AC are
pinned to the support at B and C. The areas are 800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for
AC. Neglecting the weights of the bars, determine the maximum safe value of W if
the stress in AB is limited to 110 MPa and that in AC to 120 MPa.
Solution:
For AB:
For AC:
The maximum safe value of W is the smaller of the preceding two values:
W=61.7 kN Ans.
with the stress in AC being the limiting condition.
The value W=173 kN must be discarded because the stress in AC would exceed its
limiting value of 120 MPa.
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Shearing Stress
A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied loads cause one section of a
body to tend to slide past its adjacent section by acting along or parallel to the area
resisting the forces.
Average shear stress,
where V is the resultant shearing force and A is the area parallel to that force.
It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
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Shearing Stress
115. What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25
mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Solution:
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Shearing Stress
116. As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing
strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a)
Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter
can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole that can be punched.
Solution:
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Shearing Stress
116. As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing
strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a)
Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter
can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole that can be punched.
Solution:
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Shearing Stress
118. A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mm-
diameter shaft by a 70-mm-long key, as shown in Fig. P-118. If a torque T = 2.2
kN·m is applied to the shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress
in the key is 60 MPa.
Solution:
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Shearing Stress
122. Two blocks of wood, width w and thickness t, are glued together along the
joint inclined at the angle θ as shown in Fig. P-122. Using the free-body diagram
concept in Fig. 1-4a, show that the shearing stress on the glued joint is τ = P sin
2θ/2A, where A is the cross-sectional area.
Internal effect of a given
loading depends on the
selection and orientation of
the exploratory section.
Solution:
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Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress which is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Some examples of bearing stress are the soil pressure beneath piers and the forces
on bearing plates.
We examine contact pressures between components like axles and bearings or
rivets and plates. Excessive bearing stress can cause yielding in the plate, the rivet,
or both. In reality, bearing stress is not uniform across the contact area between a
rivet and a plate. It varies — typically being zero at the edges of the hole and
maximum directly behind the rivet where the force is applied.
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Bearing Stress
To simplify analysis, bearing stress is assumed uniform over the projected area
of the rivet hole.
Bearing load is expressed by,
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Bearing Stress
125. Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and
(b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Solution:
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Bearing Stress
126. The lap joint is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum
safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi
and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is
uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
Solution:
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Bearing Stress
127. In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt diameter and the
minimum thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without
exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.
Solution:
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Bearing Stress
124. A W460×97 beam riveted to a W610×125 girder by 100×90×10 mm angles
with 19 mm-diameter rivets. There are two angles, one on either side of the beam.
(Refer to Appendix B for the properties of structural sections.) For each rivet,
assume τ = 80 MPa and σb = 170 MPa. The web of the girder is 11.9 mm thick,
and the web of the beam is 11.4 mm thick. Determine the allowable end reaction.
Solution:
At the girder, the shearing resistance
is that of eight rivets in single shear;
Hence, we have
[P = Aτ] P = 8(π/4)(19×10−3)2(80×106)
= 181 kN
The bearing resistance at the girder depends on the minimum thickness of the
connection, which in this case is the 10-mm thickness of the clip angle.
We obtain for eight rivets in bearing:
[P=Aσb] P = 8(19×10−3)(10×10−3)(170×106)
= 258 kN
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Bearing Stress
124. A W460×97 beam riveted to a W610×125 girder by 100×90×10 mm angles
with 19 mm-diameter rivets. There are two angles, one on either side of the beam.
(Refer to Appendix B for the properties of structural sections.) For each rivet,
assume τ = 80 MPa and σb = 170 MPa. The web of the girder is 11.9 mm thick, and
the web of the beam is 11.4 mm thick. Determine the allowable end reaction.
Solution:
At the beam, there are four rivets in double shear,
giving a total of eight single-shear areas.
Therefore, the shear resistance here is
identical to that at the girder. The bearing
resistance at the beam depends on the
web thickness of the beam.
Since this is smaller than the combined thickness of the two clip angles, for the
four rivets in bearing, we obtain
[P=Aσb] P = 4(19×10−3)(11.4×10−3)(170×106)
=147 kN
The safe beam reaction is the smallest of these values, that is, 147 kN; it is limited
by the bearing of the rivets against the W460×97 beam.
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces,
which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
A cylindrical vessel is considered "thin" if its wall is very slender compared to its
diameter. Mathematically,
𝐷
> 20
𝑡
The analysis of stresses in these vessels is crucial for ensuring their safe operation.
The primary stresses considered are tangential (or circumferential/hoop/girth)
stress and longitudinal stress.
Tangential Stress, σt
Consider the tank shown being
subjected to an internal pressure p.
The length of the tank is L and
the wall thickness is t.
Isolating the right half of the tank:
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
Tangential Stress, σt
The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the
total tension in the walls T.
Tangential stress,
If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
Longitudinal Stress, σl
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:
The total force acting at the rear of the tank F
must equal to the total longitudinal stress
on the wall PT = σ L A wall.
Since t is so small compared to D,
the area of the wall is close to πDt.
Longitudinal stress,
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
Longitudinal Stress, σl
If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may
be expressed as:
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
Thin-walled spherical pressure vessel
In a thin-walled spherical pressure vessel, due to its perfect symmetry, the stress in
the wall is uniform in all directions tangent to the surface, unlike a cylinder
which has distinct longitudinal and circumferential stresses (where circumferential
is twice the longitudinal). This means that if you were to cut a small element from
the surface of the sphere, the normal stress acting on it would be the same
regardless of the orientation of the cut.
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p
= pi - po, the stress at the wall can be expressed as:
This is the same formula as the longitudinal stress in a cylinder.
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
132. A large pipe, called a penstock in hydraulic work, is 1.5 m in diameter. Here it
is composed of wooden staves bound together by steel hoops, each 300 mm2 in
cross-sectional area, and is used to conduct water from a reservoir to a powerhouse.
If the maximum tensile stress permitted in the hoops is 130 MPa, what is the
maximum spacing between hoops under a head of water of 30 m? (The mass
density of water is 1000 kg/m3.)
Solution:
The pressure corresponding to a water head of 30 m is given by,
[p = ρgh] p = (1000 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(30 m)
= 294×10 3 N/m2 = 294 kPa
If the maximum spacing between hoops is
denoted by L, then, as shown in Fig,
each hoop must resist the bursting force
on the length L. Since the tensile force
in a hoop is given by P=Aσ,
we obtain from the free-body diagram,
[pDL = 2P] (294×103)(1.5)L = 2(300×10−6)(130×106)
which gives L=0.177 m=177 mm (Ans.)
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
133. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness
of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the
tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal
pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the
internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture
that would occur.
Solution:
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
133. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness
of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the
tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal
pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the
internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture
that would occur.
Solution:
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
133. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness
of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the
tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal
pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the
internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture
that would occur.
Solution:
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
134. The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in. Calculate the
allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.
Solution:
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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel
136. A cylindrical pressure vessel, made of steel plate, has a thickness of 20 mm.
The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine
the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is
limited to 140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.
Solution:
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