POWER SYSTEM-I

2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack
LECTURE -1

INTRODUCTION:- Present Day Civilization & Historical Days mankind, both are very much linked with
energy & for our future needs also we are dependent upon different forms of energy.

In the Energy Hierarchy, electrical energy occupies the top position which is widely used in home,
industry, agriculture & Transport.

Electrical Energy is the most convenient form of energy as it is generated in bulk at a place &
transmitted over long distances in economical way.

EVOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEMS:- A continuous development is going on in the field of Electricity for
past 130 Years. Evolution of what we see in present can be dated back to 1882, when Edison started
the first power station in the world i.e. Pearl Street Generating Station in USA.

The Pearl street station powered 59 customers & generated DC which operated at a single voltage
value. Due to the disadvantage of inability to step up the voltage, so that loss can be minimized, the
distance to which customers were served was 800m approx.

It was in 1872, when first known electric motor was patented by Samuel Gardiner in which an
electromagnet started & stopped a clock in order to measure the flow duration & not the amount of
current.

In another development, Hermann Aron Patented a recording meter in 1883 which showed the energy
used on clock dials. Edison devised a meter which consisted of two electrodes in an electrolyte to
measure the amount of energy consumed.

In 1885, G. Westinghouse patented Gaulard-Gibbs Transformer. In 1886, one of the engineers of

Westinghouse came to know about the disadvantage of series connection & advantage of parallel
connection of transformers.

In 1888, Westinghouse licensed Nikola Tesla’s Patents for polyphase AC induction motor & design of
the transformer. 1891, Westinghouse installed first major power system to drive a 100HP synchronous
motor.

In 1895, AC was choosen as transmission standard & Westinghouse built Adams No.1 Generating
Station at Niagara Falls.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 10

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack
In 1936, first HVDC line using Mercury Arc Valves was built between Schenectady & Mechanicville
Newyork.

1n 1957, General Electric Research Group developed first thyristor suitable for use in power
application area & Siemens developed a Solid State Rectifier. In Recent Years, Computers are used
significantly for load flow studies.

PRESENT DAY SCENARIO:- As of March 31, 2024, India’s total installed power capacity is 442 gigawatts
(GW). This includes 43% renewable energy plants, such as large hydroelectric power plants.

The total installed capacity is broken down by sector as follows:

Central Sector: 102,274.94 MW

State Sector: 106,332.93 MW
Private Sector: 219,691.40 MW

As of 31 March 2024, India’s electricity generation in 2023-24 was 1731.28 billion units (BU).

Ministry had set a target of 1750 BU for 2023-24, which includes: 1324.110 BU thermal, 156.700 BU
hydro, 46.190 BU nuclear, 8 BU import from Bhutan, and 215 BU RES (excluding large hydro).

Details of installed capacity and power generation in the country, categorized by source, can be
referred to from the picture above.

Peak Demand

Peak demand, or peak load, is the highest electrical power demand measured over a certain period of
time, which can be annual, daily, or seasonal.

Factors that can affect peak demand include: Demography, Economy, Weather, Climate, Season, and
Day of the week.

India’s peak demand in 2023-24 – 243271 MW.

Peak Demand deficit

An electricity shortage, or demand deficit, occurs when electricity production and imports are not
enough to meet consumption.

To manage a shortage, system operators may ration small amounts of energy to some consumers for
a short time, while still allowing essential services to continue.

For 2023-24, the all-India peak demand was 2,43,271 MW, but only 2,39,931 MW was fulfilled,
resulting in a 1.4% deficit.

The average gap between Peak demand and Peak supply was 4.5 % in 2013-14 – when the demand
was just 136 GW

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 11

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 12

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack
LECTURE -2

STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM:- Usually electrical energy is generated by hydro, thermal or nuclear
power plants. Usually generating stations are located very far away from load centres & hence a power
supply network is of utmost importance.

The power supply network is divided into

1. Transmission System
❖ Primary Transmission
❖ Secondary Transmission
2. Distribution System
❖ Primary Distribution
❖ Secondary Distribution

Power must be fed to consumer at a voltage within variation of ±6% by distributor whereas there can
be voltage variation of 10% to 15% in transmission system.

Each transmission system of an area or state is known as Grid & grids are interconnected through tie-
lines with different regional grids & regional grids are interconnected forming National Grid.

In India, voltage generation level is at 11KV & this needs to be stepped up to very higher value in order
to avoid power losses during transmission. Hence generated voltage is stepped up by transformer
near generating stations to 66KV, 110KV, 132KV, 220/230KV, 400KV, 765KV etc. This high value of
transmitted voltage is stepped down at receiving sub-stations at 66KV, 33KV or 11KV at the outskirts
of area. The secondary transmission starts at this sub-station & at next receiving station voltage is
further stepped down to 33KV, 11KV or 3.3KV. The heavy load consumers can be fed from this point.
From this Sub-station primary distribution starts & power is fed through feeders which terminate in
distribution sub-station

These distribution sub-stations are located near the localities of which power to be supplied. In these
distribution sub-stations, step down transformers of Delta-Star type are used which reduces the
voltage to 400V. The secondary distribution starts from here and distributors lines are laid along roads
and service lines are tapped to the consumers. Usually 3-phase lines are used in order to have
economic operation & reduce losses. Thus transmission lines & feeders are 3-phase 3 wire circuits &
distributors are 3-phase 4-wire circuits because neutral wire is necessary for supplying single phase
load of domestic & commercial consumers.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 13

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack

Generation Mix:
a) Conventional Sources:
• Coal-fired power plants: Base-load supply but high emissions.
• Natural gas plants: Flexible operation; used for peaking and mid-merit loads.
• Hydropower: Renewable, used for both base-load and peaking.
• Nuclear power: Base-load generation, low operational emissions.
b) Renewable Energy Sources (RES):
• Solar PV and Solar Thermal: Rapidly growing due to falling costs.
• Wind Energy: Large-scale deployment in coastal and high-wind regions.
• Biomass and Small Hydro: Localized generation.
• Geothermal (in specific regions): Used in countries with geothermal resources.
c) Present Mix (example data):
• Coal: ~30-40% (reducing gradually)
• Natural Gas: ~20-25%
• Hydro: ~15-20%
• Nuclear: ~10%
• Renewables (solar, wind, biomass): ~20-30% (rapidly increasing)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 14

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack
SOURCES OF ENERGY:-

Sources of energy are broadly classified into two categories i.e.

i. Conventional
ii. Non-conventional
i) Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy
a) Thermal Power Plants (Coal/Oil/Gas):
Uses coal, natural gas, or oil to produce steam.
Steam rotates the turbine, driving the generator to produce electricity.
Forms base-load supply in many countries.
b) Hydro Power Plants:
Uses water stored in dams at a height.
Water flows through turbines to produce electricity.
Renewable and flexible, can supply peak demand efficiently.
c) Nuclear Power Plants:
Uses nuclear fission (Uranium/Thorium) to produce heat, generating steam to drive
turbines.
Provides large-scale, base-load power with low greenhouse gas emissions.

ii) Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Their Significance

a) Solar Energy:
• Uses solar photovoltaic (PV) panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
• Can be installed on rooftops, solar parks.
• Significance: Clean, abundant, and essential for decentralized generation and grid
decarbonization.
b) Wind Energy:
• Uses wind turbines to convert wind kinetic energy into electrical energy.
• Suitable in coastal and high-wind regions.
• Significance: Variable but rapidly growing, reduces dependency on fossil fuels.
c) Biomass Energy:
• Uses organic materials (agricultural waste, wood, animal waste) to produce electricity via
combustion or biogas.
• Significance: Supports waste management while providing renewable energy.

The estimated potential of Renewable sources in India as on 31-10-2024 is shown below:-

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 15

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack

Solar power leads the way with 92.12 GW, playing a crucial role in India’s efforts to harness its
abundant sunlight. Wind power follows closely with 47.72 GW, driven by the vast potential of the
coastal and inland wind corridors across the country. Hydroelectric power is another key contributor,
with large hydro projects generating 46.93 GW and small hydro power adding 5.07 GW, offering a
reliable and sustainable source of energy from India’s rivers and water systems.

Biopower, including biomass and biogas energy, adds another 11.32 GW to the renewable energy mix.
These bioenergy projects are vital for utilizing agricultural waste and other organic materials to
generate power, further diversifying India’s clean energy sources. Together, these renewable
resources are helping the country reduce its dependence on traditional fossil fuels, while driving
progress toward a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 16

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack

PRIVATE SECTOR IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT:- We know that very large investments are required for
setting up of central power plants and transmission & Distribution network. In order to meet the
growing demand of country, private sector participation is very much necessary & thus is gaining
popularity

Captive Power refers to generation from a unit set up by industry for its exclusive consumption. A
number of industries rely on their own generation in place of grids due to

➢ Non-availability of adequate grid supply

➢ Poor quality & reliability of grid supply

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 17

 POWER SYSTEM-I
2025
Prepared By:- Er. Chandan Mandal, Assistant Professor, EE department, ABIT, Cuttack
➢ High tariff as a result of heavy cross-subsidisation

Need for Captive Power Plants:-

❖ Large gap between demand & supply from central power stations
❖ Frequent power cuts
❖ Frequent increase in power tariffs by utilities

Advantage:-

▪ Low overall cost

▪ No energy theft
▪ No transmission losses

Captive power generation has following options

a) By Industry
✓ For own use
✓ Supply excess power to neighbouring industry
✓ Use & supply excess power to the utilities
✓ Supply to both i.e. neighbouring industry as well as utility
b) CPP set up by a co-operative society
c) CPP set up by private company

ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY:- Electrical Energy is always considered more advantageous to

other forms of energy for e.g. Heat, Light, Chemical, Sound & Mechanical) due to

i) Easy Control:- Electrical Machines are simple & convenient to start, control & operate
ii) Cheapness:- Much Cheaper & thus economical than other forms of energy
iii) Convenient & Efficient Transmission:- Can be easily transmitted over long distances by
choosing conductors of suitable size
iv) Cleanliness:- Electrical energy is much cleaner to use & does not produce smoke, fumes,
dust or poisonous gases
v) Greater Flexibility:- It can be taken to any corner of house, factory, street, hospital, farm,
mine, etc. through various conductors
vi) Versatile Form:- Electrical energy can be easily converted to other forms i.e. heat, light,
mechanical, sound or chemical

References:-

1. Google Wikipedia
2. “Evolution of Power System into Smarter Networks”, O.P.Malik, JCAPS, Vol.24(1-2), Apr-2013
3. Power System –Analysis & Design By Dr. B.R.Gupta, S.Chand Publication
4. A course in Power Systems By J.B.Gupta, Kataria Publications
5. www.mospi.gov.in
6. Electrical Power System by C.L. Wadhwa, New Age Publications

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Page 18