Concepts for Planning Water Resources Development
Developments had taken place in the field of water resources in
earlier days, they were mostly for satisfying drinking water and
irrigation requirements. Modern day projects require a scientific
planning strategy due to:
i. Gradual decrease of per capita available water on this planet and
especially in our country.
ii. Water being used for many purposes and the demands vary in time
and space.
iii. Water availability in a region – like country or state or watershed is
not equally distributed.
iv. The supply of water may be from rain, surface water bodies and
ground water.
Water-Resources Management
Concepts of IWRM
Concepts of IWRM…
❑ The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were
adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
Sustainable Development Goal 6
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for
all
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end
open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated
wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure
sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially
reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including
through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests,
wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.7 By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing
countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water
harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse
technologies
6.8 Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and
sanitation management
Concepts of IWRM…
IWRM is based on the three principles of social equity, economic efficiency and ecological
sustainability. These principles form a method of analysing and subsequently managing water
resources in a way that leads to a coordinated outcome.
Social equity – refers to the consequences
of decisions and actions faced by different
water users.
The focus is particularly on ensuring equity
in access to, and use of, water resources and
the derived benefits for all users,
particularly the disadvantaged
Concepts of IWRM…
Economic efficiency –
refers to the need to make the
most economic use of water
resources to attain the highest
value returns, thus achieving the
greatest benefit for the greatest
number of people. This value
is not only a price issue, but
should also include current and
future social and environmental
costs and benefits
Concepts of IWRM…
Ecological sustainability
– refers to the recognition of the
environment as a user in itself and calls
for maintaining the services that
ecosystems provide. As such, water
resources should not be depleted
beyond the limits of replenishment by
natural processes or human
intervention.
❑Implementing IWRM process is a question of getting the “three pillars” right:
1. Moving towards enabling environment of
appropriate policies, strategies and legislation
2. Putting in place the institutional framework
(through which policies can be implemented)
1. Setting up the management instruments required
by these institutions to do their job
Critical elements for successful IWRM approach
Political will (at highest possible level)
Knowledge (not science alone, but through multi-sector sources of
information and expertise)
Institutional arrangements (start with existing institutions, but
(re)-define mandates clearly)
Community involvement (it takes time to put it in place and it is a
long-term, investment)
Economic prosperity (difficult to manage without financial support;
it is not only direct project funding; it is about mobilization of
whole range of economic and financial incentives)
Areas of Change
A. Enabling environment
A1. Policies
A2. Legislation
A3. Financing & incentive structures
B. Institutional roles
B1. Creating an organization frameworks
B2. Institutional capacity building
C. Management instruments
C1. Water resources assessment
C2. Plans for IWRM
C3. Demand management
C4. Social change instrument
C5. Conflict resolution
C6. Regulatory instruments
C7. Economic instruments
C8. Information management
Examples: IWRM is linked to key development issues
Key development issue How IWRM helps Example
Securing food production Assists the efficient FAO round table (2003, Rome) agreed that all
production of food crops African countries should improve efficiency
in irrigated agriculture in irrigated agriculture for food production
by adopting IWRM approach
Reducing health risks Better management of water UNECE Protocol on Water and Health (2007)
quality requires to set health targets. Progress
towards IWRM has been chosen as an
indicator for improved water management
Freshwater and coastal IWRM recognizes Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin
water freshwater and coastal Management (ICARM) is endorsed by GWP
zone as a continuum as a basic concept for the GEF projects
portfolio
Examples: IWRM is linked to key development issues………….
Water Resources Challenges
The practice of IWRM does not fully reflect the principles embedded in the
policies and regulations
Inadequate numbers of professionals at all levels of IWRM management and
governance
Lack of sustainable financing mechanisms for both water supply provision and
water resource management
Lack of systematic and reliable data management.
Lack of appropriate infrastructure for water supply provision and water
resource management
Governance is a challenge in terms of equity, efficiency, effectiveness etc.
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-TANZANIA
Tanzania manages its water resources according to the Water Resources
Management Act of 2009 (WRMA) at five levels:
(i) National Water Board
(ii) Basin Water Boards
(iii) Catchment Water Committees
(iv) Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and
(v) Water Users Associations (WUA)
Tanzania endorsed Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach
and adheres to the Dublin principles (GWP,1992)
Before;
In 1980s, River Basin Management approach that divides the country into nine
hydrological basins was introduced through Act No.10 of 1981 which amended the Water
Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act, No. 42 of 1974, the principal legislation
governing the management of water resources at that time
Water resource management-Tanzania….
❑ In 2009, the Water Resources Management Act No. 11 which repealed and replaced Act
No. 42 of 1974, retained that approach. With this approach, the nine Basin Water Boards
are fully responsible for regulating and planning water resources and uses within the basin
borders.
❑ In addition to the Water Act; Tanzania has the National Water Sector Development Strategy
(NWSDS) as per National Water Policy (NAWAPO) (2002) and implements the Water Sector
Development Programme (WSDP).
Hence, Tanzania governs its water resources in accordance to three major
frameworks;
✓ The National Water Policy (2002),
✓ National Water Sector Development Strategy (2006) and
✓ the Water Resources Management Act No 11 of 2009.
Water resource management-Tanzania….
❑Policy Framework
✓ The National Water Policy (NAWAPO) 2002 is in line with the IWRM Principles and it
advocates devolution of responsibility for water resources to River/Lake Basins and
catchments management entities.
✓ Emphasize on active participation of local government and community based
organizations (URT, 2002).
✓ The Policy also guides on how to cooperate with other countries in managing
transboundary waters.
❑Legislative Framework
✓ The management of water resources in the country operates is contained on two pieces of
water legislation i.e. Water Resources Management Act (WARMA) and Water Supply and
Sanitation Act (WASSA) which were enacted in 2009.
✓ These two Acts of parliament repealed all previous water laws except the laws that
established DAWASA and EWURA.
✓ The legislation provides mandates for both Policy and Programme implementation including
establishment of various institutions.
❑ Institutional Arrangement
✓ With respect to institutional framework for water resources management in
Tanzania, the role of the Ministry responsible for Water is that of co-
ordination, policy and guideline formulation, and regulation.
✓ New institutions have been created comprising of the National Water Board,
Basin Water Boards, Catchment Water Committees, and Water Users
Associations (WUA) and District Facilitation Teams.
Figure:
Institutional
Structure of Water
Resources
Management
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Public participation in water resource management…
Objective of Public Involvement
Public participation in water resource management…
Public participation in water resource management…
Public participation in water resource management…
Public participation in water resource management…
Water Resources Planning……..
The most appropriate geographical unit for water resources planning is usually the river
drainage basin/watershed/catchment/ River Basin/Basin
i.e: The total land area that contributes water to a river
Water resources development and management
schemes should be planned for a hydrological
unit such as a Drainage Basin as a whole or for a
Sub-Basin, multi-sectorially, taking into account
surface and ground water for sustainable use
incorporating quantity and quality aspects as well
as environmental considerations.
The objective is to meet the demands of water
within the Basin with the available water therein,
which could be surface water, in the form of
rivers, lakes, etc. or as groundwater.
Water Resources Planning……..
Priorities for water resources planning
Water resource projects are constructed to develop or manage the available water
resources for different purposes.
According to the National Water Policy (2002), the water allocation priorities for
planning and operation of water resource systems should broadly be as follows:
✓ Domestic consumption: This includes water requirements primarily for
drinking, cooking, bathing, washing of clothes and utensils and flushing of
toilets.
✓ Irrigation: Water required for growing crops in a systematic and scientific
manner in areas even with deficit rainfall.
✓ Hydropower This is the generation of electricity by harnessing the power of
flowing water.
Priorities for water resources planning cont…….
✓ Ecology / environment restoration: Water required for maintaining the
environmental health of a region.
✓ Industries: The industries require water for various purposes and that by
thermal power stations is quite high.
✓ Navigation: Navigation possibility in rivers may be enhanced by increasing the
flow, thereby increasing the depth of water required to allow larger vessels to
pass.
✓ Other uses: Like entertainment of scenic natural view.
Water Resources Planning……..
STAGES IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING
Let us briefly review what is involved in water resources planning, before we proceed to details:
( i )Basic Data
Water Resources Planning……..
Water Resources Planning……..
(ii) Economic Base Projection
Water Resources Planning……..
(ii) Economic Base Projection
(iii)Water Requirements
Water Resources Planning……..
Water Resources Planning……..
Water Resources Planning……..
(iv) Development of plan
Multipurpose project...
Multipurpose project...
➢ There are two unique characteristics of multipurpose projects, one having to do
with making the attractive and the other with making them more complex;
(i)
(ii)
Multipurpose project...
➢ There are two unique characteristics of multipurpose projects, one having to do
with making the attractive and the other with making them more complex;
(i)
(ii)
