Content sheets Date ___________
Name: ____________________________________
Grade:10 IG Unit: Diseases and Immunity Subject: Biology
Describe the function of the immune system, including antibody production and
phagocytosis.
(b) Lymphocytes produce antibodies.
Outline the role of antibodies in the defence of the body against pathogens.
(c) Fig. 2.1 is a drawing made from an electron micrograph of a lymphocyte that produces
antibodies.
Table 2.1 contains statements about the structures visible in Fig. 2.1.
Complete Table 2.1 by
• naming the structure
• identifying the letter that labels the structure.
The first one has been done for you.
Table 2.1
(d) State the name of one type of cell, other than a lymphocyte, that is involved in the defence of
the body against pathogens and describe its role.
Heroin abuse may lead to HIV infection. There is currently no approved
vaccine that prevents the spread of HIV. Vaccination stimulates active
immunity against specific pathogens.Explain how vaccination stimulates
active immunity
Explain what is meant by passive immunity.
Human milk also contains antibodies. Explain the benefits of antibodies to a
newborn child.
Describe the role of phagocytes in defence against disease.
Describe the roles of white blood cells in tissue rejection.
Lymphocytes produce antibodies.
Outline the role of antibodies in the defence of the body against pathogens.
1 antibodies lock on to antigens ;
2 ref to antigens are on pathogens ;
3 antibodies / antigens, are specific ; R same shape
4 antibodies (have shape) complementary to antigen ;
5 antibodies destroy pathogens (directly) ;
6 antibodies, mark / AW, pathogens for destruction by
phagocytes / phagocytosis ;
7 AVP ;
8 AVP ;
Fig. 2.1 is a drawing made from an electron micrograph of a lymphocyte that
produces antibodies.
State the name of one type of cell, other than a lymphocyte, that is involved in
the defence of the body against pathogens and describe its role.
A lachrymal (gland) cells ; secretes
lysozyme ;
Lymph flows through lymph nodes. Fig. 4.2 shows the action of white blood
cells in a lymph node when bacteria are present
Name the type of nuclear division shown at P in Fig. 4.2.
mitosis
Name the molecules labelled Q in Fig. 4.2.
antibody ;
Describe how bacteria are destroyed by cell R.
ref. to antibodies in context of, immobilising / ‘marking’ /
agglutinating, bacteria ;
phagocytosis (by cell R) ;
(bacteria) ingested / engulfed ;
into a, vacuole / vesicle ;
digested / broken down ;
by, enzymes / acid
A any alternative wording for effect on bacteria
A cell R is a phagocyte
I ‘killed’ / destroyed (in question) unless qualified
Describe how vaccination can prevent the spread of disease.
active immunity ;
harmless / dead / weakened / attenuated pathogen / microorganisms ;
injected / ingested ;
ref. to antigens ;
(antigen) triggers antibody production ;
by lymphocytes ;
memory cells (are produced) ;
rapid response to reinfection ;
long-term immunity ;
prevention of spread person to person e.g. no host for pathogen / herd
ref to programmes of mass vaccination
Viruses and some bacteria are pathogenic. Diseases caused by pathogens are
transmissible. State two ways that a pathogen can be transmitted indirectly.
food ;
contaminated surfaces ;
animals ;
air ;
water ;
soil ;
The body has barriers to defend itself against pathogens. State two
mechanical barriers of the body.
skin / epidermis ;
hairs in nose ;
mucous membrane ;
mucus ;
ear wax ;
Some white blood cells produce antibodies as part of the body’s defence
against pathogens. Describe the role of antibodies in defence of the body.
a pathogen has antigens (on their surface) ;
ref. to specificity / antibodies have complementary shape (to antigen) ;
lock onto (specific) antigens / pathogen ;
destroy pathogens ;
marking for destruction / phagocytosis
The immunity gained after infection by a pathogen is active immunity.
Explain how active immunity differs from passive immunity.
long-term / ref. to permanent / protects against some recurring diseases ;
produces memory cells ;
antibodies are produced (by the body) ;
slower response ;
The body has defence mechanisms to protect it from infection.
Outline the body’s defence mechanisms
(named) mechanical (barriers) ;
(named) chemical barriers ;
ref. to active immunity ;
white blood cells / lymphocytes / phagocytes ;
(phagocytes) engulf (named) microorganisms / phagocytosis ;
lymphocytes produce antibodies ;
ref. to specific, antigens / pathogens ;
ref. to long term immunity / memory cells
State the name of a type of drug that can be used to treat bacterial infections.
antibiotics ;
Explain how the human gas exchange system is protected against pathogens
ref. to, mechanical / chemical, barriers ;
nasal hairs, trap / filter / AW, pathogens ;
mucus traps pathogens / pathogens stick to mucus ;
mucus, produced / secreted, by goblet cells ;
cilia move mucus (upwards / towards mouth / away from alveoli) ;
coughing / sneezing / swallowing ;
phagocytes / phagocytosis / described
Tuberculosis (TB) is a transmissible disease caused by a bacterial pathogen.
The spread of this disease can be controlled by vaccination.
Explain how vaccination provides a defence against transmissible diseases
introduces harmless form of pathogen / AW ;
ref. to antigen(s) ;
stimulates an immune response ;
ref to active immunity ;
lymphocytes produce antibodies ;
(lymphocytes develop into) memory cells ;
memory cells, remain in the body / give long-term immunity / can
produce antibodies (at a later time) ;
respond quickly when an infection (of the same pathogen)
occurs / before symptoms occur ;
TB is a disease that can be treated with antibiotics. HIV infection cannot be
treated with antibiotics.
Explain why viral diseases cannot be treated with antibiotics.
idea that viruses have no antibiotic targets ;
viruses, are not alive / are not living / cannot be killed / not cells ;
no cell membrane ;
no cell wall ;
no protein synthesis / no ribosomes ;
no metabolism / do not respire ;
AVP ; e.g. viruses are inside (host) cells
