Lesson 1 C (Microprocessor)

1) Write the Full form of the following.

a) CPU: Central Processing Unit
b) CU: Control Unit
c) MU: Memory Unit
d) ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
e) ARM: Advanced RISC Machine
f) RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
g) CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer
2) Write technical terms for the following.
a) It is a fast storage element integrated into the computer's CPU.
Ans: CPU Register
b) It is the electronic memory of the computer.
Ans: CPU
c) The complete fully functional computer.
Ans: Computer System
d) It is a component of the CPU which acts like the supervisory unit in which all the activities are
done in the proper approach.
Ans: Control Unit
e) It is a component of the CPU where actual processing work is conducted.
Ans: ALU
f) The clock speed computer microprocessor is measured in terms of.
Ans: Hertz (Ghz)
3) Multiple choice questions.
a) _____ component of the CPU is responsible for coordinating various operations and determines
the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed.
i) ALU ii) Register
iii) MU iv) CU
b) Which memory acts as a buffer between CPU and main memory?
i) RAM ii) ROM
iii) Cache iv) Storage
c) What is the primary function of the CPU in a computer system?
i) Memory storage ii) Data Input
ii) Arithmetic & Logic Operation iv) Graphics Rendering
d) Which component of a computer system is responsible for executing instructions?
i) RAM ii) Hard Drive
iii) CPU iv) Monitor
e) What is the role of registers in the CPU?
i) Permanent storage ii) Input data
iii) Temporary high-speed storage iv) Network Interface
f) The main function of the CPU is to:
i) Fetch, decode and execute instructions ii) Mange secondary storage devices.
iii) Input data and instruction iv) None of these
g) Which of the following is the fastest memory?
i) RAM ii) SSD
iii) Cache Memory iv) CPU Register
4) Answer the following Questions.
a) List the three components of the CPU.
Ans: They are:
- ALU
- CU
- CPU Register
b) Identify two common manufacturers of CPU.
Ans: They are
- Intel
- AMD
c) List any two popular ARM CPU manufacturers for PC.
Ans: They are:
- Apple
- Qualcomm Snapdragon
d) List any two Popular ARM CPU for PC.
Ans: They are:
- M Series by Apple (M1, M1, M3, M4)
- Snapdragon X Elite
e) Explain the component of the CPU.
ALU:
ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. An ALU is a key component of the CPU which
performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication and logical
operations like comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data. Data which is to be
arithmetically manipulated are copied from the main memory and placed in the register
for processing. The result can be transferred from the register to the main memory.

CU:
CU stands for Control Unit. The control unit manages instruction processing and
coordinates data \low within the CPU and between other computer components. It has an
instruction decoder component that interprets the instructions fetched from memory
and converts them into micro-operations that the CPU can run. The control unit directs
other CPU components to perform required operations. CU control the operations of all
parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations. It acts
like a supervisory unit in which the activities are done in a proper approach.

Register:
Registers are small, high-speed memory storage locations within the CPU. They hold data
that the CPU is currently working on and facilitate quick access to data.
• General-purpose registers that hold operational data
• Instruction registers that hold the current instruction being processed
• A program counter that holds the memory address of the next instruction to be
fetched
Registers provide faster access times than other memory levels like RAM or cache
memory.
f) How does the CPU work? (Function of CPU)
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs the following primary functions:
• Fetching: The CPU retrieves instructions or data from the computer’s memory (RAM).
 • Decoding: The CPU interprets the fetched instructions to understand what actions are
required.
• Executing: The CPU performs the necessary actions, such as calculations, data
movement, or interacting with other hardware.
• Storing: The CPU stores the results of executed instructions back into memory or sends
them to an output device.
• Managing Interrupts: The CPU handles interruptions from other hardware or software,
ensuring smooth and efficient processing.

g) List the major functions of ALU:

Ans: The major functions of ALU are listed below:
- To perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division on
data.
- To perform logical operations on data employing comparisons and take necessary decisions.
- It consists output registers that store the result of processed data.
h) List the major functions of CU:
Ans: The major functions of the Control Unit are:
- To transfer entered data from the input device to the memory unit.
- To receive data and instruction from memory.
- To decode the instructions in actual form.
- To activate and instruct the required circuit for related jobs.
i) Why are registers considered faster storage or execution than RAM? in short paragraph.
Ans: CPU resisters are considered faster than RAM because they are located directly inside the
CPU, allowing immediate access without needing to go through memory buses or controllers.
Their small size and simple structure enable extremely fast read/write speeds, often within a
single CPU cycle. While RAM is located outside the CPU and requires data to travel over slower
memory buses, taking tens to hundreds of cycles.
j) Explain the role of the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in the CPU.
Ans: The Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) are two key components of the
CPU that work together to process data. The CU acts as the brain of the processor, managing the
fetch-decode-execute cycle by retrieving instructions from memory, decoding them into
actionable signals, and coordinating data \low between registers, the ALU, and other hardware
components. On the other hand, the ALU is responsible for carrying out mathematical
calculations and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, and comparisons, While the CU
manages and coordinates tasks, the ALU performs the actual data processing, making both
essential for executing instructions ef\iciently.
Key Difference
CU = "Manager" (decides what to do & when).
ALU = "Worker" (does the actual computation).
Without the CU, the CPU wouldn’t know what to execute; without the ALU, it couldn’t perform
calculations. Together, they make the CPU function efficiently.