EM Waves and Transmission Lines

22ECC02
B.E (ECE) – III Semester

j
Dr. N. V. Koteswara Rao
Professor of ECE Department
Director-IQAC
CBIT

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 EM Waves and Transmission Lines
22EC C02
B.E (ECE) – III Semester

Instruction 3 L Hours per week

Duration of SEE 3 Hours
SEE 60 Marks
CIE 40 Marks
Credits 3

Prerequisite: Students should have prior knowledge about circuit

theory, coordinate systems and vector calculus.

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 COMMUNICATION
• Communication is the process of exchanging
information.
• People communicate to convey their thoughts,
ideas, and feelings to other.
j

• The process of communication is inherent to

all human life and includes Verbal, Nonverbal,
Print, and Electronic processes.

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 What is Electronic Communication?
• Electronic communication consist of three
basic components :
1. Transmitter
2. Communication Channel (Medium)
3. Receiver
• Messages are converted to electrical or optical
signals and sent over electrical or fiber-optic
cable or free space to a receiver.
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5
Transmitter
(Tx)

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Transmitter Receiver
(Tx) (Rx)

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Transmitter Receiver
(Tx) (Rx)

Wired Communication

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 Two-Wire line

Waveguide

Coaxial Line

Microstrip Line
Optical Fibre Cable

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Transmitter
(Tx)

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 SPACE

Antenna

Transmitter
(Tx)

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 SPACE

Antenna

Transmitter
(Tx)

Antenna is a coupling device

It radiates / receives EM waves.
It is tuned
Mostly passive
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 SPACE

EM wave
Antenna

Transmitter
(Tx)

Antenna is a coupling device

It radiates / receives EM waves.
It is tuned
Mostly passive
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 SPACE
Antenna
EM wave
Antenna

Transmitter
(Tx) Receiver
Wireless Communication (Rx)

Antenna is a coupling device

It radiates / receives EM waves.
It is tuned
Mostly passive
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 Helical Parabolic
Antenna

Yagi-Uda Antenna
Microstrip Antenna
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j

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 Transmitter Receiver
(Tx) (Rx)
Wired Communication

SPACE
EM wave

Transmitter
(Tx) Receiver
(Rx)
Wireless Communication
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 1
Transmitter Receiver
(Tx) (Rx)
3

2
2 EM wave

1
Transmitter
1
(Tx) Receiver
(Rx)

1- Transmission Line 2- Antenna 3- EM wave

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 1
Transmitter Receiver
(Tx) (Rx)
3

2 EMTL
2 EM wave

1
Transmitter
1
(Tx) Receiver
(Rx)

1- Transmission Line 2- Antenna 3- EM wave

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 EM WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Course Objectives
This course aims to:
1. Provide the concepts of boundary conditions.
2. Understand the Maxwell’s equations and
conceptualize the wave propagation
characteristics in different mediums.
3. Provide the concepts of transmission lines and
Waveguides.
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 EM WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES

• Boundary Conditions
• Time varying Fields : Maxwell’s Equations
Faraday’s Law
Modified Ampere’s Law
Gauss Law for E-fields
Gauss Law for H-fields
• EM Waves
• Two wire Transmission Lines
• Rectangular Waveguides
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 SYLLABUS

UNIT - I
Time varying fields: Review of coordinate systems, Boundary conditions:
Boundary conditions on Electric and Magnetic fields across a conductor
interface and across two mediums. Time varying fields, Faradays Law,
Modified Amperes Law, Gauss Law for Electric and Magnetic Fields,
Maxwell equations: Integral form and Point form.

UNIT - II
Electromagnetic Waves: Wave equations, Uniform plane waves in lossy
and lossless medium, Skin Depth, Polarization, Instantaneous and Average
Poynting theorem and its applications, Reflection and Refraction of Plane
Waves - Normal and Oblique Incidence for perfect Conductor and perfect
Dielectrics, Brewster Angle, Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection.

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 SYLLABUS ..contd…
UNIT - III
Transmission Lines - I: Types, Parameters, Transmission Line Equations,
Primary and Secondary Constants, Characteristics Impedance,
Propagation Constant, Phase and Group Velocities, Infinite Line,
Impedance at any point on the transmission line. RF and UHF Lines,
Open and Short circuit lines and their significance, Properties of λ/2, λ/4
and λ/8 Lines.

UNIT - IV
Transmission Lines - II: Distortion and distortion less transmission line,
Concept of loading of a transmission line, Campbell’s formula,
Reflection and VSWR, Matching- Quarter wave transformer, Single
Stub matching, Smith chart and its applications.

UNIT - V
Introduction to Microwaves: Microwave frequency spectrum,
Advantages and Applications of Microwaves. Rectangular Waveguides:
TE and TM waves, Impossibility of TEM wave in waveguides.

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Text Books:
1. Matthew N.O. Sadiku, "Elements of Electromagnetics", 7th edition,
Newyork Oxford University Press, 2018.
2. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, "Electromagnetic Waves and
Radiating Systems", 2nd edition, PHI, 2000.
3. Samuel Y. Liao, “Microwave Devices and Circuits,” 3/e, Pearson
Education, 2003.

Suggested Readings:

1. William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, "Engineering

Electromagnetics", 8th edition, 2016, TMH
2. John D. Ryder, "Networks Lines and Fields", 2nd edition, 2015,
PHI.
3. R.K. Shevgaonkar, “Electromagnetics Waves”, Tata McGraw Hill
India, 2005.
4. Sunil Bhooshan, “Fundamentals of Engineering
Electromagnetics”, 2012, Oxford University Press Publication.

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 Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

1. Comprehend the boundary conditions, time varying fields and

understand Maxwell’s equations in different forms.
2. Illustrate the Electromagnetic wave properties with respect to
different transmission mediums and predict the behavior of
reflection and refraction of the waves in different mediums.
3. Understand the concepts of transmission lines and the
significance of Open and Short circuit Lines.
4. Estimate the transmission line properties, reflection, and
matching concepts.
5. Conceptualizing Microwaves and analyzing the waves in the
waveguides.

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 GATE
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics
Section 2: Networks, Signals and Systems
Section 3: Electronic Devices
Section 4: Analog
Section 5: Digital Circuits
Section 6: Control Systems
Section 7: Communications
Section 8: Electromagnetics

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 Section 8: Electromagnetics
Electrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and
integral forms and their interpretation, boundary
conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector; Plane
waves and properties: reflection and refraction,
polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation
through various media, skin depth; Transmission lines:
equations, characteristic impedance, impedance
matching/ impedance transformation, Smith chart
S-parameters, Waveguides: modes, boundary
conditions, cut-off frequencies, dispersion relations;
Antennas: antenna types, radiation pattern, gain and
directivity, return loss, antenna arrays; Basics of radar;
Light propagation in optical fibres.
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 4. Electro Magnetics (UPSC-IES)
• Elements of vector calculus, Maxwell's equations-
basic concepts; Gauss', Stokes' theorems; Wave
propagation through different media;
Transmission Lines-different types, basics, Smith's
chart, impedance matching/ transformation

• S-parameters, pulse excitation, uses; Waveguides-

basics, rectangular types, modes, cut-off
frequency, dispersion, dielectric types; Anetennas-
radiation pattern, monopoles/dipoles, gain, arrays-
active / passive, theory, uses.

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WAVE

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Amplitude

Time 30
Amplitude

Time

Random Wave

Time domain …. Frequency Domain….Waves

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Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Spectrum Analyser

Time domain …. Frequency Domain…

Fourier Transform…….Inverse Fourier Transform

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 EM Waves: Definition
A wave is a physical phenomena, which
reproduces after certain instant of time at some
other place. The whole phenomena constitutes of
a wave. Thus an EM wave is not only a function
of time but also function of distance.

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 Source : J&B

Animation of an EM Wave
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 Figure 1

EM WAVE

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36
 Load
1𝛺
Source

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 Commonly used words in
Engineering
• Specifications • Programming
• Design Methodology • Experiment
• Analysis • Verification
• Simulation • Calibration
• Synthesis • Research
• Modeling • Consultancy
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Prof. N. V. Koteswara Rao - ECE 39