CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
WHAT IS CELLULAR
RESPIRATION?
Cellular Respiration is a biological process that
breaks food molecules to produce ATP, a
complex high-energy molecule with these
phosphate groups attached to it.
WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
Carbohydrate
Oxygen
WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle/ Citric
Acid Cycle
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
Carbon
Dioxide (CO2)
Water (H2O)
ATP
WHERE DO ORGANISMS
GET ENERGY FROM?
Carbohydrate glucose
WHERE DO ORGANISMS
GET ENERGY FROM?
Starch are broken down into short branched
polysaccharides (limit dextrins) or into maltose with the help
of salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase.
Limit dextrins interacted by dextrinase to form glucose
Maltose will be interacted by the enzyme maltase to form
glucose.
WHAT IS ATP?
A single cell uses about 10
million ATP molecules per
second and recycles all of
its ATP molecules about
every 20-30 seconds.
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRION
WHAT IS CELLULAR
RESPIRATION?
Cellular respiration occurs in the cells of all
living things, both autotrophs, and
heterotrophs.
GLYCOLYSIS -
cytoplasm
glycolysis means “glucose splitting
split the glucose molecule into two pyruvate
molecules/pyruvate/pyruvic acid
there is a net gain of two ATP molecules during glycolysis
two molecules of NADH produced
GLYCOLYSIS -
cytoplasm
Key Steps in Glycolysis Process:
Reaction 1: glucose phosphorylation to glucose 6-phosphate
Reaction 2: isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
Reaction 3: phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
Reaction 4: cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon
fragments
Reaction 5: interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Reaction 6: oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate
Reaction 7: phosphoglycerate kinase and the first ATP forming reaction
Reaction 8: from 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
Reaction 9: formation of phosphoenolpyruvate
Reaction 10: the transfer of the phosphoryl group from the
phosphoenolpyruvate to the ADP
CONVERSION OF ACETYL CoA from pyruvic acid
CITRIC ACID CYCLE matrix of a
/ KREBS CYCLE mitochondrion
The TCA Cycle
The TCA cycle is a central pathway that provides a unifying point for many
metabolites, which feed in at various points. It takes place over eight different
steps:
Step 1: Acetyl CoA (two carbon molecule) joins with oxaloacetate (4 carbon
molecule) to form citrate (6 carbon molecule).
Step 2: Citrate is converted to isocitrate (an isomer of citrate).
Step 3: Isocitrate is oxidised to alpha-ketoglutarate (a five carbon molecule)
which results in the release of carbon dioxide. One NADH molecule is formed.
The enzyme responsible for catalysing this step
is isocitrate dehydrogenase. This is a rate limiting step as isocitrate
dehydrogenase is an allosterically controlled enzyme.
Step 4: Alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidised to form a 4 carbon molecule.
This binds to coenzyme A forming succinyl CoA. A second molecule
of NADH is produced, alongside a second molecule of carbon
dioxide.
Step 5: Succinyl CoA is then converted to succinate (4 carbon
molecule) and one GTP molecule is produced.
Step 6: Succinate is converted into fumarate (4 carbon molecule)
and a molecule of FADH₂ is produced.
Step 7: Fumarate is converted to malate (another 4 carbon
molecule).
Step 8: Malate is then converted into oxaloacetate. The third
molecule of NADH is produced.
It is important to be aware that whilst the primary role of the TCA
cycle is production of NADH and FADH₂, it also produces
molecules that supply various biosynthetic processes.
Net Output for Citric Acid Cycle:
Each cycle produces:
Two molecules of carbon dioxide.
Three molecules of NADH.
Three hydrogen ions.
One molecule of FADH₂
One molecule of GTP.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Occurs in cristae membrane
Key Points:
The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic
molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to
another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these
reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to
make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. Together, the
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative
phosphorylation. The key steps of this process, shown in simplified
form in the diagram above, include:
SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
STAGES OF STARTING FINAL MATERIALS CO2 ATP FADH2 NADH
RESPIRATION MATERIAL
GLYCOLYSIS 1 GLUCOSE 2 PYRUVIC ACIDS - 2 - 2
CONVERSION 2 PYRUVIC 2 ACETYL CoA CO2 X - - NADH X
OF ACETYL CoA ACID 2=2 2=2
FROM PYRUVIC
ACID
KREB CYCLE 2 ACETYL CoA NO FINAL PRODUCT AS 2 CO2 ATP X 2 FADH2 X 3 NADH
OXALOACETATE GOES X2=4 =2 2=2 X 2 =6
BACK TO CYCLE AS
ACETYL CoA
TOTAL 6 CO2 4 ATP 2 FADH2 10 NADH
THERE ARE 2.5 ATP MOLECULES GENERATED
10 NADH2 X 2.5 = 25 ATP
FOR EVERY NADH AND 1.5 FOR EVERY
2 FADH2 X 1.5 = 3 ATP
FADH2.
If there are 10 glucose molecules to be
broken down, how many molecules of pyruvic
acid will there be at the end of the glycolysis?
If there are 5000 molecules of pyruvic acid
present, how many glucose molecules were
broken down?
If there are 792 ATP molecules, how many
glucose molecules were broken down?
