Module: 01 Skill Development Session: 01 Basic Electronics & Proteus Design Suit

Lecture:1.5
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

BAF SATELLITE R&D CELL TRAINING

Lecture by:
Abdulla Hil Kafi
Raihana Shams Islam Antara
 Introduction

• An op amp is a voltage amplifying device. With the help of

some external components, an op amp, which is
an active circuit element, can perform mathematical
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, differentiation and integration
• The main reason for OPAMPS used over transistors is that
transistor can only amplify AC while OPAMPS can amplify AC
and DC
• The most commonly used OPAMPS are LM741 and LM324.
LM324 mainly used as comparator while LM741 for
amplification, addition etc.

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.4: Analog and Digital Signal 2
 Rules

Rule 1: For an ideal op amp, the open-loop voltage gain is infinite (Ao = ∞). For a real op
amp, the gain is a finite value, typically between 104 to 106.

Rule 2: For an ideal op amp, the input impedance is infinite (Rin = ∞). For a real op amp,
the input impedance is finite, typically between 106 (e.g., typical bipolar op amp) to 1012 Ω
(e.g., typical JFET op amp). The output impedance for an ideal op amp is zero (Rout = 0).
For a real op amp, Rout is typically between 10 to 1000 Ω.

Rule 3: The input terminals of an ideal op amp draw no current. Practically, this is true for
a real op amp as well—the actual amount of input current is usually (but not always)
insignificantly small, typically within the picoamps (e.g. Typical JFET op amp) to nanoamps
(e.g., typical bipolar op amp) range.

Rule 4: Whenever an op amp senses a voltage difference between its inverting and
noninverting inputs, it responds by feeding back as much current/voltage through the
feedback network as is necessary to keep this difference equal to zero (V+ − V− = 0). This
rule only applies for negative feedback

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.4: Analog and Digital Signal 3
 Uses

An op amp has a wide range of uses and, depending how each pin is connected, the resulting circuit can be
some of the following:
• Buffer
• An Inverting Amplifier such as a summing amplifier
• A Non-Inverting Amplifier such as a voltage follower
• Difference Amplifier
• Differentiator or Integrator
• Comparator
• Filter
• Peak Detector
• Analog-to-Digital Converter
• Oscillator

Fig : Analog Circuit

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.4: Analog and Digital Signal 4
 Buffer

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = =1
𝑉𝑖𝑛

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 5
 Inverting Amplifier

An example of an inverting configuration consists of one op amp and two resistors, R1 and R2. R2 is
connected from the output terminal of the op amp to the inverting or minus terminal of the op amp

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅2
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = =−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 6
 Summing Amplifier

𝑅3 𝑅3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =− 𝑉1 + 𝑉1
𝑅1 𝑅1

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 7
Non-Inverting Amplifier

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅3
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = =1+
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅2

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 8
 Difference Amplifier

If, R1=R2 and R3= R4

𝑅3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑅2

If, R1=R2 = R3= R4

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 9
 Comparator

Comparator is a digital IC. The difference between the analog IC and digital IC is that in digital IC the output has only two states, while in
analog IC it has more than two states.
Comparator has only two states +Vcc or –Vcc but LM324 we normally apply Vcc=5V and -Vcc=0. So output will have only 5V and 0V.
But LM324 output LOGIC HIGH will be around Vcc-1.5V and LOGIC LOW around .2V.

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 10
 Why LM324 is preferred over IC741?

1.If you use IC741 as comparator with Vcc=5V and -Vee=0 then for HIGH=4.5V and LOW=1.52, so in both
condition transistor will be saturated, so in order to use IC741 as a comparator better apply -15,+15.

2. When LM324 is used with Vcc=5V then HIGH=3.6V(but this is the logic high for digital circuit) and
LOW=0. So this will be better, you won't be able to get HIGH=5V.

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 11
 Audio Amplifier

©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.5: Operational Amplifiers 12
What is Proteus Design Suite?

Module: 01 Skill Development Session: 01 Basic Electronics & Proteus Design Suit

THANK YOU

13
©Abdulla Hil Kafi & Raihana Shams Islam Antara Lecture 1.3: Circuit Construction in Proteus