Science

Communication
(Duration: 17th June,2025 - 10th July, 2025)

by
Devansh Pandey

Under the supervision of

Dr. Manish Mohan Gore
SENIOR SCIENTIST
CSIR-NIScPR
 सीएसआईआर-रा ीय िव ान संचार एवं नीित अनुसंधान सं थान
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research
वै ा नक तथा औ ो गक अनुसध
ं ान प रषद् Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
( व ान एवं ो ो गक मं ालय, भारत सरकार Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India)

CSIR-NIScPR
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012

Dated: 09 July, 2025

To Whomsoever It May Concern

This is to certify that Mr. DEVANSH PANDEY, a student of B. Sc., fifth semester,
Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh 221005 has undergone internship on the
project titled "Science Communication and Popular Science Writing" under the
supervision of Dr. Manish Mohan Gore from 17 June, 2025 to 10 July, 2025 at
CSIR-NIScPR.

Mr. Devansh is a very dedicated and sincere student. I wish him all success in
life.

Dr. Manish Mohan Gore

Senior Scientist,
CSIR-NIScPR

Dr. C. B. Singh
Chief Scientist and Head,
Popular Science Division,
CSIR-NIScPR

व ान सं चार भवन, डॉ. के . एस. कृ णन माग, पू सा, नई द ली-110012, भारत Vigyan Sanchar Bhawan, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
Phone: EPABX-011-25843130, 25842990; 25847544, 25847565, 25847566 Fax: +91-11-25846640
व ान सू च ना भवन, 14, स सं ग वहार माग, नई द ली-110067 Vigyan Suchna Bhawan, Satsang Vihar Marg, New Delhi-110067
Phone: +91-11-26517059, 26515837; Fax: +91-11-26862228
वेबसाइट Website: www.niscpr.res.in
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research – National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-
NIScPR) for providing me with the invaluable opportunity to undertake an internship on
“Science Communication and Popular Science Writing”. This experience has significantly
enriched my understanding of the vital role science communication plays in bridging the gap
between scientific community and society.

I am especially thankful to my internship supervisor, Dr. Manish Mohan Gore, Senior

Scientist, CSIR-NIScPR, for his constant guidance, constructive feedback, and
encouragement throughout the duration of the internship. His insights and expertise were
instrumental in shaping my learning and writing skills in the field of popular science. I am
grateful to the Director, CSIR-NIScPR and Shri C.B.Singh, Chief Scientist and Head,
Popular Science Division, CSIR-NIScPR for considering me for this internship.

I also extend my heartfelt thanks to the members of Science Media Communication Cell
(SMCC) at CSIR-NIScPR for their support, and for allowing me to engage with various
aspects of science communication, and content development. The condusive environment
and exposure to professional standards have been both inspiring and educational.

I am deeply thankful to Prof. Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Coordinator of the Hindi Publication

Board, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), for nominating and
encouraging me to pursue this internship. His mentorship and unwavering support have
been instrumental in opening this new avenue of learning for me.

My sincere appreciation goes to my family and friends for their constant encouragement
throughout this journey. I am especially thankful to my parents, whose love, trust, and
wholehearted support allowed me to pursue this internship away from home.

This internship has been a meaningful step in my academic and personal growth, and I
look forward to carrying forward the learnings in my future endeavors in science
communication.

Devansh Pandey
Contents
Science Communication 5 How to Write Success 21
Stories of the Scientific
World to Layman

Different Media and 7 Basic Structure of 21

Formats to a Popular Science
Communicate Science Article

Popular Science 9 Making of Press 22

Writing Release on Scientific
Events

Dissemination of R&D 11 India’s Science and 24

Breakthroughs of Technology Policies
Indian Labs
Science Communicators 14 Popular Science 26
of National and Articles Prepared
International Repute During the Internship
Appendix Poster and Infographic 33
Designed

Article 51 A (h) of 18
the Indian Visit to National Science 34
Constitution Library
Research 19 Visit to RHMD 36
Communication and (Raw Materials Herbarium
Popular Science and Museum)
Communication
(Difference)
Research Paper and Popular 20 News Reporting Training 37
Science Stories/Write-ups
(Difference)
4
Science Communication
“When science speaks, everyone is a listener”, yes that’s true, every phenomenon, every matter
with a physical or non- physical property has a fundamental science, which speaks for its presence
and the one experiencing its presence, is a listener. When a person starts applying the words like
Why, How, What, etc before very experiences they encounter, then the person starts developing
the scientific temperament within them. A person with scientific temperament is a transducer
which converts scientific language into simple understandable forms, and this practice is known as
science communication.

Meaning of Science Communication

Science Communication refers to the practice of informing, educating, sharing, and raising
awareness about scientific topics to non-expert audiences in a way that is accessible, simple,
engaging, and accurate.
It is not just about simplifying science—it is about making it relevant, understandable, and
meaningful to society, enabling informed decisions and fostering public trust in science.
According to CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-
NIScPR, “Science communication is a key enabler in the promotion of scientific temper and rational
thinking, bridging the gap between scientific knowledge and public understanding.”

5
Objectives of Science Communication
Science communication is not just about conveying science, its about providing the country with a
scientifically vigilant population, a country where an aspiring youth, dreams of becoming a scientist,
and fostering the strong scientific development goals for a country to accelerate the pace of
development.
The necessity of science communication is also realised by the government policy makers who
introduced Article 51 A(h) which makes it necessary for every citizen of India to develop the scientific
temper and this gives science communication an objective to quench this necessity. This is the
provision of our constitution as the fundamental duty.
Science communication is destined to various objectives, which involves:
Promote a culture of scientific temper and rational thinking in the society
Bridge the knowledge gap between scientific research and the public
Enable evidence-based decision-making among policy makers and citizens
Inspire curiosity and interest among students and non-expert persons in science
Encourage public support for scientific funding and innovation

Importance for Society

In today’s rapidly evolving world, scientific advancements shape nearly every aspect of our daily
lives—from the food we eat and the medicine we take to the technology we use and the environment
we live in. However, the true value of science can only be realized when its knowledge is effectively
shared with society. Science communication serves as a bridge between the scientific community
and the general public, making complex discoveries understandable, relatable, and usable. Its
importance for society is multifaceted:
1.Helps Disprove Myths and Misinformation
In the age of social media and instant information, misinformation can spread faster than facts.
Science communication plays a crucial role in busting myths and correcting false narratives,
especially in areas like health (e.g., vaccines), nutrition, and environmental issues.

2.Fosters a More Informed and Rational Population

When scientific knowledge is communicated clearly and accessibly, people are more likely to think
critically and base their opinions on evidence rather than hearsay or superstition. This nurtures a
culture of rationality and logical thinking in society.

3.Empowers People to Make Science-Based Decisions

From choosing healthcare treatments to understanding climate change, science communication
empowers individuals to make better, more informed choices. It encourages responsible behavior in
matters that affect personal well-being as well as the collective future of the planet.

4.Strengthens Democracy by Making Scientific Knowledge Publicly Accessible

Informed citizens are the backbone of a functioning democracy. When people understand the
science behind policies or issues—such as pollution control, genetically modified foods, or pandemic
response—they can participate more meaningfully in public debates and decision-making.
5.Enhances the Visibility of National Scientific Achievements and Promotes Inclusiveness in
Science
Sharing success stories from national laboratories, universities, and individual researchers not only
builds public pride in the nation’s scientific community but also inspires youth to pursue careers in
science. It also ensures that science is seen as an inclusive and collaborative effort, open to all.

6
Different Media and
Formats to Communicate
Science
From ancient scientific texts and old journals to digital electronic media, we have come a long way.
Science communication has evolved from papers to screens by beautifully synchronising with
technological advancements. Science now has various subclades for communicating with its
listeners and readers.
This evolution has not only expanded the reach of scientific information but also diversified the
ways in which it is presented—through documentaries, podcasts, social media reels, interactive
websites, and public lectures. As communication platforms have become more user-friendly and
visually engaging, science has found new audiences across age groups and educational
backgrounds. The shift from passive reading to interactive and visual storytelling has made science
more accessible, relatable, and impactful, enabling it to transcend barriers of language, geography,
and academic expertise.

1.Print Media:
Print media has traditionally been one of the most trusted and credible sources for science
communication. Through newspapers, magazines, and journals, it reaches a wide audience
including students, educators, researchers, and policy makers. This format allows for detailed and
well-researched articles that inform, educate, and spark curiosity among the literate public.
Examples: India has several popular science magazines aimed at making science accessible to the
public. Notable among them are:
·Science Reporter (published by CSIR-NIScPR)
·Resonance and Current Science (by the Indian Academy of Sciences)
·Dream 2047 (by Vigyan Prasar).

7
2.Electronic Media
Electronic media brought science into living rooms across the country, making it accessible to
people who prefer audiovisual content over printed text. Television shows, science documentaries,
and educational radio programs serve as powerful tools to explain complex scientific concepts in a
simplified and entertaining manner.Includes,
Television (Doordarshan's science shows and scientific movies) and radio (Vigyan Vani)
Podcasts on Spotify, YouTube channels (e.g. Science in India).

3.Folk Media
Rooted in tradition, folk media is an effective and culturally sensitive way to spread scientific
awareness in rural and semi-urban areas. By using familiar formats like puppetry, storytelling, and
street theatre, it makes science relatable and understandable to communities that may have limited
access to formal education or digital platforms. Includes puppetry, storytelling, street plays and
songs.
Example: Puppet shows on water conservation, polio awareness skits

4.Digital and Social Media

With the rise of the internet, science communication has found a dynamic and interactive home in
digital and social media. Platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and blogs enable creators to produce
content that is fast, shareable, and tailored to the preferences of a younger, tech-savvy audience.
This medium allows for real-time engagement and feedback, making science a two-way
conversation.
Includes Blogs, Twitter threads, Instagram reels and educational YouTube channels
Cost-effective, dynamic, and shareable content·Mostly youths are the beneficiary of this media

5.Academic Exhibitions and Public Events:

Science comes alive in academic exhibitions and public events, where people can experience it
hands-on. These platforms encourage direct interaction between scientists and the public, sparking
interest and dialogue. Events like National Science Day and the India International Science Festival
showcase innovations and discoveries while making science more approachable and inspiring.

8
Popular Science
Writing
Popular science writing is the art of translating complex scientific ideas and research into engaging,
accessible, and easy-to-understand language for the general public. Unlike academic papers
written for specialists, popular science articles aim to inform, educate, and spark curiosity in
readers who may not have a technical background. It plays a vital role in making science more
inclusive and democratic, breaking the barrier of complexities and bringing scientific discoveries
closer to everyday life. Through storytelling, analogies, and real-world relevance, popular science
writing fosters a scientifically aware society.
Popular science writing plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between scientific communities and
the general public. During our training at CSIR-NIScPR, we were introduced to the techniques and
formats of popular science communication across different platforms — Print, Electronic, Folk, and
Social Media. This multi-platform approach ensures that scientific knowledge reaches a wider and
more diverse audience in a form they can understand and relate to.

1.Print Media
Print media remains one of the most trusted and enduring mediums for science communication.
Popular science writing for newspapers, magazines, and newsletters focuses on simplifying
complex topics while maintaining scientific accuracy. Key points to be considered are included:
Writing catchy headlines and engaging introductions to draw readers.
Using analogies and storytelling to explain scientific concepts.
Avoiding complex terms and using layman-friendly language.
Structuring articles with clarity — including background, findings, significance, and implications.
We also explored examples from Indian science magazines like Science Reporter and Resonance,
which are known for their accessible yet informative content.

2. Electronic Media
Electronic media, including radio and television, has the power to reach audiences across literacy
levels and geographic boundaries. Our training emphasized the importance of adapting content for
audio-visual formats. We learned that:
For TV, the script must complement visuals — it should be concise, crisp, and suitable for
narration.
For radio, the focus is on sound effects, voice modulation, and descriptive language to paint a
picture for the listener.
The tone must be conversational, and the flow should be engaging throughout.
We even had the chance to observe science broadcast scripts and understand how content is
tailored for these media to hold audience attention.

3. Folk Media
Folk media is an indigenous and culturally rooted method of communication that uses local art
forms to spread scientific awareness. This includes street plays (nukkad natak), puppetry, folk
9
songs, and traditional storytelling. We learned that:
Folk media is especially effective in rural or semi-literate communities.
It makes use of local dialects, symbols, and humor to make scientific ideas relatable.
Themes like health, hygiene, agriculture, and climate change are commonly adapted into folk
formats to encourage public participation and behavioral change.
This method reinforces that science communication need not always be high-tech; it can be
grounded in tradition and community culture.

4. Social Media
Social media is the most dynamic and rapidly growing platform for science communication.
Platforms like Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), YouTube, and Facebook allow science writers to
connect with younger, tech-savvy audiences. Through our training, we learned:
How to convert a complex research topic into short, engaging reels, infographics, or posts.
The importance of visuals, hashtags, and consistency in reaching a wider audience.
How algorithms and user engagement (likes, shares, comments) determine visibility.
Responsible science communication: avoiding misinformation and fact-checking

Conclusion
Popular science writing across print, electronic, folk, and social media plays a vital role in making
science accessible, engaging, and relevant to diverse audiences. Each platform has its unique
strengths—print offers depth and credibility, electronic media adds visual and auditory appeal, folk
media connects through cultural familiarity, and social media ensures speed, reach, and
interactivity.
Through our training, we understood that effective science communication requires not just
simplifying information, but also adapting the message according to the audience and the medium.
Whether it's a newspaper article, a radio segment, a street play, or a social media post, the goal
remains the same — to spark curiosity, spread awareness, and build a scientifically informed
society.

10
Dissemination of R&D
Breakthroughs of Indian
Labs
India’s research and development landscape is rapidly evolving, with institutions like ISRO, CSIR,
DRDO, and various academic labs making significant strides across sectors such as space, health,
environment, biotechnology, and materials science. However, the real value of these innovations
can only be harnessed when they are communicated effectively beyond academic circles.
Dissemination of R&D breakthroughs is essential not only to inspire young minds and fuel
innovation but also to bridge the gap between scientific discovery and its societal, industrial, and
policy-level applications.
India is witnessing a surge in scientific breakthroughs—from ISRO’s space missions to CSIR’s
innovations in health and environment. Yet, these remarkable developments often remain confined
within research journals and academic experts. The dissemination of these complex information to
the general public, industry, and even policymakers are lacking somewhere. This critical gap in
science communication must be addressed urgently.

11
Why Dissemination Matters?
India’s rapid progress in research and development across sectors like space, health, environment,
and technology has generated ground breaking innovations with the potential to transform society.
However, the true value of these scientific advancements can only be realized when they are
effectively communicated beyond academic journals and expert communities. Dissemination
bridges the gap between laboratories and the larger public ecosystem—empowering citizens,
informing policies, fuelling industry linkages, and inspiring the youth. It ensures that scientific
knowledge becomes an accessible, actionable, and integral part of national growth and everyday
life.
Given are few points describing why dissemination is important:

1.Public Awareness & Trust:

A well-informed public is less vulnerable to misinformation and more likely to support science-
based policies and practices. Explaining how R&D impacts daily life builds public trust.

2.Policy & Governance:

Effective communication of research helps policymakers make evidence-based decisions in fields
like health, climate change, and agriculture.

3.Innovation & Industry Linkages:

Timely dissemination can lead to the commercial application of lab-developed technologies,
boosting innovation and entrepreneurship under Atmanirbhar Bharat.

4.Youth Engagement:
Showcasing real scientific achievements can inspire students to pursue careers in STEM and
nurture scientific temper.

Challenges in Dissemination
Despite the growing importance of science communication, several challenges hinder the effective
dissemination of research in India. Addressing these barriers is crucial for bridging the gap between
science and society:
Research is full of technical information which needs to be communicated in a simplified
manner which is understandable to general public.
Most of the scientists are reluctant to communicate their research, they avoid public
interactions. Scientists need to be trained in science communication.
In a country like India where people speak a lot different languages, science communication
faces challenges of regional languages. We cannot think of monolingual science
communication in our country.
There are some communal and regional restrictions to science communication also which
poses challenge to proper dissemination of scientific information.

What Can Be Done?

To overcome the barriers in science dissemination, a well-structured strategy is essential.
Mandatory outreach should be planned as a part of research projects.
Training programs for researchers in communication skills.
Partnerships with media to amplify scientific content.
Content in regional languages to reach remote communities.
Recognition and rewards for scientists who communicate effectively.
12
Successful Examples
There are various scientific achievements which have reached masses through various
communication channels. Some of them are
·ISRO's Mars Mission and Chandrayaan missions reached the masses through engaging visuals and
social media.
·CSIR's Aroma Mission translated lab research into farmer benefits.
·INSACOG provided timely COVID-19 variant information to the public and health sector.
Conclusion
India’s labs are doing cutting-edge research, but for it to create real impact, it must be
communicated clearly and widely. Dissemination is not just a responsibility—it’s a necessity.
Strengthening science communication will ensure that the fruits of Indian research serve society at
large.

“Science is not complete until it is communicated.”

13
Science
Communicators of
National and
International Repute
National Figures:
1.Raghunath Mashelkar is a distinguished Indian chemical engineer and
former Director General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR). He is widely recognized for his advocacy of inclusive innovation,
intellectual property rights, and scientific temper in public policy. Dr.
Mashelkar has actively communicated science through lectures, policy
dialogues, and popular writings, striving to make science a tool for social
and economic development in India.

2.Pallava Bagla is a leading Indian science journalist known for translating

complex scientific topics into accessible language for the general public. He
has reported on India’s major scientific achievements through platforms like
NDTV, Science magazine, and Nature. His work has helped bridge the gap
between scientists and the public, and he co-authored the book Bridging
the Communication Gap in Science and Technology to promote effective
science communication.

3.Jayant Narlikar, a renowned astrophysicist, is known not only for his

significant contributions to cosmology but also for his efforts in popularizing
science through books, essays, and science fiction. He writes in English and
Marathi to reach a broad audience and has inspired students and
laypersons alike to engage with scientific ideas, especially related to the
universe and space.

14
 4. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam , the former President of India and an aerospace
scientist, was an inspirational figure who played a vital role in India’s missile
and space programs. He was a passionate science communicator who
connected deeply with students and youth through his books like Wings of
Fire and Ignited Minds. His speeches and outreach efforts brought science
and innovation into the heart of India’s national vision.

5.Arvind Gupta is an Indian toy inventor and science educator who

popularized the concept of making educational science toys from everyday
waste materials. His simple, hands-on approach has helped rural children
across India learn scientific concepts in a joyful and practical manner. His
books and videos have been translated into multiple languages, making
science accessible at the grassroots level.

6.CNR Rao, being India’s most celebrated chemist and Bharat Ratna
awardee, Prof. Rao has not only contributed to solid-state chemistry but
also frequently writes articles and gives talks encouraging scientific spirit
and education among youth.

7. Shubha Tole, is a neuroscientist at Tata Institute of Fundamental

Research (TIFR), Dr. Tole actively participates in science communication,
especially through online platforms and public lectures, making complex
topics like brain development accessible to students and the public.

15
International Figures

1. Carl Sagan was a legendary American astrophysicist and one of the most
influential science communicators of the 20th century. He authored several
popular science books and created the iconic TV series Cosmos, which
brought the wonders of the universe into millions of homes worldwide.
Sagan’s poetic style and humanistic approach inspired generations to look
at science with awe and curiosity.

2. Neil deGrasse Tyson is a prominent American astrophysicist and

science communicator who is known for his engaging personality and ability
to explain complex cosmic concepts with clarity and wit. He hosts the
popular show StarTalk and was the narrator of Cosmos: A Spacetime
Odyssey, the revival of Carl Sagan’s original series. Tyson uses media and
social platforms to advocate for scientific thinking and public understanding
of science.

3. David Attenborough is a globally celebrated British broadcaster and

natural historian whose documentaries have transformed the way people
view wildlife and the planet. His series such as Planet Earth and Blue Planet
blend scientific information with powerful storytelling, raising awareness
about biodiversity, climate change, and conservation. His voice and
message have become synonymous with nature advocacy

4. Bill Nye, popularly known as “The Science Guy,” is an American

mechanical engineer and television presenter who introduced millions of
children to the wonders of science through his educational show. Known for
his energetic and humorous style, Nye has become a vocal advocate for
science literacy, climate action, and critical thinking through various media
platforms, books, and public appearances. These communicators have
successfully engaged millions in scientific thinking.

16
5. Brian Cox, a British physicist and former musician, Cox is known for
presenting BBC science programs like Wonders of the Universe and The
Planets. His clear explanations and engaging delivery have made complex
physics appealing to global audiences.

6. Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist and bestselling author,

Dawkins is known for his books like The Selfish Gene and The God Delusion.
He champions rational thinking and public understanding of science,
particularly evolution.

17
APPENDIX

Article 51 A (h) of the

Indian Constitution
“It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the
spirit of inquiry and reform.”
This provision encourages individuals to think rationally, question superstitions, and embrace
evidence-based reasoning in their daily lives. It also promotes compassion, tolerance, and respect
for others—core values of humanism. By fostering a questioning attitude and openness to change,
Article 51A(h) aims to build a progressive society where outdated beliefs and harmful practices can
be challenged and reformed. In today’s age of misinformation and pseudoscience, this duty is more
relevant than ever, as it lays the foundation for a scientifically literate, socially aware, and forward-
thinking nation.

Article
51 A (h)

18
APPENDIX

Difference between

Research
Communication and
Popular Science
Communication

Research communication and popular science communication are two different ways of sharing
scientific knowledge, each with its own purpose and audience. Research communication is mainly
meant for scientists, researchers, and experts. It uses technical language and is usually published in
research journals, conference papers, or scientific abstracts. The goal is to present new discoveries
in a very accurate and detailed way so that other scientists can review, verify, and build upon them.
On the other hand, popular science communication is aimed at the general public, including
students, teachers, and anyone interested in science. It uses simple, engaging language to explain
scientific ideas in an easy-to-understand manner. Instead of journals, it is shared through articles,
blogs, videos, social media posts, and even science shows. The main purpose is to raise awareness,
spark curiosity, and help people understand how science affects their daily lives.
In short, research communication builds science within the expert community, while popular
science communication takes that knowledge and spreads it to the wider society in a relatable way.
Both forms are equally important for the progress of science and its role in nation-building.

19
APPENDIX

Difference between

Research Paper and

Popular Science
Stories/Write-ups

A research paper and a popular science articleare both important ways of sharing science, but they
are written very differently. A research paper follows a formal structure known as IMRAD—
Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. It is written for academic readers like scientists and
professors and includes detailed experiments, data, and formal references to other scientific
studies. The tone is serious, technical, and objective.
In contrast, a popular science article is written for the general public. It usually starts with a catchy
headline and tells a story to explain scientific ideas in a simple and interesting way. Instead of
detailed methods or heavy data, it focuses on the bigger picture or impact of the science. It may
include fewer references, and those are often told in a narrative style rather than formal citations.
The tone is more conversational and engaging, helping lay readers understand and enjoy science
without needing a background in the subject.

20
 APPENDIX

How to Write Success

Stories of the Scientific
World to Layman
Writing success stories of the scientific world for laymen requires clarity, creativity, and context.
The key is to simplify complex concepts without compromising accuracy. One should start by
identifying the core achievement—whether it’s a breakthrough, innovation, or societal impact—and
explain why it matters. They can use relatable analogies, human-interest angles, and real-life
applications to connect with the reader’s everyday experience. Avoid complexities or explain it
using simple language. Include visuals like photos, diagrams, or infographics to aid understanding.
Highlight the scientists’ journey, challenges faced, and how their work benefits society, making the
story both informative and inspiring. Storytelling should be engaging yet factual, encouraging
curiosity and fostering trust in science among the general public.

Basic Structure of a Popular

Science Article
A good popular science article starts with a short and interesting title that tells the reader what the
article is about without using difficult words. The introduction should grab the reader’s attention,
maybe by starting with a surprising fact, a question, or a short story. It should also explain why the
topic is important in everyday life. Next comes the background, where the basic idea behind the
science is explained in simple words. If the topic is complex, using examples or comparisons from
daily life can help people understand better. After that, the article should talk about the main
discovery or new idea—what was found, who did it, where and how it happened, and why it matters.
The article should stay easy to read, interesting, and true to the science, so that anyone—whether a
student, teacher, or curious reader—can enjoy learning from it.
The basic structure of a popular science article comprises the following sections:
Title: It should be catchy and should give the idea of what the entire content is revolving
around.
Lead Paragraph: Describe the article in short and in effective way to hook the reader.
Context: To explain the significance of the topic
Explanation: Main scientific concept
Impact: Societal relevance of the science discussed in the article
Quote: Quote from an expert or stakeholder enhances the popular article and readers feel
more connected with the issue
Conclusion: Conclude the article highlighting the very important things discussed in the whole
issue.

21
APPENDIX

Making of Press
Release on Scientific
Events
A press release is a short written report that gives important news to newspapers, websites, TV, and
radio. When a scientific event is happening—like a science fair, a new discovery, a space launch, or a
workshop—a press release helps inform the public, media, and other scientists about it.

1.Headline: Summarizes the Key Event

The headline is the most important part of any press release because it is the first thing people
notice. A good headline should clearly tell what the news is about in just one line. It must be short,
direct, and easy to understand. In the case of scientific events, avoid using technical or
complicated scientific words. Instead, use simple language that grabs the reader’s attention and
explains the main purpose or outcome of the event.

2.Lead
The lead paragraph comes right after the headline and gives the main message of the press
release. It answers five important questions: Who is organizing or involved in the event, What is
happening, When it will take place, Where it will happen, and Why it is important. This paragraph
should be clear and complete so that the reader gets the full picture quickly. It should feel like the
summary of the whole news.

3.Details
After the lead, the next part of the press release should provide more detailed information about
the event. This includes the purpose of the event, the people or institutions involved, and any
findings, results, or special highlights. This section may also contain quotes from scientists,
organizers, or chief guests—this adds a human touch and makes the release more engaging. If any
research findings, data, or technology were released during the event, summarize them in simple
terms.

4.Contact Info: For More Media Coverage

At the end of the press release, include contact details so that journalists or media persons can
reach out for more information. This part should include the name, designation, phone number, and
email address of the main contact person—usually someone from the media cell or organizing
team. This helps media outlets follow up, request interviews, or ask for more materials.

5.Multimedia Links: Photos or Event Visuals

Adding multimedia content makes the press release more attractive and easier to share. This
includes links to photos, videos, posters, or presentations related to the scientific event. Visuals can
show speakers, audience participation, new equipment, experiments, or anything exciting that
happened during the event
22
APPENDIX

Press Release od
CSIR-NIScPR

23
APPENDIX

India’s Science and

Technology Policies

Introduction
India is making big progress in science and technology. The government
is working to create policies that help scientists, students, industries, and
even common people to take part in innovation and research. These
policies aim to solve national problems, create new technologies, and
make India self-reliant.

Important Science and Technology Policies

1.STIP 2020: This policy was made with the help of scientists, students,
teachers, industries, and even the public. This policy focuses on making
science more open, inclusive, and useful for everyone.

2.ANRF and National Quantum Mission: To improve research in India,

the government launched two major efforts:

Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF): This new body

was started in 2023 to fund research in science, health, education,
and technology. It will help researchers get funding more easily and
encourage companies to support science.

National Quantum Mission: India is investing in quantum technology,

which is the future of computers and communication. The
government has provided ₹6,003 crore for this mission, which will
support research in quantum computers, quantum sensors, and
more.

3.Big Missions for Big Technology: India has launched several special
missions to support important technologies. These missions help Indian
companies, startups, and scientists build new machines, software, and
tools. The focus is on reducing imports and making India self-sufficient.
Some major missions:
Deep-tech and digital startup fund: ₹1 lakh crore was announced to
support new technologies like robotics, artificial intelligence, and
defence tech.
Semiconductor mission: To make computer chips and reduce
imports from other countries.

24
 Space technology support: ₹500 crore was given to support space startups.
Drone policy: ₹1,950 crore will be used to support Indian drone makers and reduce foreign dependence.

4.Fixing Procurement Problems: In the past, scientists faced a lot of delays while buying lab equipment or
materials. The rules were slow and complicated. Now, the government has changed these rules to help
researchers work faster and with more freedom.
Key improvements:
Scientists can now directly buy items up to ₹2 lakh.
Purchase approvals are faster, up to ₹25 lakh.
No need for central approval for global tenders up to ₹200 crore.

5.Helpful Policies and Institutions Supporting Science

India’s progress in science is also supported by many helpful policies and strong institutions:
Open Data Policy: Government research data is now shared with the public to encourage more
discoveries.
Vision 2035: Long-term plans have been made to guide India’s future in fields like health, energy, space,
and education.
Strong Institutions: Institutes like IITs, NITs, and IISERs have been given more powers and funds to
improve research and education.

6.Results on the Ground: Jobs, Growth, and Global Recognition

Because of these policies, India’s science and tech sector is growing fast. Many people are getting jobs, and
India is being noticed by other countries.
Key results:
5.8 million People work in the tech sector.
India is exporting technology systems like UPI and Aadhaar to other countries.
The goal is to reach $500 billion in revenue from technology by 2030.

Conclusion
India is stepping confidently into a future shaped by science, innovation, and inclusive growth. The new
science and technology policies are not just about developing laboratories or high-end technologies, they
are about transforming the way our nation solves problems, builds its economy, and uplifts society. By
focusing on local innovation, supporting grassroots research, promoting open access to data, and
encouraging participation from all sections of society, these policies make science truly democratic.
With initiatives like the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), the National Quantum Mission,
deep-tech startup support, and new procurement reforms, India is building a research-friendly environment
that nurtures both curiosity and enterprise. These steps are reducing bureaucratic hurdles, promoting
public-private partnerships, and attracting youth towards scientific careers.
India’s digital and technological outreach—seen in platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and CoWIN—has already
shown that science can be used not only for innovation but also for inclusive governance. By exporting such
technologies and ideas, India is gaining global recognition as a tech-savvy, responsible nation.
Yet, there are some challenges. Sustained implementation, monitoring, and skilled human capital are crucial
for long-term success. The true test of these policies will lie in how well they translate into real-world
solutions—whether it’s addressing climate change, strengthening healthcare systems, advancing clean
energy, or enhancing national security.
In conclusion, India’s science and technology landscape is being reshaped to meet the aspirations of a new
India—an India that leads not by imitation, but through innovation; not by dependence, but through self-
reliance. With political commitment, institutional reform, and the creative energy of our young minds, the
vision of becoming a global leader in science and technology is no longer a distant dream, but a goal within
reach.
25
APPENDIX

Popular Science
Articles Prepared
During the Internship
व ान संचार: व ान का सा ह यक अंग
24 अग त, 2023 का दन था, दे श के बड़े से बड़े वै ा नक योगशाला से ले कर पनवाड़ी क कान तक, व म लडर और
ान रोवर के चं मा क सतह पर उतरने के एक-एक म क चचा हो रही थी। ऐसी घटनाएं हर इंसान को उसके भीतर के
वै ा नक त व का ान करा दे ती ह, जहाँ वहज टल वै ा नक जानका रय को अ य प रजन के साथ मा चाय क चु क लेते ए
साझा कर सकता है, उसपे चचा कर सकता है।
ऐसी ही या, जसम, वै ा नक ान, अनुसंधान, स ांत , और त य को सरल सुलभ और रोचक भाषा म आम जनता,
व ा थय , या गैर-वै ा नक तक प च
ं ाया जाता है, ता क वै ा नक सोच, ज ासा, और समझ को बढ़ावा दया जा सके, उसे
व ान संचार कहते ह।

लोकता क व ान
ाथ मक श ा ा त करने के बाद एक बाल व ाथ से भी य द लोकतं क प रभाषा पूछो तो, उसे भी पता होगा क, ऐसा तं
जो लोग का है, लोग के लए ह, और लोग के ारा है वह लोकतं है। लोकतं सदै व राजत से े रहा है।
व ान जब लोकता क होता है, तब जाकर एक अ वक सत समाज वकासशील समाज क दशा म ग तमान होता है। वै ा नक
का व ान जब लोकता क होता है, या न जब जन मानस के हत म होता है तब जाकर वह े व ान कहलाता है।
व ान और लोकतं कई आयाम म सजातीय ह, व ान म भी लोकतं क तरह एक कुशल जन त न ध क आव यकता होती
है। वै ा नक का कत केवल शोध करना नह होता, ब क एक कुशल जन त न ध क तरह अपना शोध सामा य मानवी के
सम सरल व रोचक भाषा म तुत करना भी होता है, जसके लए उसे व ान संचार क कला म नपुण होना आव यक होता
है। य द कोई वै ा नक एक कुशल शोधकता हो क तु उसका शोध लोकता क नह ह, या उसे अपने ज टल काय को सरल प
से तुत करना ना आए, तो वह पूण प से वै ा नक नह कहा जा सकता।

पुरख क व ान प का
यो दोषा समा याताः कफवात प सं याः।
कृतेः स कषण वकारं जनय त ते॥
(चरक सं हता, सू ान 1.57)
हमारे दे श म व ान संचार क वधा आज से नह ब क अनंतकाल से चली आ रही है, और इसक एक झलकआपके सामने
तुत क गई है, जसम मह ष चरक, जो आज क भाषा म एक कुशल शोधकता भी थे, और व ान संचारक भी, उ होन, एक
सा ह यक प म कफ, वायु और प क मानवीय वा य म मह ा को समझाया, जो क एक कुशल वै ा नक का गुण दशाता
है। ाचीन भारतीय समाज व ान संचार को ब त गंभीरता से लेता था, ज टल व ान को सं कृत के ोक म लखने से उसे
आकषक बनाया जाता था जो क व ा थय के मरण हेतु आसान होता था। इसी कार सु त
ु सं हता, आयभट य, सूय स ांत,
कृ ष पाराशर, रस र नाकर जैसे अनेक थ
ं लखे गए, ज ह ने ाचीन भारत क वै ा नक अवचेतना क न व बल क । सं कृत म
लखे इन थ
ं का े ीय भाषा म भी अनुवाद कया जाता था।

26
भारत का व ान संचार केवल भारतीय भू म तक ही सी मत नह था ब क भारत क वै ा नक आभा पूरे व म ा त अंधकार
का व वंस कर रही थी।
बात य द व क हो रही है तो हम ‘ फलॉसॉ फकल ांज़ै स ऑफ द रॉयल सोसाइट ’ का नाम कैसे भूल सकते ह, जो क व
क सबसे पुरानी वै ा नक प का है जो आज भी का शत हो रही है, इसक शु आत सन् 1665 म ई थी।

म भी वै ा नक
आज व म कई ऐसे दे श ह जो वकासशील ह, और एक वकासशील दे श के लए कई कार क परंपरागत एवं सामा जक
चुनौ तयाँ उनके पथ म बाधा बन कर आती ह। इन चुनौ तय से लड़ने के लए और उनसे पार पाने के लए दे श के बड़े वग के पास
एक वै ा नक कोण होना आव यक होता है।
‘ व ान अप र मत है तो हम य नह ’ भारत क य ा नक चेतना इस बात का ोतक है क हमारे यहाँ व ान कभी योगशाला
तक सी मत नह रहा ब क जन-जन के दै नक या का ह सा बना और इसी दै नक प तम ा त व ान के त व को
समझना ही आपके भीतर के वै ा नक चेतना को जगाना है।
व म अनेक सं कृ तयाँ ह, और हर सं कृ त के अपने कुछ परंपरागत नयम होते ह जो कसी वशेष कालखंड को यान म रख
कर बनाए जाते ह, जनक ापकता बदलते समय के साथ या तो बल होती है, या तो बल होती है और इसी बात को समझना
और तकशील रह कर अपने कम म वै ा नक अवचेतना ला कर ही एक वकाशशील दे श का नाग रक वकास के पथ पर ग तमान
होता है।
भारत म वै ा नक अवचेतना का वकास और व ान का वकास एक ही वृ दखाते ह। आजाद के बाद जैसे-जैसे व ान
संचार का वकास रदशन, रे डयो, और वै ा नक प का के प म आ, वैसे ही व ान के े म दे श के युवा क च बढ़
और आज हम व ान और ो ो गक म बड़े-बड़े दे श को भी मात दे ने क मता रखते ह।
दे श म जतने भी महान वै ा नक ए, जनके शोध ने ना सफ दे श का भ व य रचा, ब क व पटल पर भी भारत को गौरव ा त
कराया, वह भी कुशल व ान संचार के गूद म नपुण थे। डॉ0 ए.पी.जे. अ ल कलाम, जयंत नाल कर, जैसे महान वै ा नक
अपने काय को जन सामा य के सम सहजता से और दै नक जीवन म घ टत घटना से जोड़ कर तुत करते थे, जसक
वजह से आज भारत के वै ा नक समाज म ऐसे वै ा नक का नाम ब त ही मान-स मान से लया जाता है।

आओ संचार सै नक बन
आज भारत म STEM आधा रत श ा णाली पे बल दया जा रहा है। STEM यानी,
S – Science ( व ान)
T – Technology ( ौ ो गक )
E – Engineering (अ भयां क )
M – Mathematics (ग णत)
इन चार े पर बल दे कर ही भारत जैसे वकासशील दे श वक सत होने के पथ पर अ सर रहते ह, और व ान संचार इस या म एक
आधारभूत भू मका नभाती है। व ान संचारआज के समय म एक तेजी से उभरता आ े है, जहाँ व ान को आम जनता तक सरल और
भावी ढं ग से प च
ँ ाने का काय कया जाता है। इस े म व ान लेखक, व ान प कार, व ान अनुवादक, ड जटल कंटट एटर, साइंस
पॉ लसी एना ल ट आ द के प म रोजगार के अवसर उपल ह। भारत म CSIR-NIScPR, भारतीय व ान कां ेस, NBT,
IndiaBioscience, और DST ( व ान और ौ ो गक वभाग) जैसे सं ान व ान संचार को बढ़ावा दे ते ह और श ण भी दान करते
ह। आम लोग क भू मका भी इसम अ यंत मह वपूण है—वे अपने अनुभव , लोक भाषा और पारंप रक ान के मा यम से वै ा नक सोच
को जन-जन तक प च
ँ ाने म सहयोग कर सकते ह। व ान को केवल वै ा नक तक सी मत न रखते ए समाज के हर वग तक प च
ँ ाना ही
भावी व ान संचार का उ े य है।
ान के व णम ांगण म,
व ान का है स कार,
संचार सै नक तु ह सम पत,
जगत क जय जयकार

व ान संचार केवल एक मा यम नह , ब क समावेशी वकास का एक मजबूत तंभ है, और एक जाग क, सश और ग तशील समाज के
नमाण म, रा ीय और वै क दोन तर पर, नणायक भू मका नभाता है।

27
 व ान ग त
‘ वचार से संचार तक’
जब व ान को मली ाथ मकता: व ान ग त का ज म
सैकड़ साल क परतं ता से मु मलने के बाद भारत क लुट ई आ थक एवं वै ा नक वरासत क कमान अब भारत के उस
पढे लखे वग के हाथ म थी, ज हे उं ग लय पर गना जा सकता था। ऐसा वग जसको अब यह न त करना था क दे श भर म
ा त तमाम चुनौ तय म कससे पहले नपटना है और कससे बाद म।
डॉ0 शां त व प भटनागर उसी वग के एक व यात वै ा नक ए, ज ह ने भारत म वै ा नक ां त का व दे खा और उसे
साकार करने म जुट गए। व ान को ाथ मकता दे ने वाले डॉ0 भटनागर, ‘भारत म वै ा नक अनुसध
ं ान योगशाला के जनक’
के प म याद कए जाते ह। वै ा नक तथा औ ो गक अनुसंधान प रषद )CSIR) के सं ापक महा नदे शक डॉ0 शां त व प
भटनागर का मानना यह था क वतं भारत म वै ा नक अनुसध
ं ान के साथ ही व ान संचार क भी उतनी ही आव यकता है।
इसी बात को यान म रखते ए 1952 म ‘ व ान ग त’ प का क शु वात डॉ0 शां त व प भटनागर जी के मागदशन म
सीएसआईआर- न र ारा क गई।

व ान ग त का व वध और वशाल पाठक वग
व ान ग त के वशाल पाठक वग म, त धा म भाग लेने वाला व ाथ भी है, तो ाथ मक श ा ा त करते छोटे ब े भी,
योगशाला म काय करने वाला शोधकता भी है तो अवै ा नक े म काय करने वाला एक व ान का शंसक भी, गाँव म खेती
करने वाला एक जाग क होता आ कसान भी है तो, वृ जीवन तीत करने वाला एक बुजग
ु भी। प का के व भ खंड
व भ वग को संबो धत करते ह।

प का क संरचना
आजाद के बाद भारत के अ धकांश ह द भाषी आबाद के बीच यह प का, मूलभूत व ान का संचार करती थी। प का क
आकषक संरचना हर वग के पाठक को अपनी ओर आक षत करती है। ह रत ां त और त
े ां त जैसी तमाम सरकारी
वै ा नक काय म को आम जनता तक प च
ँ ाने से लेकर वै ा नक ग प एवं का रचना से लोग को मनोरं जत करने तक,
व ान ग त अनेक े म वतं भारत के नाग रक का ख नधा रत कर रही थी। व ान और ो ो गक के े म वक सत
होते भारत के साथ व ान ग त म भी व ान और ो ो गक के खंड का व तार होता गया।
प का म लेख एवं लघु लेख जैसे खंड म एक व ान म
े ी, व ान के नवीन एवं मह वपूण जानका रय से अवगत हो सकता है,
तो वह व ान आधा रत क वता एवं कहा नय म सा ह य म
े ी, व ान एवं सा ह य का संगम भी दे ख सकते ह। प का म एक
ऐसा भी वग दे खने को मलता है जसम दे श के अनुसंधा नक सफलता का वणन कया गया है, जहां एक सामा य पाठक दे श
के वै ा नक समरता को वै क तर पर उभरते ए दे ख सकता है। भारत के महान वै ा नक से लेकर महान सा ह यकार वयं
अपनी रचनाएं व ान ग त म का शत करवाते ह, जो एक वशेष लेख के प म का शत होता है। बाल पाठक के लए ऐसे
प का म सरल भाषा म सरल वै ा नक लेख भी का शत होते ह और व भ कार क पहे लयाँ और ो री भी संल न होती
ह जो उनके वक सत होते ए म त क म व ान ेम का बीजारोपण करती ह। प का म वशेषांक आधा रत लेख म समय के
कसी वशेष वै ा नक घटना पर आधा रत, एक व तृत लेख लखा जाता है। पु तक े मय के लए व ान ग त का एक वशेष
खंड ‘पु तक समी ा’, पाठक को वशेष वै ा नक पु तक से अवगत कराता है और उनका सं त ववरण भी पाठक के सम
रखता है।

व ान ग त का व तार
आज व ान ग त के पाठक क सं या 10 लाख से भी अ धक है जो दे श- वदे श के अलग-अलग े से संबंध रखते ह। त
माह व ान ग त क 35,000 से अ धक तयाँ दे श के कई बड़े एवं छोटे शहर से ले कर ामीण इलाक तक उपल कराई
जाती है।

पुर कार और उपल याँ

व ान ग त के सद य क कत न ा को ामा णत करते ए प का को एक नह अनेक पुर कार ा त ए ह, जनम ‘रा ीय
राजभाषा क त पुर कार’ अ यंत व श है। व ान ग त का काशन बना के 7 दशक से भी अ धक समय से कया जा रहा
28
जो क रा नमाण म इसक अहम भू मका को दशाता है। जहां अ य वै ा नक प काएं एक सुसग
ं ठत एवं सा र समाज को क
म रख कर अपनी रचना नधा रत करती ह, वह व ान ग त एक बड़े सामा जक वग को संबो धत करती है और व ान संचार के
अलावा रा नमाण के अ य कत का भी ढ़ता से वहन करती है और यही बात व ान ग त को अ य प का से भी अलग
बनाती है।
व ान ग त, अनु े द 51A(h) को यान म रखते ए नाग रक म वै ा नक कोण, मानवता और अनुसंधान के त
जाग कता लाने के कत का अनुसरण करती है। हद भाषा म दे श क सबसे अ धक पढ़ जाने वाली यह वै ा नक प का
सफ एक प का नह है, ब क लाख ह द भाषी नाग रक के लए वै ा नक सश करण का मा यम है, जसने वतं ता के
बाद, भारत म ई तमाम वै ा नक ां तय म बल भू मका नभाई।

29
 या गौरैया के डीएनए म लखा है संर ण का मं ?
मानव समृ हो रहा है, उसका समाज वकास के पथ पर चल नह , दौड़ रहा है, परंतु इस वकास क आंधी म हरे वृ क
शीतलता को छ न कर बनाई गई बेरंग क ट क अ ा लकाएं कृ त का दोहन कर रही ह। वे अपने बोझ तले कृ त क
अनमोल धरोहर को दबाए ई है, जसके अभाव के चलते कृ त के संवद
े नशील न हे सद य आए दन बड़ी सं या म दम तोड़ रहे
ह और उ ह म से एक है, गौरैया। आज व भर म गौरैया क आबाद म भारी गरावट दे खने को मल रही है, जो क कृ त के
गंभीर होते ए व प क झलक दखाती है।
आज व के अनेक दे श म गौरैया क जीनोम सी व सग (आनुवं शक अनु मण) क जा रही है, जसम हाल ही म भारत भी
शा मल हो चुका है, परंतु भारत म कए गए शोध, वै क शोध म सव े है। भारतीय योगशाला म कए गए इस शोधकाय ने
भारतीय मूल क गौरैया के आनुवं शक म नए पृ जोड़ दए ह, जो आगे चल कर गौरैया संर ण म वशेष भू मका नभाएंगे और
साथ ही व भर के गौरैया और अ य प य क वक सत वंशावली (फाइलोजेनी) बनाने म भी मह वपूण सहयोग करगे।

य घट रही गौरैय क आबाद ?

कभी गौरैया भारत के हर कोने म थी, मुब
ं ई क भीड़भाड़ वाली सड़क से लेकर कोलकाता के पुराने मोह ल तक, बगलोर के
बगीच से लेकर हैदराबाद क ग लय तक। ले कन पछले कुछ दशक से इसक चहचहाहट धीरे-धीरे खामोश हो रही है। आंकड़े
च काने वाले ह, मुंबई, बगलोर, और हैदराबाद जैसे शहर म गौरैया क आबाद म 70% से अ धक क कमी आई है। वह लंदन के
उपनगर म 1995 से 71% क गरावट दे खी गई। पै रस म 2003 से 2017 तक 89% गौरैया गायब हो चुक ह। या कारण है
इस वलु त का? शहरीकरण? षण? भोजन क कमी? या फर कुछ और, जो कृ त क गहराइय म छपा है?
शहरीकरण क दौड़ म धरती क फलती-फूलती ाकृ तक ज़मीन वकास के कृ म संसाधन से ढकती जा रही है और यही सबसे
बड़ा कारण है क गौरैया जैसे न हे संवद
े नशील प ी धीरे-धीरे लभ होते जा रहे ह। धरती पे बढ़ते रे डयो व सी वे स जो
मोबाईल फोन के टावस के कारण फैल रहे ह, उनसे प य म तमाम कार के वकार आते ह, ला मो डयम रे ल टम जैसे
परजी वय का भाव सीमे ट, कं ट और टाइ स वाले घर म वे अपना घ सला भी नह बना पाते, क टनाशक के बढ़ते योग से
उनक वशाल आबाद के लए क ड़े कम पड़ने लगे ह और शहर म बढ़ते वायु एवं व न षण भी उनके नाजुक सन तं को
नुकसान प च
ं ाते ह। इ ह कारण के चलते उनक आबाद म तेज़ गरावट आ रही है।

जीनोम सी व सग – जीव का आनुवं शक खज़ाना

तकनीक वकास के इस दौर म आज मनु य कसी भी जी वत या मृत को शका क आनुवं शक जानकारी ा त कर सकता है,
और इस काय म वह जीनोम सी व सग क तकनीक का योग करता है, जो डीएनए क सबसे छोट इकाइयाँ ज ह
यू लयोटाइड् स कहते ह, उ ह एक शृंखलाब तरीके से तुत करती है, और यू लयोटाइड् स के इसी म को आधार बना कर
वै ा नक तमाम संभावनाएं जैसे वै ा नक जीव के वकास (इवॉ यूशन), वंशानु म, रोग क पहचान और जैव व वधता संर ण
को करते ह।

गौरैया क जीनोम सी व सग
कसी भी जीव क सम त जै वक जानकारी डीएनए नामक अणु म कैद होती है। इसे एक ऐसे स क क तरह सम झए, जसक
चाभी य द मल गई, तो आपके भूत, भ व य और वतमान, ही नह आपके पूवज और आपके आने वाले पी ढ़य क भी ब त
सारी जै वक जानका रय से पदा उठ जाएगा। इसी णाली का योग करके वै ा नक गौरैया क जै वक एवं ावहा रक
वशेषता का अनुमान लगा रहे ह और उनके संर ण के तरीके बना रहे ह।
वै क शोध के खं डत आँकड़े
तमाम वै क शोधप म गौरैया के जीनोम के अनु मण (सी व सग) क चचा क गई है, ले कन वे सारे शोधप यूरे शयन गौरैय
को क म रख के लखे गए ह। अभी तक के सारे जीनोम अनु मण स ूण नह थे ब क वे कसी वशेष जीन को यान म रख के
कए जाते थे। इ ह बात के चलते एक स ूण जीनोम अनु मण क आव यकता क आपू त भारत म क गई।
भारतीय शोध: वै क शोध के प रपूरक
भारतीय शोध के नतीज म जो जीनोम अनु म मला, वह वै क आँकड़ के साथ मल कर इन आँकड़ को पूण बनाता है। परंतु
बात यहाँ पर ख म नह होती, भारतीय वै ा नक क ट म ने जो गौरैया का जीन अनु म तैयार कया है, वैसा व तृत अनु म
आज तक कसी भी दे श के वै ा नक ारा नह कया गया था।

30
शोध के गभ म
गौरैय के संर ण क दशा म तमाम पयावरणीय संर ण काय कए गए ह और कए जा रहे ह, पर जीन के तर पर काय करने का
वचार सबसे पहले 2005 म म नपाल व व ालय के ोफेसर शांत सुरवझाला जी के म त क म आया ज ह ने काशी ह
व व ालय के ोफेसर ाने र चौबे जी के साथ मल कर इस महान शोध को अंजाम दया। इस अनुसंधान का ाथ मक ल य
है, उ गुणव ा वाली जीनोम अनु मण तकनीक का योग करके भारतीय मूल क गौरैया का स ूण जीनोम अनु म तैयार
करना जसे पैसरीन (Passarine) और अ य प य के वकास (इवॉ यूशन) के तुलना मक एवं जनसं या आधा रत जीनोम
व ष
े ण हेतु योग कया जा सके। ऐसे जीनोम व ष
े ण हम कसी जीव क वंशावली (फाइलोजेनी) का पता लगाने म भी मदद
करते ह।
यह कहानी शु होती है, जब एक छोटे -से प ी के मांसपेशी के नमूने से, जसे वै ा नक ने कोलकाता के ज़ूलॉ जकल सव ऑफ
इं डया म सावधानीपूवक अ याधु नक तकनीक —शो वल, ैड्स, मासुका, और ब को—का उपयोग करके इसके जीनोम को
असे बल कया। 14 जीबी के डेटा को सावधानीपूवक व ष
े ण कया गया। हर डीएनए ड को एक पहेली के टु कड़े क तरह
जोड़ा गया और एक संदभ जीनोम तैयार कया गया। जीनोम म छपे रह य को समझने के लए वै ा नक ने अग तस नामक एक
टू ल का उपयोग कया। इस टू ल ने गौरैया के जीनोम म 24152 जीन के होने के बारे म बताया।यह जीनोम मुग (गैलस गैलस) और
ज़ेबरा फच (टै नयोपाइ जया गु ाटा) के जीनोम से 80.3% समानता रखता है।
जांच आगे बढ़ , और वै ा नक ने गौरैया के माइटोकॉ यल जीनोम पर यान क त कया। माइटोकॉ या, जो को शका का
पावरहाउस है, म 16,804 बेस पेयर का एक जीनोम था, जसम 37 जीन, और एक नॉन-को डग े (जो ोट न नह बनाता),
शा मल थे। गेटऑगनेल और मटोस-2 जैसे टू स का उपयोग करके इस जीनोम को असबल कया गया। वै ा नक ने पाया क
कुछ कोडॉ स (डीएनए के वो भाग जो ोट न क इकाइयां बनाते ह), जैसे CUA, GCC, और CGA, अ धक बार उपयोग होते ह,
जो गौरैया क ोट न सं ष
े ण म द ता और अनुकूलन को दशाता है। ले कन एक जीन, atp6, ने पा ज़ टव सले न का संकेत
दया, जो यह बताता है क गौरैया का यह जीन पयावरणीय दबाव के जवाब म वक सत आ हो सकता है।
गौरैया क कहानी को और गहराई से समझने के लए, वै ा नक ने
20 अ य जा तय के साथ तुलना मक अ ययन कया।
MEGA11 और MAFFT जैसे टू स का उपयोग करके एक
वंशावली वृ बनाया गया, जसम गौरैया (पासर डोमे टकस)
अपने करीबी र तेदार पासर मॉ टानस और पासर एमोड ी के
साथ भी संबंध म थी। इस व ष
े ण ने दखाया क गौरैया और
इसके जीनोमीक र तेदार का सबसे हा लया साझा पूवज
(TMRCA) लगभग 4.4 म लयन साल पहले था। एक और रह य
सामने आया, कई जीन, जैसे BMAL1 और लॉक जीन, जो
गौरैया क सक डयन रदम (दै नक जै वक घड़ी) को नयं त
करते ह, और TLR4, जो रोगजनक जीव क पहचान और
तर ा त या म मदद करता है, अनुकूलन के लए मह वपूण
थे।
शोध के खास नतीजे
शोध म गौरैय के जीनोम क अनेक खास बात नकल कर सामने आ जैस,े उनके एक को शका के भीतर जो डीएनए पाया जाता है,
उसम कुल 2,68,193 ( यू लयोटाइड् स) इकाइय के यु म पाए जाते ह और इनके जीनोम म इंसान से भी अ धक ज स पाए जाते ह
जनक अनुमा नत सं या 24,152 बताई गई है। इस आँकड़े से यह कहना गलत नह होगा क जीव क आनुवं शक संरचना क
ज टलता का अनुमान भौ तक संरचना से नह लगाया जा सकता।
गौरैय म 152 ऐसे ोट स मले ह जो केवल गौरैया म ही पाए जाते ह और अ य ोट स भी मले ह जो येक जीव म संर त होते ह।
गौरैय क आनुवं शक संरचना मु गय और ज़ेबरा फच से ब त मेल खाती है, जो उनके समान पूवज क ओर इशारा करते ह। इसके
अलावा भी कई ऐसे नतीजे सामने आए ह जो यह दखाते ह क भारतीय गौरैय क आनुवं शक संरचना लंबे समय से संर त है अथात
इसम कोई भी मलावट दे खने को नह मलती है जो इसे पूण प से घरेलू गौरैया (Passer domesticus) कहने म बा धत करे। इन
नतीज को आधार मान कर इनके ऊपर तमाम अनुसंधान क इमारत खड़ी क जा सकती है।

31
गौरैया संर ण म शोध का योगदान
इतने ज टल शोध को समझने के बाद यह तकसंगत है क आ खर इसका गौरैया संर ण म या योगदान हो सकता है? जैसा क
हम पता है, डीएनए हमारी जै वक और ावहा रक जानका रय का अनुमान लगाने म अ यंत मह वपूण भू मका नभाता है, इसी का
सहारा ले कर हम मूक गौरैय क तमाम ऐसी आव यकता का अनुमान लगा सकते ह जो एक सामा य बोल कर बता सकता
है। हम उनक घटती सं या के पीछे के कारण को और अ धक गहराई म जा कर समझ सकते ह, जनसं या आधा रत जीनोम
व ष
े ण से हम उनके आबाद का अनुमान लगा सकते ह, और वंशावली संरचना से हम उनके आनुवं शक भाई-बहन का पता लगा
सकते ह जो इ तहास म कसी एक पूवज से संबंध रखते ह, जसे आधार मान कर हम उनक तमाम ावहा रक जानकारी ा त कर
सकते ह। हम शोध म खोजे गए तमाम ज स का पता लगा कर उनके उनके अनुकूलन को समझ सकते ह जो उ ह शहर क
अ या शत चुनौ तय से लड़ने म मदद करते ह।

भ व य क संभावनाएं
गौरैया के संपण
ू जीनोम अनु मण से जुड़ा यह हा लया अ ययन भ व य के लए अनेक संभावना के ार खोलता है। इस जीनोम
अनु मण ने न केवल गौरैया के वकासा मक, पा र तक और अनुवां शक पहलु को समझने क नई राह खोली ह, ब क इसके
संर ण यास को भी वै ा नक आधार दान कया है।
इस अ ययन से ा त उ गुणव ा वाली जीनोम जानकारी का उपयोग जैव व वधता के संर ण, जलवायु प रवतन के भाव क
पहचान, और शहरीकरण के कारण गौरैया क घटती सं या के कारण को जानने म कया जा सकता है। इस शोध से यह संभावना भी
खुलती है क गौरैया क जीवनशैली, जैसे क उसक सक डयन र , अनुकूलन क मताएं और जनन वहार, को बेहतर ढं ग से
समझा जा सके। अ प जनसं या घन व म जै वक याशीलता क कमी आने के कारण उनक आबाद के और तेज़ी से घटने यानी
Allee effect जैसे कारक को आनुवं शक तर पर जानने म भी यह जीनोम डाटा उपयोगी सा बत हो सकता है।
आने वाले वष म, इस जीनो मक डाटा का योग करके गौरैया क व भ उप- जा तय के बीच क जातीय व वधता को समझा जा
सकता है, संवद
े नशील या संकट त े म उनक सं या और वा य पर आधा रत जनसं या आनुवं शक क व तृत जानकारी
ा त क जा सकती है और पयावरणीय कारक के त उनके तरोध या अनुकूलन क वृ य को जीन तर पर पहचाना जा
सकता है।
यह कहानी अभी ख म नह ई है। गौरैया क चहचहाहट को फर से शहर म गूज
ं ने के लए, हम इसके जीनोम म छपे रह य को और
गहराई से समझना होगा। यह एक रोमांचक लर है, जसम हर नया डीएनए सी व स एक नया सुराग है, और हर सुराग हम कृ त के
रह य के और करीब ले जाता है। या हम गौरैया को बचा पाएंग?
े यह सवाल अभी भी हवा म तैर रहा है, और इसका जवाब शायद
इसके जीनोम क गहराइय म छपा है।

32
APPENDIX

Poster and
Infographic Designed

33
APPENDIX

Visit to National
Science Library
As part of our science communication internship at, we had the opportunity to visit the National
Science Library (NSL), along with the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) National Centre
and the Bibliometric Division. This visit provided us with first-hand insights into the significant
roles these centres play in the management, preservation, and dissemination of scientific
knowledge in India.

National Science Library (NSL)

The National Science Library, located within the CSIR-NIScPR premises, serves as a premier hub
for scientific and technical information. It caters to the needs of researchers, academicians,
students, and policymakers by providing access to a vast repository of scientific literature. During
the visit, we were introduced to the internal arrangements and functional infrastructure of the
NSL. Some key highlights included:
Preservation of Rare and Old Books: We observed how NSL carefully preserves decades-
old scientific journals, reports, and books through climate-controlled storage, digitization, and
careful cataloguing.
Systematic Arrangement: The books and journals were arranged using a combination of the
Dewey Decimal Classification and customized scientific subject-based categorization,
ensuring quick accessibility.
Digital Access: We were informed about the initiatives being taken to digitize older
documents and make them accessible through online repositories, allowing researchers
across the country to access these resources remotely.
User Services: The library also offers reference services, document delivery, inter-library loan
facilities, and reading rooms for scholars.
This section of the visit highlighted the importance of institutional libraries in the era of digital
knowledge dissemination and how physical preservation still remains a crucial component of
scholarly archiving.

ISSN National Centre

We then visited the ISSN National Centre, which functions under NSL and acts as the official
Indian node of the international ISSN network. The ISSN is an eight-digit number that uniquely
identifies serials and periodicals. Key learnings from this visit included:
The process of assigning ISSNs to Indian serial publications, including science journals,
magazines, and newsletters.
The importance of ISSNs in global indexing and library cataloguing systems.
Their role in maintaining data records for every ISSN entry from India, ensuring that Indian
scientific literature is well-represented in global databases.
We also learned about the strict standards followed while issuing ISSNs and the importance of
consistency in serial publication for maintaining credibility.
34
APPENDIX

Bibliometric Division
Lastly, we explored the Bibliometrics, which is actively involved in quantitative analysis of scientific
publications. The division plays a critical role in assessing research performance through
indicators like impact factor, citation analysis, h-index, and more. Some of the key insights
included:
How scientific data is collected and analysed for various institutions across India.
The use of advanced analytical tools to evaluate trends in research productivity,
collaborations, and their impact
Their contribution to national science policy by providing data-driven evaluations of research
performance at institutional and national levels.
This part of the visit revealed how bibliometrics is an essential tool for modern science
communication and policymaking, allowing stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding
research funding, collaborations, and institutional rankings.

35
APPENDIX

Visit to RHMD
(Raw Materials
Herbarium and Museum)

The Raw Materials Herbarium and Museum (RHMD) at CSIR-NIScPR, New Delhi, was established in 1950. It
is a special place where plant parts and natural raw materials of medicinal and economic importance are
collected, preserved, and displayed. The herbarium serves as a reference center for researchers and
students, especially those interested in traditional medicines like Ayurveda, and helps promote knowledge
about India’s rich plant diversity.
During our internship at CSIR-NIScPR, we visited RHMD and saw many rare and exotic specimens of plants
and animals. The museum had well-preserved parts of plants such as leaves, roots, seeds, and barks, all
used in making medicines and other useful products. Each specimen was properly labeled with its scientific
name and uses. We were amazed to see how nature provides so many valuable resources, and the visit
helped us understand the importance of preserving and studying them for science and society.

Various
Plant
parts

Different
mineral
ores

36
APPENDIX

News Reporting
Training
As a part of our science communication training at CSIR-NIScPR, we were also given the
opportunity to experience news reporting using a teleprompter—a crucial skill in the world of
science broadcasting and digital media.
This hands-on session was both exciting and insightful, as it allowed us to step into the role of a
science news anchor and understand the technical and creative aspects involved in delivering
scientific content to the public. The training covered the following key aspects:
Understanding the Teleprompter Setup: We were introduced to the basic functioning of a
teleprompter, its components, and how it assists anchors in reading scripts fluently while
maintaining eye contact with the camera.
Voice Modulation and Presentation: Trainers guided us on effective voice modulation,
pronunciation, pacing, and expressions required to deliver a convincing news report. We
practiced speaking confidently while reading the script from the teleprompter screen.
Camera Presence and Body Language: Another important aspect was learning the visual
presentation style—how to maintain body posture, where to look, and how to present oneself
professionally on screen.
Recording and Feedback: Each participant recorded a short science news segment using
the teleprompter. These recordings were later reviewed, and we received constructive
feedback on how to improve delivery, articulation, and screen presence.
This experience was especially valuable for us as aspiring science communicators, as it bridged
the gap between scientific knowledge and public outreach. It enhanced our confidence in front of
the camera and made us appreciate the meticulous preparation that goes into producing a single
minute of science news.

37
APPENDIX

Glimpses of
Internship

RHMD
Raw
Materials
Herbarium &
Museum

National
Science
Library

38
APPENDIX

Glimpses of
Internship

Glimpses
of
News
Reporting
Training

39
APPENDIX

Internship
Sectors

Popular
Science
Writing

Audio
Visual
Editing

Graphic
Designing
and
Animation

40
APPENDIX

Picture with
Supervisor

Dr. Manish
Mohan Gore
Senior Scientist
CSIR-NIScPR

41
APPENDIX

Farewell

42
APPENDIX

43
 BHU CSIR-NIScPR
Banaras Hindu University (BHU), established in 1916 by the CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and
visionary nationalist leader Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Policy Research (NIScPR) came into existence with the
with active support from Dr. Annie Besant and other merging of two internationally acclaimed CSIR institutions
eminent personalities, is one of India’s premier institutions namely CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication
of higher education. Founded under the Parliamentary and Information Resources (CSIR-NISCAIR) and National
legislation—B.H.U. Act of 1915, the university was envisioned Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies
as the University of India, aiming to blend the nation’s rich (CSIR-NISTADS). CSIR-NIScPR has made significant progress
cultural and spiritual heritage with the best of modern in fostering ST&I (Science, Technology and Innovation)
scientific education. Situated in the sacred city of Varanasi, Policy Research, Science Communication, and serving as a
BHU has earned a global reputation for academic bridge between Science, Technology, Industry and Society.
excellence, research, and innovation. It offers a vibrant and It envisions to become a globally respected think-tank and
inclusive learning environment that spans a wide range of resource center for undertaking Science, Technology and
disciplines—from the humanities and social sciences to Innovation Policy Research and Science Communication. Its
science, engineering, medicine, and technology. The mission is to promote STI policy studies and science
university’s mission is to foster holistic development, communications among diverse stakeholders and act as a
promote national integration, and empower individuals bridge at the interface of science, technology, industry and
through world-class education and transformative society which is essential to a robust S&T ecosystem in the
research. country.