10. Data Communication and Computer Network A communication system refers to the collection of hardware and software that, supports intersystem exchange between different devices. Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of wired or wireless transmission medium. There are five basic components in data communication, namely, message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol. The direction of signal flow between two communicating devices is defined by the data transmission modes. There are three types of transmission modes: simplex (unidirectional data flow), half-duplex (bi-directional data flow, but one at a time), and full-duplex (simultaneous bi-directional data flow). Bandwidth refers to the maximum volume of information that can be transferred over any communication medium. The greater the amount of information needed to transmit in a given period, the more bandwidth required The physical or wireless medium through which two communicating devices communicate is known as transmission media. The wired (physical) transmission mediums are known as guided mediums and the wireless transmission mediums are known as unguided mediums. There are four basic types of guided media (also known as bound media): open wire, twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fibre. Unguided transmission media are data signals that flow through the air. One of the common unguided media of transmission is radio frequency propagation (microwave and satellite). Information over any medium is transmitted by two main methods analog and is a continuous waveform that changes smoothly over time. Digital data refers to the data stored in the form of Os and 1s. Modulation refers to the process of impressing information on a carrier wave by changing some of the wave's characteristics(such as amplitude, frequency or phase) so that it is more suitable for transmis and. receiver. Generally, there are two forms of modulation: amplitude and frequency. ion over the medium between transmitter Amplitude modulation refers to the transmission technique in which the amplitude (the value of the signal at any point on the wave) of the cai proportion to the amplitude of the modulating wave. r wave is varied in Frequency modulation is a form of modulation in which the frequency (number of cycles per second) of the carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. 1sData Communication and Computer Network 11. Multiplexing refers to the process of transmitting more than one signal over a single link, route or channel. There are two basic multiplexing techniques: frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM). 12. In frequency-division multiplexing, information from multiple channels can be allocated bandwidth on a single wire based on frequency whereas in time-division multiplexing, information from multiple channels can be allocated bandwidth on a single wire based on time slot assignment. 13. Asynchronous transmission refers to the data transmission of one character at a time, with intervals of varying lengths between transmittals, and with start bits at the beginning and stop bits at the end of each character, to control the transmission. 14. Synchronous transmission is a method of communication in which data is sent blocks, without the need for start and stop bits between each byte. Synchronisation is achieved by sending a clock signal along with the data. 15. Switching refers to routing traffic by setting up temporary connections between two or more network points. A temporary connection is achieved by devices located at different locations on the network, called switches. There are three methods of switching: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. 16. Circuit switching is a type of communication in which a dedicated channel (or circuit) is established between two devices for the duration of transmission. 17. Packet switching refers to the data transmission method whereby data is transmitted in packets. Each packet contains addresses for the machine sending it and the machine expected to receive it. At the destination, the packets are reassembled into the original message. 18. Message switching is a switching technique that uses a message store and forward system where each message contains a destination address and is passed from source to destination through intermediate nodes. At each transfer point in the connection, incoming data is stored in its entirety and then forwarded to the next point. This process continues until the data reaches its destination. 19. A computer network is a collection of two or more computers, which are connected together to share information and resources. A network can be classified into three categories: local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), and wide area network (WAN). 2/5Data Communication and Computer Network 20.A local area network (LAN) is 2 computer network that spans only a small geographical area (usually within a square mile or less), such as an office, home or building. 21.A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network of computers spread over a ‘metropolitan’ area such as a city and its suburbs 22. Wide area network (WAN) is a system of interconnecting many computers over a large geographic area such as cities, states, countries or even the whole world, 23. Topology refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or logically. Itis the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links. There are five basic topologies: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. 24. The bus topology network uses a common backbone (a single cable) to connect all devices with terminators at both ends. 25. In ring topology, every node has exactly two neighbours connected to form a ring for communication purposes. 26. In star topology, devices are not directly linked to each other but are connected through a switch/hub forming the shape of a star. 27. Tree topology consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a bus backbone cable. 28. In a mesh topology, every node has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other node. 29. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a standard reference model for communication between two end users in a network. It consists of seven separate but related layers, namely, physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application 30. The seven layers of the OSI reference model can be divided into two categories: upper layers (comprises the application, presentation, and session layer) and lower layers (comprises the transport, network, data link, and physical layer). 31. Primarily, upper layers deal with application issues and are implemented only in the software. The highest layer, the application, is closest to the end user. The lower layers handle the data transport issues. The physical layer and data link layer are implemented in both hardware and software. The other lower layers, that is, network and transport, are generally implemented only in software. 3/5Data Communication and Computer Network 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, To communicate over a network, a particular set of network devices such as a network interface card (NIC), hub, switch, repeater, bridge, router, and gateway are used. These devices interconnect individual computers and ensure that they communicate efficiently. A computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers or computing devices. A computer network allows computers to share data and resources. Networking devices are used to connect multiple computers in different settings. In 2 communication network, each device that is the part of a network that can receive, create, store or send data to different network routes is called a node. Ethernet is a set of rules that decides how computers and other devices connect with each other through cables in a LAN. Modem stands for ‘MOdulator DEModulator’ and is used to convert analog signals to. digital bits and vice-versa. An ethernet card, also known as a Network Interface Card (NIC card in short), is a network adaptor to set up a wired network. It acts as an interface between the computer and the networks. Each NIC has a MAC address, which helps in uniquely identifying the computer on the network A repeater is an analog device that regenerates the signals on the cable, to which it is, connected. .A. switch is a networking device used to connect multiple computers or communicating devices. A router is a network device that can receive data, analyse it, and transmit it to other networks. A router connects a local area network to the Internet. A “Gateway” is an access point that acts as a “gate” between an organisation's network and the outside world of the Internet. A gateway serves as an entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or going out of a network must first pass through the gateway in order to use routing paths. The MAC address, also known as the physical or hardware address, is a unique permanent value associated with a network adapter called a NIC. It is used to physically identify a machine on the network. 4/5Data Communication and Computer Network 45. IP address, also known as Internet Protocol address, is a unique address that can be used to uniquely identify each node in a network. 46. Unlike MAC addresses, IP addresses can change if a node is removed from one network and connected to another network. 47. The Internet is the global network of computing devices. 48. The World Wide Web (WWW) or Web, in short, is an ocean of information, stored in the form of trillions of interlinked web pages and web resources. 49. Sir Tim Berners-Lee — a Bi Wide Web in 1990. ish computer scientist invented the revolutionary World 50. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a language that is used to design standardised Web Pages so that the Web contents can be read and understood from any computer. 51. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) or URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique address or path for each resource located on the web. 52. HTTP ~ The HyperText Transfer Protocol is a set of rules that is used to retrieve linked web pages across the web. The more secure and advanced version is HTTPS. 53. Each computer server hosting a website or web resource is given a name against its IP address. These names are called the Domain names or hostnames. 54, Conversion of the domain name of each web server to its corresponding IP address is called domain name resolution. It is done through a server called DNS server. 5/5