Introduction to Biostatistics using SPSS
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Introduction
❑ Every scientist does some experimental work during their research.
❑Prior to the implementation of scientific research there has to be an
experimental design during the proposal development.
❑Different experimental designs result in different forms of data.
❑ Data comes in many forms such as:
1) Qualitative or Discontinuous
2) Quantitative or Continuous
❑ Data has to be recorded, analyzed and interpreted using different
tools.
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Experimental Designs
❑There are different types of experimental designs such as:
1) Completely Randomized Designs (CRD)
2) Completely Randomized Block Designs (CRBD)
3) Latin Square Designs (LSD)
4) Split – Plot Design
5) Factorial Design
❑ GOLDEN RULE = SEEK ADVICE FROM A STATISTICIAN ON EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS DURING PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT
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Consequences of lack of experimental designs
❑ Lack of approval of research proposal
❑Research grants rejection
❑Failed thesis/ dissertation examination
❑ High rejection rates of peer review journal
articles
❑ Failure to publish = PERISH
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Types of data
Discontinuous Continuous
❑ Gender (Male/ Female) ❑Most scientific data such as
❑Some survey data with few growth rates
responses such as YES or No ❑Weight
❑Some categorical data ❑Height
❑Metabolic rates
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Types of Statistics
Descriptive Inferential
❑ This is the first stage of statistical ❑ This is used to derive statistical meaning
analyses from the data
❑ Includes basic measures of central ❑ Includes a broad range of statistics such
tendency such as: as:
1) Mean/ Average 1) Comparing treatment means using T-
2) Standard Deviation tests
3) Variance 2) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
4) Range (Maximum/ Minimum) 3) Regression and Correlation
5) Skewedness 4) General Linear Models
6) Kurtosis 5) Generalized Linear Mixed Models
6) Residual Maximum Likelihood
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Computational Statistical Software
❑ There are so many software to choose from but not limited to the
following:
1) Statistical Analysis System (SAS)
2) R
3) GENSTAT
4) STATISTICA
5) MINITAB
6) SPSS
❑ The choice of software depends on your individual needs and
probably cost.
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Getting Started with SPSS
❑ The first stage is to get SPSS installed on your computer.
❑ The file can be found in V:\Staff Applications\Academic
Software\SPSS\SPSS V25\SPSS V25 (Win - Mac)\IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0
Windows\Installation Files, Select the file
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❑ After selecting the file, the InstallShield Wizard should open and it will
begin to install. When it is done, it will close and the Licensed Materials
window in the wizard will open. Click Next to continue.
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❑ After clicking next, the License Agreement will appear. Click "I accept
the terms of the license agreement" after reading the License
Agreement. Click Next to continue.
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❑ The Essentials for Python will appear in the wizard. Yes is chosen by
default. Click Next to continue.
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❑ The License Agreement for Python will appear next. Click "I accept the
terms of the license agreement" after reading the agreement. Click
Next to continue.
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❑ A Software License Agreement will appear after that. Click "I accept
the terms of the license agreement" after reading the agreement. Click
Next to continue.
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❑ The user will be prompted of where he/she wishes to save the
program. To change the Destination Folder, click Change. Click Next to
continue.
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❑ The program is ready to install. Click Install.
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❑ After the installation has completed. Click Finish.
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❑ SPSS Statistics 25 should open up. From there, choose Authorized user
license. Click Next to continue.
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❑ The Enter Codes window will open up. Put in the authorization code in
the blank provided. The authorization code is 4d04065e4981354755cd
❑ Click Next to continue.
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❑ The Internet Authorization Status window will open up. When the
authorization is successful, click Next to continue.
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❑ The authorization is now complete. Click Finish.
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EXAMPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
❑The Completely Randomized Design
(CRD) randomly divides the experimental
units into t groups of size n and randomly
assigns a treatment to each group.
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Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD)
❑ Divides the group of experimental units into n
homogeneous groups of size t.
❑These homogeneous groups are called blocks.
❑The treatments are then randomly assigned to the
experimental units in each block - one treatment to a
unit in each block.
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The ANOVA table for the Completely Randomized Design
Source df Sum of Squares
Treatments t-1 SSTr
Error t(n – 1) SSError
Total tn - 1 SSTotal
yij = + i + ij(CR )
The ANOVA table for the Completely Randomized Block Design
Source df Sum of Squares
Blocks n-1 SSBlocks
Treatments t-1 SSTr
Error (t – 1) (n – 1) SSError
Total tn - 1 SSTotal
yij = + i + j + ij( RB )
EXAMPLE CRBD
❑ Suppose we are interested in how weight gain (Y) in rats is
affected by Source of protein (Beef, Cereal, and Pork) and
by Level of Protein (High or Low).
❑There are a total of t = 3 x 2 = 6 treatment combinations of
the two factors (Beef-High Protein, Cereal-High Protein, Pork-
High Protein, Beef-Low Protein, Cereal-Low Protein, and Pork-
Low Protein).
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❑ Suppose we have available to us a total of N = 60 experimental rats to
which we are going to apply the different diets based on the t = 6
treatment combinations.
❑Prior to the experimentation the rats were divided into n = 10
homogeneous groups of size 6.
❑The grouping was based on factors that had previously been ignored
(Example - Initial weight size, appetite size etc.)
❑Within each of the 10 blocks a rat is randomly assigned a treatment
combination (diet).
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Weight gain after feeding trial
❑The weight gain after a fixed period is
measured for each of the test animals and
is tabulated on the next slide:
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Completely Randomized Block Design
Block Block
1 107 96 112 83 87 90 6 128 89 104 85 84 89
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
2 102 72 100 82 70 94 7 56 70 72 64 62 63
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
3 102 76 102 85 95 86 8 97 91 92 80 72 82
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
4 93 70 93 63 71 63 9 80 63 87 82 81 63
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
5 111 79 101 72 75 81 10 103 102 112 83 93 81
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
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The Model for a Completely Randomized Block
Experiment
yij = + i + j + ij
i = 1,2,…, t j = 1,2,…, b
yij = the observation in the jth block receiving the
ith treatment
= overall mean
i = the effect of the ith treatment
j = the effect of the jth Block
ij = random error
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The data in an SPSS file
Variables are in columns
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Select General Linear Model->Univariate
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Select the dependent variable, the Block
factor, the Treatment factor.
Select Model.
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Select a Custom model.
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Put in the model only the main effects.
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Obtain the ANOVA table
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: WTGAIN
Type III
Sum of Mean
Source Squares df Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 10564.033 a 14 754.574 10.834 .000
Intercept 437418.8 1 437418.8 6280.442 .000
DIET 4594.683 5 918.937 13.194 .000
BLOCK 5969.350 9 663.261 9.523 .000
Error 3134.150 45 69.648
Total 451117.0 60
Corrected Total 13698.183 59
a. R Squared = .771 (Adjusted R Squared = .700)
If I want to break apart the Diet SS into components representing
Source of Protein (2 df), Level of Protein (1 df), and Source Level
interaction (2 df) - follow the subsequent steps
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Replace the Diet factor by the Source and
level factors (The two factors that define diet)
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Specify the model. There is no interaction
between Blocks and the diet factors (Source
and Level)
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Obtain the ANOVA table
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: WTGAIN
Type III
Sum of Mean
Source Squares df Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 10564.033 a 14 754.574 10.834 .000
Intercept 437418.8 1 437418.8 6280.442 .000
BLOCK 5969.350 9 663.261 9.523 .000
SOURCE 904.033 2 452.017 6.490 .003
LEVEL 2680.017 1 2680.017 38.480 .000
SOURCE * LEVEL 1010.633 2 505.317 7.255 .002
Error 3134.150 45 69.648
Total 451117.0 60
Corrected Total 13698.183 59
a. R Squared = .771 (Adjusted R Squared = .700)
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