SC105- Calculus with Complex Variables
Home Work on Differential Equations
d2 x
1. Show that the solution of the equation dt2
+ k2 x = f (t) satisfying the initial conditions x(0) − 0
and x0 (0) = 0 is of the form
Zt
1
x(t) = f (u) sin k(t − u) du
k
0
2. For what values of p and q all solutions of the equation y00 + py0 +qy = 0 tend to zero as x → +∞
?
3. For what values of p and q all solutions of the equation y00 + py0 + qy = 0 (p, q are constant)
periodic function of x ?
4. Are the following statements are true? If the statement is true then prove it otherwise provide a
counter example showing it is false.
(a) “If φ1 and φ2 are linearly independent functions on an interval I, they are linearly independent
on any interval J contained inside I.”
(b) “If φ1 and φ2 are linearly dependent functions on an interval I, they are linearly dependent on
any interval J contained inside I.”
(c) “If φ1 and φ2 are linearly independent solutions of L(y) = 0 on an interval I, they are linearly
independent on any interval J contained inside I.”
(d) “If φ1 and φ2 are linearly dependent solutions of L(y) = 0 on an interval I, they are linearly
dependent on any interval J contained inside I.”
5 (a) Show that the functions φ1 and φ2 defined by φ1 (x) = x2 , φ2 (x) = x|x|, are linearly independent
for −∞ < x < ∞.
(b) Compute the Wronskian of these functions.
(c) Do the results of part (a) and (b) contradict the following theorem. (Explain your answer.)
Two solutions φ1 and φ2 of L(y) = 0 are linearly independent on an interval I if, and only if,
W(φ1 , φ2 )(x) , 0 for all x ∈ I.
6 Let φ1 and φ2 be two differentiable functions on an interval I, which are not necessarily solutions
of an equation L(y) = 0. Prove the following:
(a) If φ1 and φ2 of L(y) = 0 are linearly dependent on an interval I, then W(φ1 , φ2 )(x) = 0 for all
x ∈ I.
(b) If W(φ1 , φ2 )(x) , 0 for some x0 ∈ I, then φ1 and φ2 are linearly dependent on an interval I.
(c) If W(φ1 , φ2 )(x) = 0 for all x ∈ I does not imply that φ1 and φ2 are linearly dependent on I.
(d) If W(φ1 , φ2 )(x) = 0 for all x ∈ I and φ2 (x) , 0 on I, imply that φ1 and φ2 are linearly dependent
on I.
x2 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0,
0 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0,
7 Show that if y1 (x) = = then W(y1 , y2 )
and y 2 (x)
0 if 0 < x ≤ 1 x2 if 0 < x ≤ 1,
on [−1, 1] but Y = {y1 , y2 } is linearly independent on [−1, 1].
1
8 Solve the following differential equation by the method of variation of parameters.
1. y00 + y = 1
sin x
,
ex
2. y00 − 2y0 + y = x2 +1
,
3. y00 − y0 = 1
e x +1
,
4. y00 + 2y0 + 2y = 1
e x sin x
,
5. y00 + y = 1
cos2 x
,
6. y00 − y0 = e2x cos e x ,
7. y00 + y = √ 1
5
,
sin x cos x
8. y000 + y00 = x−1
x2
,
9. x ln x y00 − y0 = ln2 x,
10. y00 + y0 tan x = cos x cot x
9 Prove that the functions sin x, sin(x + π/8), sin(x − π/8) are linearly independent in the interval
(−∞, ∞). Compute their wronskian also.
10 Examine whether the given the functions are linearly independent in their domain of definition.
Zx
− ax2
2
− ax2
2 at2 x x
(a) e , e e− 2 dt (b) x, aloga x (x > 0) (c) 2π, arctan , arccot
2π 2π
0
Z1
et
(d) x, x dt (x0 > 0) (e) loga x2 , loga x (x > 0) ( f ) 5, cos2 x, sin2 x.
t2
x0
11 Consider the equation y0 = ky on −∞ < x < ∞, where k is some constant
• (a) Show that φ is only solution, and Ψ(x) = φ(x)e−kx , then Φ(x) = c, where c is constant.
• (b) Prove that if Re k < 0, then every solution tends to zero as x → ∞.
• (c) Prove that if Re k > 0, then the magnitude of every non trivial (not identically zero)
solution tends to zero as x → ∞.
• (d) What can you say about the magnitude of the solution if k = 0?
12 Solve the following systems.
• (a) dx1
dt
= x1 −x2 dx2
x3 −t
, dt = x1 −x2 dx1
x3 −t
, dt = x1 − x2 + 1.
2
• (b) et dx
dt
= 1y , et dy
dt
= 1x .
• (c) dx
dt
= sin x cos y, dy
dt
= sin y cos x.
• (d) dx1
dt
= (x12 + x22 )t, dx2
dt
= 4x1 x2 t.
• (e) dx
dt
= y
, dy
x−y dt
= x
x−y
.
13
• (a) Give an example of an initial value problem which has no solution.
• (b) Give an example of a differential equation with no real solution.
• (c) Give an example of a system differential equation which has no solution.
14 Find the general solution of each of the following system:
(a) dx
dt
= −3x + 4y (b) dx
dt
= 4x − 3y (c) dx
dt
= x (d) dx
dt
= x+y
dy
dt
= −2x + 3y dx
dt
= 8x − 6y dy
dt
=y =y
dx
dt
15 Find the Wronskian of the following functions and cheek their linear dependence.
2
0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ,
1
x − 12
if 0 ≤ x ≤ 21 ,
(a) y1 (x) = =
2 and y2 (x)
x− 1 if 21 < x ≤ 1 if 12 < x ≤ 1,
0
2
x3 if − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0,
0 if − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0,
(b) y1 (x) = =
and y2 (x)
0 if 0 < x ≤ 1 x2 if 0 < x ≤ 1,
(c) π, arcsin x and arccos x,
1
(d) 1x and e x ,
(e) 4, sin2 x and cos 2x,
( f ) eα cos βx and eα sin βx,
x x
(g) x and ln x.
a1 x
15 Suppose φ is the solution of y(n) + a1 y(n−1) + . . . + an y = 0 and Φ(x) = φ(x)e n . Show that Φ(x)
satisfying the linear homogeneous differential equation with constant coefficient y(n) + b1 y(n−1) +
. . . + bn y = 0 with b1 = 0.
