Pattern Recognition: Introduction

Md. Apu Hosen

Lecturer
Dept. of CSE, NUBTK
Content
Introduction
Knowledge Discovery of Data (KDD)
Machine Learning
Types of Machine Learning
Introduction
A shop manager of electronic goods may use traditional data
analysis tools to investigate the sales of air conditioners in
different months of a year.
He/she can also analyze the sales relationship between computers
and printers.
Precisely, a domain expert needs to provide some sort of
assumptions to formulate a query in traditional data analysis.
Introduction
However, with the increase of volume and dimensions of data sets,
manual assumptions become more and more complicated and thus
traditional approaches become unsuitable in most domains.
Introduction
Pattern recognition is a data analysis method that uses machine
learning algorithms to automatically recognize patterns and regularities
in data.
This data can be anything from text and images to sounds or other definable
qualities.
Pattern recognition systems can recognize familiar patterns quickly and
accurately.
They can also recognize and classify unfamiliar objects, recognize shapes
and objects from different angles, and identify patterns and objects even if
they’re partially obscured.
Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD)
KDD is a process of discovering useful patterns and knowledge from
large datasets. Steps of KDD is,
• Data Selection
• Data Cleaning
• Data Transformation
• Data Mining
• Pattern Evaluation
• Knowledge Representation
Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD)
Application of PR

Computer Vision
Business
Speech Recognition
Natural Language Processing
Medical Diagnosis
Biometrics
Robotics
Machine Learning

Machine learning (ML) is defined as a discipline of artificial

intelligence (AI) that provides machines the ability to automatically
learn from data and past experiences to identify patterns and make
predictions with minimal human intervention.
Types ML
Based on the methods and way of learning, machine learning is
divided into four types, which are:
1. Unsupervised Learning
2. Supervised Learning
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
4. Reinforcement Learning
1. Unsupervised Learning
As its name suggests, there is no need for supervision.
It means, that in unsupervised machine learning, the machine is trained
using the unlabeled dataset, and the machine predicts the output without
any supervision.
In unsupervised learning, the models are trained with data that is
neither classified nor labeled, and the model acts on that data without
any supervision.
The main aim of the unsupervised learning algorithm is to group or
categorize the unsorted dataset according to the similarities, patterns,
and differences.
Categories of Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning can be further classified into two types, which
are given below:
• Clustering
• Association
2. Supervised Learning
• As its name suggests, Supervised machine learning is based on
supervision.
• It means in the supervised learning technique, we train the
machines using the "labelled" dataset, and based on the training,
the machine predicts the output.
• Here, the labelled data specifies that some of the inputs are already
mapped to the output.
• More preciously, we can say; first, we train the machine with the
input and corresponding output, and then we ask the machine to
predict the output using the test dataset.
Categories of Supervised Learning
Supervised machine learning can be classified into two types of
problems, which are given below:
• Classification
• Regression
 Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning
Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning
Supervised learning algorithms are trained using labeled Unsupervised learning algorithms are trained using
data. unlabeled data.
Supervised learning model takes direct feedback to check Unsupervised learning model does not take any feedback.
if it is predicting correct output or not.

Supervised learning model predicts the output. Unsupervised learning model finds the hidden patterns in
data.
In supervised learning, input data is provided to the In unsupervised learning, only input data is provided to
model along with the output. the model.

The goal of supervised learning is to train the model so The goal of unsupervised learning is to find the hidden
that it can predict the output when it is given new data. patterns and useful insights from the unknown dataset.

Supervised learning needs supervision to train the model. Unsupervised learning does not need any supervision to
train the model.

Supervised learning can be categorized Unsupervised Learning can be classified

in Classification and Regression problems. in Clustering and Associations problems.
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
Semi-supervised learning is a type of Machine Learning algorithm that lies
between Supervised and Unsupervised machine learning.
It represents the intermediate ground between Supervised and Unsupervised
learning algorithms and uses the combination of labeled and unlabeled datasets
during the training period.
It is a method that uses a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of
unlabeled data to train a model.
The main aim of semi-supervised learning is to effectively use all the available
data, rather than only labeled data like in supervised learning.
3. Semi-Supervised Learning
4. Reinforcement Learning
•Works on a feedback-based process, in which an AI agent (A software
component) automatically explores its surrounding by hitting & a trail, taking
action, learning from experiences, and improving its performance.
•Agent gets rewarded for each good action and get punished for each bad
action; hence the goal of reinforcement learning agent is to maximize the
rewards.
•In reinforcement learning, there is no labelled data like supervised learning,
and agents learn from their experiences only.
•The reinforcement learning process is similar to a human being; for example, a
child learns various things by experiences in his day-to-day life.
•A reinforcement learning problem can be formalized using Markov Decision
Process(MDP).
 Application of Reinforcement Learning
• Game Playing: RL can teach agents to play games, even complex
ones.
• Robotics: RL can teach robots to perform tasks autonomously.
• Autonomous Vehicles: RL can help self-driving cars navigate and
make decisions.
• Recommendation Systems: RL can enhance recommendation
algorithms by learning user preferences.
• Healthcare: RL can be used to optimize treatment plans and drug
discovery.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP): RL can be used in dialogue
systems and chatbots.
Any Question?