Department Of Electrical Engineering

DEMONSTRATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION USING DANCING

RING

Experiment No: Date:

AIM: To study the model of dancing ring based on electromagnetic induction.

THEORY: The model is operated by single phase AC supply. First the supply switch is switched
ON. Now when the push button is pressed, the coil (material: copper) will provide path for the
current to flow. The coil surrounds and iron core. So according to principle of electromagnetic
induction, the iron cylindrical core acts as an electromagnet. It will be magnetized due to the flow
of current in coil. The iron core is placed inside a hollow wooden cylinder and is thereby extended
above the actual coil coverage. A wooden stand is used in which there coil surrounds the actual
iron core. The disc has to be passed over this cylindrical extension or iron core and placed on the
tabular top of wooden stand.

Fig. 1: Working model to demonstrate the principle of electromagnetic induction

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 As the iron core is magnetized, the flux is surrounding the iron core. This flux is
interact with the circular ring place on the top of the stand and surrounding the iron core.
Hence emf is induced in the ring, which provides a closed path. So the current will flow. Due to
the interaction of flux with current caring this, the disc will experience a force. This force lifts
up the disc from top of the stand. If we released the push button then due to gravitational force,
the disc will come back. This can be repeated to see the electromagnetic force. The disc
goes up and comes down by the action of push button. Hence it is called dancing ring model.

The same procedure is repeated by the disc no. 2, which is having a thin airgap slit.
In it, as shown in figure-1. It is observed that it doesn’t lift up i.e. there is no electromagnetic
force in the ring. The reason is that it does not provide closed path for the current to flow. So
no interaction of flux with current caring disc because current is not flowing in the disc.

When the disc no. 2. Is placed on the disc no.1 and both are placed on the top stand,
the disc no.2 is lifted because the disc no.1 is having electromagnetic force. So it lifts up the
disc no. 2, which lies above it.

CONCLUSION:

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 Department Of Electrical Engineering

ANALYSIS OF RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

Experiment No: Date:

AIM: To analyze R-L-C a. c. series circuit.

APPRATUS: Rheostats, choke coil, capacitor, voltmeter, ammeter, auto transformer ect.

THEORY: An A.C. voltage of R.M.S value ‘V’ volts when applied to on R-L-C series
circuit establishes on R.M.S current (I) amp given by
I = V/Z (amp)
Where, Z = impedance = (R2 + X2)1/2 (ohm)
XL = Inductive reactance of the inductor = 2 π f L (ohm)
XC = Capacitive reactance of the capacitor = 1/2 π f C (ohm)
X = Net reactance = XL - XC (ohm)
R = Resistance of the rheostat (ohm)
r = Inherent Resistant of inductor coil (ohm)
In an inductor the copper losses take place due to the resistance of its coil and the core loses take
place in the magnetic core [in case of iron core inductor].in the capacitor, the losses take place in
the dielectric medium used for making it. The losses taking place in the magnetic core of
inductor or dielectric medium of the capacitor are usually ignored.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure-1

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PROCEDURE: Connect the circuit as show in circuit diagram and switch on the A.C supply
with the auto-transformer at the minimum position. Gradually increase the applied voltage
through auto transformer. For different values of applied voltages, measure and note down
the current in the circuit and also observe the various across R, L, and C and between
Resistor plus Inductor.

PROCEDURE FOR DRAWING VECTOR DIAGRAM

1) Draw a horizontal line from point O representing the current vector being taken as reference.
2) Make point A on the reference line so the OA equals the voltage drop across the
resistance R. This is because the voltage drop in resistance circuit is in phase with the current
flowing through the resistance. Thus OA=VR[to suitable scale]
3) Draw an arc with center A and radius equal to VL. The drop across the inductor both
these arcs coil intercepts at point B.
4) Draw a perpendicular line from point B to the reference vector i.e. BC is perpendicular to OC.
AC reference the voltage drop across the resistance component of an inductor (Vr) and BC
represents the voltage drop across the inductive component of the inductor.(VXL)
5) As current in a capacitor leads the voltage by 90˚ extend BC up to D such that BD
represents VC, voltage VS
6) Join OD. OD equals supply voltage Vs.
7) Compare the graphical value of VS with the observe one.

VECTOR DIAGRAM:

Figure-2

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OBSERVATION TABLES:
Sr VR VL VC V1 Vs I
No Supply
volt volt volt volt amp
Voltage

SAMPLE OF CALCULATION:
1. Resistance (R) = VR/I = (ohm)
2. r = Vr / I = (ohm)
3. XL = VxL / I = (ohm)
4. L = XL / 2π f = (henry)
5. Xc = Vc / I = (ohm)
6. C = 1 / 2π f Xc = (farad)
7. cos Φ = (R+ r) / Z = (lead/lag)
8. Z = [(R+ r)2 + (XL- XC)2]1/2 = (ohm)
9. Electromagnetic energy stored in inductor=1/2 LI2 = (joule)
10. Electrostatic energy stored in capacitor=1/2 CV2 = (joule)

TABULATION OF RESULTS
Sr Z=V/I XL=VXL/I R=VR/I XC==VC/I L=XL/2 π F CosØ=(R+r)/Z
No

CONCUSION:

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 Department Of Electrical Engineering

ANALYSIS OF RLC - PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Experiment No: Date:

AIM: To do the analysis of a.c. parallel RLC circuit.

APPARATUS : Resistor, inductor, capacitor, ammeters, voltmeter, auto-transformer, a.c.

power supply and wires.
THEORY : Legend for the circuit shown below is given as :

Figure- 1
1. Vs = Supply voltage
2. Vc = Voltage across the capacitor
3. VL = Voltage across the inductor (including the internal resistance of the inductor)
4. VR = Voltage across the resistor
5. I = Total current drawn from the source
6. I R = Current through resistor & inductor
7. I c = Current through capacitor

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Now, based on ohm's law, Kirchhofs current law & Kirchhof s voltage law, a set of equations
can be written as follows:

1. VC = VS (Volts)
2. I = IR + IC (Amp)
3. Capacitive reactance: Xc = VC/IC (Ohms)

4. Capacitance C =l/2π fXc (Farad)

5. Inductive reactance: (Ohms)

X L =( V L ' ) / IR
6. Inductance L = XL/2πf (Henry)

7. Resistance R = VR/IR (Ohms)

8. Resistance of the inductor r = V r */ I R (Ohms)

9. Total resistance in the circuit RT = R + r (Ohms)

2 1/2 (
10. Impedance of R-L series branch Z = [RT 2 + X L ] Ohms)

11. Power factor of R-L series branch = RT / Z (Lag)

12. Phase angle of R-L series branch ( Ф) = cos -1(RT / Z)

13. Total power of the circuit P = IR2 R T = V s. I . cos Ф T) (Watts)

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 1. 1.Take a suitable voltagec scale, say 1 cm = 20 volts.
2. X-axis will represent cur rent (IR), and as this current is same in series connected
resistor (R) and inductor (L), it will be treated as the reference axis.
3. Draw OA = VR, on the reference axis.
4. From point 'A', draw an arc of length equal to 'VL'. From point 'O', draw an arc of
length equal to 'Vs'. Select point 'B' at the intersection of the two arcs.
5. From point 'B', draw a li ne BC, which is perpendicular to X-axis.
6. Measure (i) AC (ii) BC (iii) Angle BOC
7. Voltage across the resistive component of the inductor: Vr = Length AC x voltage
scale
8. Voltage across the purely inductive component of the inductor: VL = length BC x
voltage scale
9. Phase angle of the R-L s eries branch : Ф = Angle BOC .

Figure- 3
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 1. Take a suitable current scale, say 1 cm = 0.1 amps.
2. X-axis will represent supply voltage (Vs), and as this voltage is same across the two
parallel branches, it will be treated as the reference axis.
3. From point 'O', draw a li ne OP, of length equal to Ic at 90° (CCW) to X-axis in the
upward direction. This is to make current Ic lead the supply voltage (Vs) by 90°.
4. From point ’O’, draw a lin e OR, of length equal to IR at Ф° (CW) to X-a xis in the
downward direction. This is to make current IR lag the supply voltage ( Vs) by Ф 0.
5. Draw a parallelogram, OPQR, such as to get the addition of currents, IR & IC.
Connect points 'O' and 'Q '. Mark point 'S' on the X-axis, as shown in figure - 3.

6 Measure (i) OQ (ii) Angle QOS

7 Total current drawn by the circuit: I = Length OQ x current scale (Amp)
8 Phase angle of the complete circuit Ф T = Angle QOS

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure - 1.

2. With the help of autotransformer apply suitable a.c. voltage (say 220 V) to the circuit.
3. Measure the voltage across the resistor, inductor and capacitor.
4. Measure the total current and that flowing through resistor and capacitor.
5. Draw the vector diagrams as explained earlier.
6. Calculate the values of various components as explained in the section of 'Theory'.

OBSERVATION:

1. VS = Supply voltage = (Volts)

2. VC = Voltage across the capacitor = (Volts)
3. VL = Voltage across the inductor = (Volts)
4. VR = Voltage across the resistor = (Volts)
5. I = Total current drawn from the source = (Amp)
6. IR = Current through resistor & inductor = (Amp)
7. IC = Current through capacitor = (Amp)

CONCLUSION:

1. The current in the capacitor is than the supply current.

2. The overall power factor of the circuit is (value) and it is leading / lagging.

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 Department Of Electrical Engineering

MEASUREMENT OF POWER IN SINGLE PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT

Experiment No: Date:

AIM: To Measure the power in single and phase circuits.

APPARATUS: Single and three phase supply, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeter’s,
Lamp loads, Rotary switch, wires etc
THEORY: In d. c. circuit, the product of voltage and current results in power. However in a.
c. circuit, the product of R.M.S. Value of voltage and current gives the Volt-Ampere (VA)
and the true power. This is called the apparent power and it is known to have two components
viz. (i) True power or Active power & (ii) Reactive power.
In single phase A.C. system:
(i) True power or Active power P=V I cos Ф (Watts)
(ii) Reactive Power Pc = V I sin Ф (VAR)
(iii) Apparent power: Pa = V. I
= (V. I. cos Ф + j (V. I. sin Ф)
Where, V= rms value of voltage (volts)
I = rms value of current (amps) Ф
= phase angle between V & I cos
Ф = power factor
An instrument called - ‘Wattmeter’ can measure the electrical power. Wattmeter consist
of the following two coils-
(i) Current coil (CC): The two terminals of this coil are marked as 'M' and 'L' on the wattmeter.
This coil is connected in series of the load and hence carries the full load current. To avoid large
voltage drop across this coil, obviously it should have very low resistance. Accordingly, this coil
consists of few numbers of turns made up of thick conductor.

(ii) Potential coil (also referred as 'Pressure coil - PC): The two terminals of this coil are
marked as 'V' and 'c' on the wattmeter. This coil is connected across the supply terminals or in
parallel of the load. To avoid flow of large current through this coil, it solid have very high
resistance. Accordingly, this coil consists of large numbers of turns made up of thin
conductor. A wattmeter shows a reading, which is proportional to the product of the current
through its current coil, the potential difference across its potential (or pressure) coil and the
cosine of the angle between this voltage and current. Power in single-phase circuit can be
measured by one wattmeter.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch ON the 1- phase a. c. supply.
3) Increase the current with the help of the lamp load.
4) Note down and tabulate the readings of all the meters.
5) Calculate the theoretical values of the power consumed. Calculate the percentage error.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr Voltage Current Power Calculated Power % Error =
No. V (Volts) I (Amps) Po (Watts) Pc (Watts) [(Po-Pc)/ Po] * 100

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Calculated Power Pc= V I cos Ф (cos Ф = 1, since the load is resistive)

% Error = (Po-Pc)/ Po x 100

CONCLUSION:
In case of single phase system, the maximum % error is and minimum % error is

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 Department Of Electrical Engineering

DOMESTIC ELECTRIC WIRING

Experiment No: Date:

AIM: To implement establish basic wiring installation on “wiring installation Board”, CFL
lamps, electronic ballast, choke, starter, wires, etc.
APPARATUS: The wiring installation board, lamps, tube light, wires etc.

THEORY: Wiring of tube lights, fans and household electrical appliances are essential in every
house. Therefore it is necessary to understand the basic connections, fittings, specifications of
accessories and applications for good, safe and reliable wiring installation. In wiring
installation of residential or commercial buildings
Following wiring systems are commonly employed.
1. Wooden casing and capping wiring.
2. C.T.S. wiring.
3. Cleat wiring.
4. Lead sheathed wiring.
5. Conduit wiring.
6. Concealed wiring.
First four types have become more or less obsolete nowadays. Conduit wiring is done by
PVC pipes. In concealed wiring, PVC pipes are run within the wall.

Main Accessories Of Electrical Installation:

1) PVC cables (PVC wires): These are copper or aluminum wires insulated with PVC insulation.
Different sizes of wires are used as per requirement. The current carrying capacities of
commonly used wires are given below.

SWG Current carrying capacity

1/18 5 Amp
3/20 15 Amp

2) Switch: ON-OFF switches are used for controlling the lamp, fan etc. These switches are
known as one-way switches. Tumbler and piano switches are in common use. Two way
switches are used for stair-case wiring.

3) Main-switch: Main switch controls the complete electrical installation of the house. The use
of miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is becoming more popular nowadays. It is a two pole
switch with inbuilt overload and short circuit protection.

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4) Distribution board: It is convenient to distribute the total household load in a number of
circuits. This ensures continuity of part of supply in case of fault in some part of the
installation. It is a standard practice to restrict the number of points (i.e. bulbs, fans, etc.)
to 10 and connected load to 800 Watts per sub circuit as per Indian Standards (IS). Each sub-
circuit should be protected by a suitable fuse or MCB. This sub-circuiting is done in a
distribution fuse board.

5) Fuses: It is a small piece of wire of adequate cross section of lead, tin or tinned copper, which
has low melting point. It will melt on passing of over-current, thus disconnecting and
protecting the circuit. Fuse is replaced by MCB nowadays.

6) Sockets: Socket outlets are required for the connection of electrical gadgets like table fan,
electric iron, television etc. These sockets are of three-pin type viz phase, neutral and
earth. The earth pin is connected to proper earthing. The earth connection protects a
person from getting an electric shock when he touches the body of the appliances if there
is a leakage in the appliance. Sockets can be of 5 amp or 15 amp ratings.

7) Lamp-Holder: Lamp-holder is used to support the lamp and also to connect it to the supply
system. Different types of lamp-holders used in house wiring are batten holder, angle
holder, pendant holder, bracket holder and water tight bracket holder.

8) Ceiling rose: Ceiling fans, fluorescent tubes, pendant lamps etc. are connected to the
supply system through flexible wires and ceiling rose.
General Rules of Wiring:
1. The number of light and fan points should not exceed 10 per sub-circuit.
2. The number of power points connected should not exceed 2 per sub-circuit.
3. The total connected load in a sub-circuit should not be more than 800 watts for lights
and fans and 3 KW for power points.
4. For lights and fans, switches, sockets and accessories should be of 5 amp rating
whereas for power points they should be of 15 amp rating.
5. Switch has to be connected to live wire only and not in the neutral.
6. Proper earthing shall be done. All metal enclosures of the electrical appliances and
earth pins of the sockets shall be connected to the earth.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure- 1 Figure- 2

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 Figure- 3

Figure- 4
PROCEDURE:
1. Study the wiring diagram provided in the manual.
2. Identify relevant components provided on the circuit board.
3. Connect the circuit for:
i. Single lamp controlled by single one way switch.
ii. Single lamp controlled by two, two way switches.
iii. Tube light wiring.
iv. Comparison of conventional filament lamp with CFL.
v. Comparison of inductive choke with electronic ballast.
Switch ‘ON’ the supply and check the working of lamps and Tube-light.

CONCLUSION:

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