WRITTEN REPORT IN

BASKETBALL
BASKETBALL AND ITS BRIEF HISTORY
Basketball is a team sport(usually played in indoor court game) in which two
teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a
rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball
through the defender’s hoop while the opposing team
from shooting through their own hoop.
Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield,
Massachusetts. The year was 1891, and the story goes,
Naismith was asked to come up with an indoor game that
offered fewer injuries than classic American gridiron
football. He came up with a 9-on-9 game
that involved shooting a ball into a peach
basket.

IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSE OF PLAYING

BASKETBALL
Physical Benefits
Basketball develops physical fitness, as many sports do. However, the intense,
fast-paced action of a typical basketball game simultaneously develops speed,
hand-eye coordination and cardiovascular endurance in a way that sports such
as baseball and softball might not. Moving quickly back and forth across the
court develops lower-body fitness, while shooting, defending and passing
develop upper-body fitness.
Weight Benefits
Playing basketball is an effective way to control your weight. A person who
weighs 170 lbs. burns 617 calories playing a basketball game for an hour,
according to the American Council on Exercise. Even if you don’t participate in a
full-court basketball game, you still can burn significant calories playing
basketball.
Stress Relief
Playing basketball can provide stress relief. If you play a casual game with
others, the camaraderie and competition will be a welcome distraction from
your daily stresses. Taking practice shots by yourself at a local court gives you
something constructive to focus on that has nothing to do with your hectic life.

Social Benefits
For youths, playing basketball is a healthy way to imitate their athletic heroes.
For older individuals, playing basketball offers a way to engage in fun
competition while getting regular, vigorous exercise. Basketball also provides
constant social interaction, which benefits young and old players alike.

BASIC SKILLS AND CONCEPTS IN BASKETBALL

A. DRIBBLING - is an important to penetrate to the hoop, move the ball
across the court, get away from the defense, and find a good passing
lane.

1. Speed Dribble - Speed

dribble is use when a
player isn’t guarded
heavily, he/she isn’t forced
to protect the ball
excessively. This gives
him/her a good chance to
make faster dribbling while achieving some distance.
2. Change-Of-Pace Dribble - slowing down your motion that may be
conceived as stopping. This would well make the opponent think that
you are stopping to pass the ball. However, once you achieve the
reaction from the opponent, you must be keen to explode with speed
then drive through the opponent.
3. Crossover Dribble - Characterized by one-hand dribbling while
pushing the ball in front. To protect the ball, dribbling must be kept low
as the ball passes from one hand to another.
4. Hockey Dribble - This makes use of a head-shoulder fake
combination with an abrupt change of pace. This is normally used to
divert the defender from close guard.
5. Reverse Dribble - When you are strongly guarded, you can use
reverse dribble to avoid the opponent from stealing the ball. The main
drawback of this dribble is the tendency of losing sight of the ball for
some moments, which could further expose it towards stealing from
the back.
 6. Half-Reverse Dribble - This is close to reverse dribbling; but in this
the player must make a 90-degree turn from his/her original position.
The movements then must be very quick so as to prevent the ball from
not being caught by a player of the opposing team.
7. Between the legs Dribble - Can be used as either a way to shake a
defender off to create space or to move the ball from one hand to
another while dribbling to create a better angle for a pass/move.
8. Low Dribble - Means that you must keep the ball bouncing low
nearest to the floor.

B. PASSING - a good offensive attack requires good

passing from players. This helps find an open man,
to find a good shooter or to get away from a
defender.

1. Chest Pass - Pass the ball from your chest area

using two hands. Aim for your teammate’s chest.

2. Push Pass - Push the ball with one hand toward your teammate’s chest area or shooting
pocket. Use the hand farthest from the defender to pass the ball. This will typically be your right
hand when passing right and left hand when passing left.

3. Bounce Pass - Bounce the ball with strength, so that the ball bounces off the floor to the
chest height of your teammate.

4. Overhead Pass - Raise the ball above your head. Use both hands to make a hard, accurate
throw to a teammate across the court. Aim for your teammate’s chest, head or above their head,
depending on how closely they are guarded.

5. One-hand push pass - To pass under the arms of players or past a defender who is guarding
closely. It can be a direct pass or a bounce pass. It works best when the passer fakes high and then
passes low.

6. Baseball pass - The ball is held with both hands on the ball, and moved up near the ear of
your throwing shoulder. At this point, throwing this pass is just like throwing a screw ball in baseball.
The hand must be BEHIND the ball so the pass doesn’t have too much side spin, and your wrist
should follow through should be straight or even slightly counter clockwise to avoid excessive spin.

7. Dribble Pass- The dribble pass is used to quickly pass the ball with one hand off of the
dribble. This can be an air or bounce pass.

8. Behind the back pass- Wrap the ball around your back to throw the ball. It is used to avoid
the defender when making a pass across the front of you would be risky. I would not recommend to
use this pass during a game until heavily practiced.
C. SHOOTING - The object of the game is to win by scoring the most points. Therefore,
improving the team’s shooting is important to win a game.

To shoot accurately, 1.) Square your shoulders to the basket and

place your feet shoulder length apart. 2.) With your knees bent
slightly and back leaning towards the basket, 3.) Put the fingers of
your shooting hand under the ball and tuck your elbows close to
your body. 4.) Flick your wrist towards

1. Jump Shot - To achieve balance when facing the basket for a

jump shot, you have to take a wide stance, usually, shoulder width apart, bend your knees and
square your shoulders. Make a fluid, explosive upward leap and at the apex of the jump, follow
through by shooting the ball. When the ball is released at the apex of the jump shot, keep your
elbows straight to ensure that it is pointed in the direction of the basket.

2. Dunk - a basketball shot that is performed when a player jumps in the air, controls the ball
above the horizontal plane of the rim, and scores by putting the ball directly through the basket with
one or both hands.

3. Layup - a two-point shot attempt made by leaping from below, laying the ball up near the
basket, and using one hand to bounce it off the backboard and into the basket. The motion and one-
handed reach distinguish it from a jump shot .

4. Hook Shot - a hook shot is a play in which the offensive player, usually turned perpendicular
to the basket, gently throws the ball with a sweeping motion of the arm farther from the basket in
an upward arc with a follow-through which ends over his head.

5. Alley oop - an offensive play in which one player throws the ball in mid-air and slam dunks it
before touching the ground.

D. REBOUNDING - is essential to gain or regain possession after the

shot. Usually, the team who has the most number of rebounds
after the game has more shot attempts and chances to score.
E. OFFENSE - is the only chance that the team has a shot at the
basket and scoring. Playing a good offense requires coordination
among players and individual skill to execute well plays.
F. DEFENSE - to be able to get a chance to score and gain
possession, the team should play good offense and try to stop their opponent from scoring.
As said, “A good defense is a good offense”.
G. ASSIST - is given to a teammate to help him score easily. Thus, it is important to find an open
man on the court.
 THINGS NEEDED IN PLAYING BASKETBALL
Basketball training equipment:
• Ball - The most important thing for training is
the ball. For practicing, one can play with a
rubber ball. For professional competitions, one
needs to use an inflated ball made of leather.
• Shoes- One needs specialized shoes when
playing basketball. It should be able to give better support to the ankle as compared to running
shoes. The basketball shoes should be high-tipped shoes and provide extra comfort during a
game. These shoes are specially designed to maintain high traction on the basketball court.
Basketball shooting equipment:
• The hoop or basket is a horizontal metallic rim, circular in shape. This rim is attached to a net
and helps one score a point. The rim is mounted about 4 feet inside the baseline and 10 feet
above the court. • The basketball court is the next important thing for shooting balls in this
game. The court is usually made of wooden floorboard. The court size is about 28m x 17m
according to the International standards. The National Basketball Association (NBA) regulation
states the floor dimension as 29m x 15m. The standard court is rectangular in shape and has
baskets placed on opposite ends.
• The backboard is the rectangular board that is placed behind the rim. It helps give better
rebound to the ball. The backboard is about 1800mm in size horizontally and 1050mm
vertically. Many times, backboards are made of acrylic, aluminum, steel or glass.
Basketball coaching equipment:
• Uniform- This helps one differentiate teams from one another. A uniform consists of a jersey
(shirt), shorts, numbers on the front and back of the shirts for identification.
• Shot clock - The offense is allowed a maximum of 24 seconds to have a ball in hand before
shooting. These 24 seconds are counted on the shot clock. If the offense fails to shoot a ball that
hits the rim, they will lose the possession of the ball to the other team.
• Whistle - The coach or referee uses a whistle to indicate the start or end of a game. S/he can
even use the whistle to stop the play in the middle of a game. Whistle also helps to indicate
fouls, timeout, or out of bound balls to the players. In order to get the attention of the players,
many times coaches use the whistle to gather the players.
BASKETBALL COMMITTEE OFFICIALS
A. Referee - The referee is the official that controls the game. He is
the one who tosses the ball up for the center jump at the start of
the game and each overtime period. He duties range from
inspecting and approving all equipment before the game’s starting
time to approving the final score. In equipment before the game’s
 starting time to approving the final score. In between, the referee is responsible for the
notification of each team three minutes before each half is to begin and deciding matters of
disagreement among the officials. The referee has the power to make decisions on any
point not specifically covered in the rules and even to forfeit the game if necessary. The role
of the basketball referee is exactly this - to ensure the game is played safely and fairly.

Roles of the Referee

Before the start of the game, the referees check that the game is ready to go. This includes
checking that: both teams have completed the score-sheet and players are in the correct
uniform; all equipment is ready (in some junior the height of the ring or size of the ball may
need to be
changed); scorers (and if applicable statisticians) are present and ready.

B. Scoretable Officials - In basketball, it is the scoretable officials that keep the score and
time. In local competitions, it may be done by parents, or even the teams themselves.
However, in higher grades, specialized scoretable officials will perform the roles score.

Roles of the Scoretable Official

Scoretable officials work as a team with the referees to maintain the scoring and
timekeeping of the game. The basic duties of each scoretable position are: Chairperson:
Ensure the smooth operation on the scoretable and communicates with the referees.
Scorer: Completes the scoresheet. Assistant Scorer: This position is not always required
but when present will assist with operating the scoreboard.

C. Timekeeper - Operate the game clock and in most situations also operate the scoreboard.
24-second shot clock operator: Operate the shot clock by stopping and resetting according
to the rules.

BASKETBALL RULES

Each team can have a maximum of 5 players on the court at any one time. Substitutions can
be made as many times as they wish within the game.

2.The ball can only be moved by either dribbling or passing the ball. Once a player puts two
hands on the ball (not including catching the ball) they cannot then dribble or move with
the ball and the ball must be passed or shot.
3.Each team has 24 seconds to at least shot at the basket. A shot constitutes either going in
the basket or hitting the rim of the basket. If after the shot is taken and the ball fails to go in
the basket then the shot clock is restarted for another 24 seconds.
 4. The team trying to score a basket is called the offense while the team trying to prevent
them from scoring is called the defense.
5. After each successful basket, the ball is then turned over to the possession.
6. Fouls committed throughout the game will be accumulated and then when reached a
certain number will be eventually be awarded as a free throw. A free throw involves one
player from the offensive team (the player fouled) to take a shot unopposed from the free
throw line. Depending on where the foul was committed will depend on the number free
throws a player gets.
7.Violations in basketball include traveling, double dribble, goaltending, backcourt
violation, etc.

SCORING
How to score?
To score a basket in basketball, the ball must pass through the hoop from above. The ball
must originate from somewhere on the playing area. If the ball does not pass completely
through the basket, no points are counted.
Free Throw
Each free throw made counts as one point. The free throw is located 15
feet from the backboard in the center of the floor. For you to have free
throw, the opposing team will have to commit a foul on you as you shoot
or commit more than five personal fouls over the course of one quarter. If
you are fouled as you sink a basket during the game play, you will receive
one bonus free throw. Of you miss the shot, you will receive two or three
free throws, depending on the location where the shot originated.
Two-Point Shot
Any basket a shot taken from inside the three-point line during the game play counts for two
points. The three-point line is located 23 feet 9 inches from the center of the backboard. If a
player steps on the three-point line before releasing the ball, the shot will count for only two
points.
Three-Point Shot
Any basket a shot taken from outside the three-point line counts for three points. The shooting
player can step on or cross the three-point line after releasing the ball; the shot will still count
for three points. The shooter must have at least one foot on the floor outside of the line before
taking the shot.

FOULS
While playing basketball, any player who breaks the rules of the game, making illegal personal
contact with the other team, and has unsportsmanlike behavior.
 Four main types: Personal, Technical, Flagrant, Team foul Sub Types:

Blocking - Once the game or practice is on, a player tries to position his or her body in a way to
prevent the opponent from getting ahead.
Charging Foul - This is an offense team's foul. One of the offensive team's player runs into a
defending team's players who has already established his or her position.
Foul Trouble - All the players who have collected 5 fouls in high school and college game, or 6
fouls in NBA game will be disqualified or eliminated from that game. Which is why all teams
must be careful not to accumulate more than 6 fouls in each half.
Goaltending - The player illegally interferes with a shot on the rim or on a downward path to
the hoop. Usually the penalty for this violation results in the shot by the offense team being
assumed in and they receive a basket.
Hand Check - This is a personal foul done by the defense team player. When he or she
occasionally or continuously uses his or her hand(s) on the opponent player who has the ball.
Holding - Whether you are in a defense or offense team, using your hands to interfere your
opponent's freedom of movement commits a holding fouls.
Intentional Foul - This foul is committed by the defense team's player on purpose to stop the
clock.
Offensive Foul - The player, who has the ball in his or her hands, charges into the defense team's
player who is standing in a stationary, defensive position.
Reaching In - When a player tries to steal the ball from the offense team's player, the player
extends his or her arm and hand out, making contact with the player who has the ball.
Shooting Foul - This foul is committed when a player is fouled while in the act of shooting the
ball. If the player misses the shot, he or she receives 2 or 3 free throw, depending on which shot
he or she was originally taking.
Technical Foul - Any violations and misconduct which detriments the game is called a technical
foul. Usually the penalty for a technical foul is a free throw to the opponent team.

VIOLATIONS
Three in the Key - Any defense or offense player cannot remain in the lane for more than 3
seconds at a time. If the violation is committed, it results in change of ball possession.
Traveling - The offense team's player who has the ball and takes too many steps, anywhere on
the court, without dribbling the ball is said to have committed this violation.
Tripping - When a player uses his or her foot or leg to make the opponent to lose or fall during
the game is said to have committed the tripping foul.
24-Second Violation - All NBA teams have to make a shot within 24 seconds. If not, then the
violation results in change of ball possession.
8-Second Violation - After the basket is made by a team, the offensive team gets only 8 seconds
to bring the ball over the mid court line.
Double Dribble - The offense player who dribbles the ball, stops, and then begins to dribble it
again.
5-Second Violation - A five-second throw-in violation generally occurs during a throw-in when
the ball is not passed by the player who is supposed to inbound the ball before 5 seconds have
gone by after he or she got the ball.
Illegal Screen - A player who is setting the screen still moves when the defense team's player
makes contact with him or her. Illegal screen is a type of blocking where the defender is
prevented from moving around the screen.
Lane Violation - At the time of a free throw, if a player enters the lane too soon, lane violation is
said to have been committed. Usually the penalty for lane violation results in a turnover or the
other team receives another free throw.
Elbowing - This is when a player swings his or her elbows in a forceful, excessive manner. The
elbowing player makes contact with the opponent at this point.
Double Dribble - Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or picking up
the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.
Carrying/Palming - when a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side or
sometimes, even under the ball.
Backcourt Violation - once the offense has brought the ball across the mid-court line, they
cannot go back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to the other
team to pass inbounds.

HAND SIGNALS
Game Clock Signals Scoring Signal
Time- out and Substitution Signals

Informative

Signals

Violations

Hand signals: Number of Player

Fouls

Special Fouls

Foul Penalty Administration: Reporting to Table

Administration Free Throws( Lead)

Administration Free Throws( Trail)

PLAYER POSITIONS

Center - Centers are generally your tallest players. They generally are positioned near the
basket.

Offensive. The center's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot. They are also responsible
for blocking defenders, known as picking or screening, to open other players up for driving
to the basket for a goal. Centers are expected to get some offensive rebounds and put-backs.

Defensive. On defense, the center's main responsibility is to keep opponents from shooting
by blocking shots and passes in the key area. They are also expected to get a lot of rebounds
because they're taller.

Forward. Your next tallest players will most likely be your forwards. While a forward may
be called upon to play under the hoop, they may also be required to operate in the wings
and corner areas.

Offensive. Forwards are responsible to get free for a pass, take outside shots, drive for goals,
and rebound.

Defensive. Responsibilities include preventing drives to the goal and rebounding.

Guard. These are potentially your shortest players and they should be really good at
dribbling fast, seeing the court and passing. It is their job to bring the ball down the court
and set up offensive plays.

Offensive. Dribbling, passing and setting up offensive plays are a guard's main
responsibility. They also need to be able to drive to the basket and to shoot from the
perimeter.

Defensive. On defense, a guard is responsible for stealing passes, contesting shots,

preventing drives to the hoop and for boxing out.
This document outlines various hand signals used by officials in basketball games to
communicate scoring, timeouts, substitutions, violations, fouls, number of players, and
other key information during gameplay. The signals provide a visual method for referees to
notify coaches, players, and spectators about events, penalties, and the status of the game
clock without interrupting play with verbal announcements.

RULE TWO – PLAYING COURT AND EQUIPMENT

Art. 2 Playing court

2.1 Playing court

The playing court shall have a flat, hard surface free from obstructions (Diagram 1) with
dimensions of 28 m in length by 15 m in width measured from the inner edge of the
boundary line.
2.2 Backcourt

A team’s backcourt consists of its team’s own basket, the inbounds part of the backboard
and that part of the playing court limited by the endline behind its own basket, the
sidelines and the centre line.

2.3 Frontcourt

A team’s frontcourt consists of the opponents’ basket, the inbounds part of the backboard
and that part of the playing court limited by the endline behind the opponents’ basket, the
sidelines and the inner edge of the centre line nearest to the opponents’ basket.

2.4.1 Boundary line

The playing court shall be limited by the boundary line, consisting of the endlines and the
sidelines. These lines are not part of the playing court.

Any obstruction including seated coaches, assistant coaches, substitutes, excluded players
and accompanying delegation members shall be at least 2 m from the playing court.

2.4.2 Centre line, centre circle and free-throw semi-circles

The centre line shall be marked parallel to the endlines from the mid-point of the sidelines.
It shall extend 0.15 m beyond each sideline. The centre line is part of the backcourt.

The centre circle shall be marked in the centre of the playing court and have a radius of
1,80 m measured to the outer edge of the circumference.
The free-throw semi-circles shall be marked on the playing court with a radius of 1.80 m
measured to the outer edge of the circumference and with their centres at the mid-point of
the free-throw lines (Diagram 2).

2.4.3 Free-throw lines, restricted areas and free-throw rebound places

The free-throw line shall be drawn parallel to each endline. It shall have its furthest edge
5.80 m from the inner edge of the endline and shall be 3.60 m long. Its mid-point shall lie
on the imaginary line joining the mid-point of the 2 endlines.

The restricted areas shall be the rectangular areas marked on the playing court limited by
the endlines, the extended free-throw lines and the lines which originate at the endlines,
their outer edges being 2.45 m from the mid-point of the endlines and terminating at the
outer edge of the extended free-throw lines. These lines, excluding the endlines, are part of
the restricted area.

Free-throw rebound places along the restricted areas, reserved for players during free
throws, shall be marked as in Diagram 2.

2.4.4 3-point field goal area

The team’s 3-point field goal area (Diagram 1 and Diagram 3) shall be the entire floor area
of the playing court, except for the area near the opponents’ basket, limited by and
including:

• The 2 parallel lines extending from and perpendicular to the endline, with the outer edge
0.90 m from the inner edge of the sidelines.
• An arc of radius 6.75 m measured from the point on the floor beneath the exact centre of
the opponents’ basket to the outer edge of the arc. The distance of the point on the floor
from the inner edge of the mid-point of the endline is 1.575 m. The arc is joined to the
parallel lines.

The 3-point line is not part of the 3-point field goal area.

2.4.5 Team bench areas

The team bench areas shall be marked outside the playing court limited by 2 lines as in
Diagram 1.

There must be 16 seats available in each team bench area for the coach, the assistant
coaches, the substitutes, the excluded players and the accompanying delegation members.
Any other persons shall be at least 2 m behind the team bench.
2.4.6 Throw-in lines

The 2 lines of 0.15 m in length shall be marked outside the playing court at the sideline
opposite the scorer’s table, with the outer edge of the lines 8.325 m from the inner edge of
the nearest endline.

2.4.7 No-charge semi-circle areas

The no-charge semi-circle areas shall be marked on the playing court, limited by:

• A semi-circle with the radius of 1.25 m measured from the point on the floor beneath
the exact centre of the basket to the inner edge of the semi-circle. The semi-circle is joined
to;• The 2 parallel lines perpendicular to the endline, the inner edge 1.25 m from the
point on the floor beneath the exact centre of the basket, 0.375 m in length and ending 1.20
m from the inner edge of the endline.

The no-charge semi-circle areas are completed by imaginary lines joining the ends of the
parallel lines directly below the front edges of the backboards.

The no-charge semi-circle lines are part of the no-charge semi-circle areas.
2.5 Position of the scorer’s table and substitution chairs (Diagram 4)

1 = Shot clock operator

2 = Timer
x = Substitution chairs
3 = Commissioner, if present
4 = Scorer
5 = Assistant scorer
The scorer’s table and its chairs must be placed on a platform. The announcer and/or
statisticians (if present) can be seated at the side of and/or behind the scorer’s table.

Diagram 4 Scorer’s table and substitution chairs

Backboard dimensions

Backboard dimensions are 1.8m x 1.22m, with a minimum thickness of 19mm. Backboards
can be made of either timber or transparent material and must be fitted with padding at all
levels above U16. Backboard line markings should be 50mm in width and either black or
white, depending on the material of the board. The inner rectangle should measure 0.45m x
0.59m.

Goal/hoop dimensions
The basketball goal (also known as a ring or hoop) is typically 18 inches (45.72cm) in
diameter and must be positioned 3.05m from the floor. Nets are typically white and
suspended from the ring. They should be no shorter than 45cm.