1. What is Booting Process in detail?

Ans: Power on
CPU will move to BIOS in ROM
BIOS will run the POST operation(Power on self test) which will check all the hardwares.
BIOS will load the MBR to RAM(master boot record)
MBR will load the bootloader to RAM
Bootloader will load the OS to RAM.

2. What are the benefits of a multiprocessor system

Ans: During multiprocessing, a CPU can execute different processes simultaneously. The main benefits of
multiprocessing are increased throughput and reduced latency, as multiple processes can be executed at
the same time without interfering with each other.
3. What is RAID structure in OS? What are the different levels of RAID configuration?
Ans: RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is like having backup copies of your important files
stored in different places on several hard drives or solid-state drives (SSDs). If one drive stops working,
your data is still safe because you have other copies stored on the other drives. It’s like having a safety net
to protect your files from being lost if one of your drives breaks down.
Different RAID Levels
 RAID-0 (Stripping)
 RAID-1 (Mirroring)
 RAID-2 (Bit-Level Stripping with Dedicated Parity)
 RAID-3 (Byte-Level Stripping with Dedicated Parity)
 RAID-4 (Block-Level Stripping with Dedicated Parity)
 RAID-5 (Block-Level Stripping with Distributed Parity)
 RAID-6 (Block-Level Stripping with two Parity Bits)

4. Commands to check for CPU Utilization.

Ans: top
5. Paging Concept.
Ans: Paging is a meory management technicque basically used by OS to a allocate memory effifciently.
6. What are System calls?
Ans: System call will act as interface between s/w application and kernel, It basically provides the service
of OS to the process via API.
7. Explain about fork().
Ans: When the fork system call is used, the operating system completely copies the parent process to
produce a new child process. The memory, open file descriptors, and other pertinent properties of the
parent process are passed down to the child process. The child process, however, has a unique execution
route and PID.
8. Explain the Process life cycle or Process States
 Ans: New: This state represents a newly created process that hasn’t started running yet. It has not been
loaded into the main memory, but its process control block (PCB) has been created, which holds important
information about the process.
 Ready: A process in this state is ready to run as soon as the CPU becomes available. It is waiting for the
operating system to give it a chance to execute.
 Running: This state means the process is currently being executed by the CPU. Since we’re assuming there
is only one CPU, at any time, only one process can be in this state.
 Blocked/Waiting: This state means the process cannot continue executing right now. It is waiting for some
event to happen, like the completion of an input/output operation (for example, reading data from a disk).
 Exit/Terminate: A process in this state has finished its execution or has been stopped by the user for some
reason. At this point, it is released by the operating system and removed from memory.

9. What is the difference between multitasking and multiprocessing OS?

 Ans: Multiprocessing is a system that has two or more than two processors. In this, CPUs are added for
increasing computing speed of the system. Because of Multiprocessing, there are many processes that are
executed simultaneously.

Multi-tasking is the logical extension of multiprogramming. In this system, the CPU executes multiple jobs
by switching among them typically using a small time quantum, and these switches occur so frequently
that the users can interact with each program while it is running.

Multi-tasking Multiprocessing

The execution of more than one The availability of more than one processor per system,
task simultaneously is known as that can execute several set of instructions in parallel is
multitasking. known as multiprocessing.

The number of CPU is one. The number of CPUs is more than one.

It takes moderate amount of time. It takes less time for job processing.

10. What is a Scheduling Algorithm? Name different types of scheduling algorithms.

Ans: CPU scheduling is the process of deciding which process will own the CPU to use while another
process is suspended. The main function of CPU scheduling is to ensure that whenever the CPU remains
idle, the OS has at least selected one of the processes available in the ready-to-use line.

FCFS Scheduling
Priority Scheduling
SJF
Round Robin
11. How do PING and TRACERT Commands work?
Ans: The PING command is used to test the reachability of a device on a network.
The TRACERT (or traceroute) command is used to trace the route that a packet takes from the source to
the destination. It helps identify where connections fail or where latency issues occur.
12. What is the difference between paging and segmentation?
Ans: Paging is a method or technique which is used for non-contiguous memory allocation. It is a fixed-size
partitioning theme (scheme). In paging, both main memory and secondary memory are divided into equal
fixed-size partitions. The partitions of the secondary memory area unit and main memory area unit are
known as pages and frames respectively.

Segmentation is another non-contiguous memory allocation scheme like paging. Like paging, in
segmentation, the process isn’t divided indiscriminately into mounted(fixed) size pages. It is a variable-size
partitioning theme. like paging, in segmentation, secondary and main memory are not divided into
partitions of equal size. The partitions of secondary memory area units are known as segments. The details
concerning every segment are hold in a table known as segmentation table. Segment table contains two
main data concerning segment, one is Base, which is the bottom address of the segment and another is
Limit, which is the length of the segment.
 Paging Segmentation

In paging, the program is divided into fixed In segmentation, the program is divided into
or mounted size pages. variable size segments.

For the paging operating system is

For segmentation compiler is accountable.
accountable.

Page size is determined by hardware. Here, the segment size is given by the user.

It is faster in comparison to segmentation. Segmentation is slow.

Segmentation could result in external

Paging could result in internal fragmentation.
fragmentation.

13. What is a process? What are the different states of a process.

Ans: A process is a program that is being executed.
New ,Ready,Running,Terminate.Wait

14. Explain the importance of inodes.

Ans: Inode are special disk blocks they are created when the file system is created. The number of Inode
limits the total number of files/directories that can be stored in the file system.
15. What is thread in OS?
16. How to check for Disk Free Space?
Ans: The df (disk free) command displays the amount of disk space available on the file system. You can
use it with various options to get different outputs.
17. What is cache? What are its different types? Explain the entire process of searching in memory using hit and
miss.
Ans: Cache memory is a small, high-speed storage area in a computer. The cache is a smaller and faster
memory that stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. There are various
independent caches in a CPU, which store instructions and data.
When the processor needs to read or write a location in the main memory, it first checks for a
corresponding entry in the cache.
 If the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache, a Cache Hit has occurred and data is read
from the cache.
 If the processor does not find the memory location in the cache, a cache miss has occurred. For a cache
miss, the cache allocates a new entry and copies in data from the main memory, then the request is
fulfilled from the contents of the cache.
 Types of CPU Cache
 L1 Cache: L1 cache is divided into separate instruction cache (L1i) and data cache (L1d). L1 cache is
extremely fast but limited in size, typically ranging from a few KBs to a few MBs per core.
 L2 Cache: L2 cache serves as a secondary cache, larger than L1 but slower in access speed. It is shared
among CPU cores within a single CPU core complex or chip.
 L3 Cache: L3 cache is the last level of cache in the hierarchy, shared among multiple CPU cores or across
multiple CPU sockets. It is larger than L2 cache but slower in access speed.

18. Explain the concept of virtual memory. If it's not present in hardware, how does it store data?
Ans: Virtual memory is a memory management technique used by operating systems to give the
appearance of a large, continuous block of memory to applications, even if the physical memory (RAM) is
limited. It allows larger applications to run on systems with less RAM.
19. Explain framing, segmentation and paging.
Ans: Paging divides memory into small fixed-size blocks called pages. When the computer runs out of
RAM, pages that aren’t currently in use are moved to the hard drive, into an area called a swap file. The
swap file acts as an extension of RAM. When a page is needed again, it is swapped back into RAM, a
process known as page swapping. This ensures that the operating system (OS) and applications have
enough memory to run.
Segmentation divides virtual memory into segments of different sizes. Segments that aren’t currently
needed can be moved to the hard drive. The system uses a segment table to keep track of each segment’s
status, including whether it’s in memory, if it’s been modified, and its physical address. Segments are
mapped into a process’s address space only when needed.

A frame is just the conventional name for a hunk of physical memory the same size as the system page
size. The operating system keeps a frame-table which is a list of all possible pages of physical memory and
if they are free (available for allocation) or not.
20. What is a bootsrap program in OS.
Ans: A bootstrap program is the first code that is executed when the computer system is started. The
entire operating system depends on the bootstrap program to work correctly as it loads the operating
system.
21. Explain demand paging?
Ans: Demand Paging is a method in which a page is only brought into main memory when the CPU
requests it. At first, just those pages are loaded directly required by the operation. Pages that are never
accessed are thus never loaded into physical memory.
22. What do you mean by RTOS?
Ans: A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a special kind of operating system designed to handle tasks
that need to be completed quickly and on time. Unlike general-purpose operating systems (GPOS), which
are good at multitasking and user interaction, RTOS focuses on doing things in real time.
23. What is virtual memory?
24. Explain zombie process?
Ans: A process which has finished the execution but still has entry in the process table to report to its
parent process is known as a zombie process. A child process always first becomes a zombie before being
removed from the process table. The parent process reads the exit status of the child process which reaps
off the child process entry from the process table.
25. What is thrashing in OS?
Ans: Thrashing is a phenomenon in virtual memory schemes when the processor spends most of its time
swapping pages, rather than executing instructions.
26. I am trying to transfer media over FTP from one device to another. The rate of transfer is very slow.
Troubleshoot the scenario.
27. Memory management ;Memory pages; Buffer and Caches, Basic commands
28. Scenario: You have 4 GB RAM Mobile, What do you think we will able to play 8gb game
29. What is starvation and aging in OS?
Ans: Starvation or indefinite blocking is a phenomenon associated with the Priority scheduling algorithms,
in which a process ready for the CPU (resources) can wait to run indefinitely because of low priority.
Aging is a technique of gradually increasing the priority of processes that wait in the system for a long
time. Operating systems employ ageing as a scheduling approach to keep them from starving.
 magine a system with three processes: P1, P2, and P3, with priorities 1, 2, and 3, respectively (1 being the
highest priority). If P1 and P2 keep executing, P3 might never get a chance to run, leading to starvation.
With aging, P3's priority would gradually increase over time, eventually allowing it to execute.
30. What is Kernel and write its main functions?
Ans: The kernel is the core component of an operating system. It acts as a bridge between the hardware
and software, managing system resources and allowing communication between hardware and software
components. The kernel is responsible for various critical functions that ensure the smooth operation of
the system.
Main Functions of the Kernel
1. Process Management:
o Scheduling: Determines which processes run at any given time.
o Creation and Termination: Manages the creation and termination of processes.
o Synchronization: Ensures processes do not interfere with each other.
2. Memory Management:
o Allocation and Deallocation: Manages the allocation and deallocation of memory to processes.
o Paging and Segmentation: Implements techniques like paging and segmentation to manage
memory efficiently.
o Virtual Memory: Provides virtual memory to processes, allowing them to use more memory than
physically available.
3. File System Management:
o File Operations: Manages file operations like creation, deletion, reading, and writing.
o Directory Management: Manages directories and their structure.
o Access Control: Ensures proper access control and permissions for files and directories.
4. Device Management:
o Device Drivers: Manages device drivers that allow the OS to communicate with hardware devices.
o I/O Operations: Handles input and output operations between hardware devices and processes.
o Buffering and Caching: Implements buffering and caching to improve I/O performance.
5. Security and Protection:
o User Authentication: Manages user authentication and access control.
o Resource Protection: Ensures that processes do not interfere with each other’s resources.
o Data Encryption: Provides mechanisms for data encryption and secure communication.
6. Inter-Process Communication (IPC):
o Message Passing: Allows processes to communicate with each other through message passing.
o Shared Memory: Provides shared memory regions for processes to share data.
o Semaphores and Mutexes: Implements synchronization mechanisms like semaphores and
mutexes.

31. How do you troubleshoot a network issue where a server is unreachable?

● Answer:

Check network connectivity:

ping <server_ip>

Verify DNS resolution:

nslookup <server_name>

Check routes:

ip route traceroutes

Verify firewall settings:

sudo iptables -L
 Test specific port availability:

nc -zv <server_ip> <port>

netstat tulnp |grep <port no>

32. What steps would you take to troubleshoot a slow server?

● Answer:
Check CPU usage:
Top
Analyze disk usage:
df -h
Inspect running processes:
ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head
Check I/O operations:
iostat -x 2
Verify memory usage:
free -m
33. How do you troubleshoot if a specific port is not accessible on a server?
Answer:
Check if the service is running:
sudo systemctl status <service_name>
Verify if the port is open:
sudo netstat -tuln | grep <port>
Check firewall rules:
sudo ufw status
Test connectivity using telnet or nc:
telnet <server_ip> <port>
Inspect logs for errors in /var/log
34. How do you troubleshoot high network latency?
Answer:
Check connectivity with ping:
ping <destination>
Trace the network path with traceroute:
traceroute <destination>
Inspect network traffic:
sudo tcpdump -i eth0
Monitor interface statistics:
ifconfig eth0
35. How do you troubleshoot DNS resolution issues?
Answer:
1. Check /etc/resolv.conf for DNS server entries.
Test resolution:
nslookup google.com
Use dig for detailed DNS queries:
dig google.com
36.