iv

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

FOR
CHICKPEA
K Chandrashekar
Mrs Om Gupta
Suhas Yelshetty
O P Sharma
Someshwar Bhagat
C Chattopadhyay
Mukesh Sehgal
Arpana Kumari
N Amaresan
S N Sushil
A K Sinha
Ram Asre
K S Kapoor
K Satyagopal
P Jeyakumar

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management

LBS Building, IARI Campus, New Delhi – 110 012
Directorate of Plant Protection, National Institute of Plant Health
Quarantine & Storage (DPPQ&S) Management (NIPHM)
CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad DAC, Min of Agri., Rajendranagar,
Haryana- 121001 Hyderabad- 500030
 © 2014 Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage
CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad- 121001

Citation : K Chandrashekar, Mrs Om Gupta, Suhas Yelshetty, O P Sharma, Someshwar Bhagat,

C Chattopadhyay, Mukesh Sehgal, Arpana Kumari, N Amaresan, S N Sushil, A K
Sinha, Ram Asre, K S Kapoor, K Satyagopal and P Jeyakumar. 2014. Integrated Pest
Management for Chickpea. pp. 43

Cover picture : Healthy crop of Chickpea

Compiled by :
K Chandrashekar1, Mrs Om Gupta2, Suhas Yelshetty3, O P Sharma, Someshwar
Bhagat, C Chattopadhyay, Mukesh Sehgal, Arpana Kumari, N Amaresan, S N Sushil,
A K Sinha4 , Ram Asre4, K S Kapoor4, K Satyagopal5 and P Jeyakumar5.
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, LBS Building, IARI Campus,
Pusa, New Delhi-110 012
1
GKVK, Bangalore
2
JNKVV, Jabalpur-482004
3
Agricultural Research Station, Gulbarga, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Raichur-585101,
4
Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage, Faridabad 121 001
5
National Institute of Plant Health Management, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030

Technical help : Kamlesh Kumar

Published by : Director
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, LBS Building, IARI Campus
New Delhi 110 012 on the behalf of Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine &
Storage, CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad Haryana- 121 001

Year : 2014

Copies : 500

Printed by:
M/s. Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-110028

ii
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 PREFACE

Pests are major biotic constraints to achieve self sufficiency in ensuring food security.
Losses due to pest vary range 10-30% depending upon the genetic constituent of crop,
its health and the governing environment. General national estimate of annual crop
losses due to pest amounts to ` 260000 million per year. However, negligence of endemic
areas can result in complete crop failures. In view of inefficacy of chemical pesticides and
environmental problems thereof, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been accepted
as a cardinal principle of Plant Protection in the overall Crop Protection Programme
under the National Agricultural Policy of the Govt. of India. IPM being an eco-friendly
approach, socially acceptable and economically viable has been widely accepted across
the country. The IPM package encompasses various management strategies for pest and
disease problems. Pest monitoring is also one of the important components of IPM to take
proper decision to manage any pest problem. It can be done through Agro-Ecosystem
Analysis (AESA), field scouting, light, pheromone, sticky/yellow pan traps. The economic
threshold level (ETL) of important pests and diseases are also given in the package to
activate appropriate control measures on standing crops.
The existing package and practices was developed way back in 2001-02 by DPPQ & S,
Faridabad catering the need of extension personals in extending IPM tactics to farmers.
Though these were useful, there is a need to update them in view of changing climate and
its impact on pests and their protection measures.
A National Workshop on IPM for harmonization of Package of Practices was organized at
the National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, during 25-26th Feb., 2013
with a view to provide technical knowledge to the extension functionaries and farmers
in the States. The IPM package has been developed with the technical inputs from the
experts from the PI (AICRIP), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (NCIPM), State
Agricultural Universities, and DPPQ & S, Faridabad.
It will also be useful in reducing the pesticide residues in exportable agricultural
commodities and would also help in the management of pests/diseases/weeds/nematodes,
which may get inadvertently introduced in the country. These packages will be useful for
the researchers, extension workers and farmers alike who are engaged in the agricultural
practices.

Editors

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 CONTENTS
Title Page No.
A.Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
B. Biotic constraints .............................................................................................................................. 1
B.1. Major Insect Pests of National Significance ..................................................................... 1
B.2. Major Insect Pests of Regional Significance ..................................................................... 1
B.3. Major Diseases of National Significance .......................................................................... 2
B.4. Major Diseases of Regional Significance .......................................................................... 2
B.5. Major Weeds of National Significance .............................................................................. 2
B.6. Major Nematode of National Significance ....................................................................... 2
B.7. Major Nematode of Regional Significance ....................................................................... 2
B.8. Major Rodent of National Significance ............................................................................ 3
C. IPM Approach .................................................................................................................................. 3
C.1 Pest monitoring .................................................................................................................... 4
C.1.1 Rapid Roving Survey (RRS) .................................................................................. 4
C.1.2 Field Scouting ......................................................................................................... 4
C.2 Agro Eco-System Analysis (AESA) ................................................................................... 4
C.2.1 AESA Methodology .............................................................................................. 5
C.2.2 Important instructions while taking observations ............................................ 6
C.2.3 Description of parasitoids and predators in chickpea ecosystem ................... 6
C.2.4 Model agro-ecosystem analysis chart ................................................................. 8
C.2.5 Feeding/egg laying potential of different parasitoids/predators ...................... 9
D. Integrated Pest Management Strategies ...................................................................................... 12
D.1. Cultural ............................................................................................................................... 12
D.2. Genetical ............................................................................................................................. 12
D.3. Mechanical .......................................................................................................................... 14
D.4. Biological ............................................................................................................................ 16
D.5. Chemical ............................................................................................................................. 17

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 CONTENTS
E. Management Practices .................................................................................................................. 17
E.1 Weed Management Practices ............................................................................................ 18
F. Crop Stage- wise IPM practices .................................................................................................... 18
G. Safety Parameter in Pesticide Usage ............................................................................................ 20
H. Do’s and Don’ts in chickpea IPM ................................................................................................. 21
I. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief ................................................. 22
J . Method for calculation of pesticides for application ................................................................. 23

Annexures
I. List of Recommended Pesticides for Chickpea ..................................................................... 27
II. Commonly Available Formulations of Pesticides for Agricultural use .............................. 28
III. Pesticides and their Mode of Action ....................................................................................... 29
IV. Mechanisms of Actions of Major Pesticides .......................................................................... 30
V. General Guidelines for Management of Resistance .............................................................. 31
VI. List of Banned Pesticides for Chickpea ................................................................................... 32
VII. Pesticides Restricted for Use in the Country ......................................................................... 34
VIII. Basic Precautions in Pesticide Usage ....................................................................................... 36
IX. Symptoms of poisoning and the treatment of poisoning for different pesticides.............. 39

Plates
I. Key insect pests and their field symptoms.................................................................................. 42
II. Important diseases and their field symptoms.............................................................................. 43

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A. INTRODUCTION
India accounts for 68% of total global output of chickpea and incidentally it is one of the largest
consumers. Chickpea is grown in about 8.68 million ha in India with tentative production of 5.35
million tonnes. In 2010-11, the estimated production was about 8.25 MT, a record in the last 50 year. Chickpea
forms an integral part of vegetarian diet as a protein substitute in the Indian sub-continent. Besides being
a very rich source of protein, it also maintains soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Chickpea
is mostly grown in soils poor in fertility and moisture retention capacity. The perennial and indeterminate
growth habit, prolonged flowering, flower drop and pod shattering contribute to low yields. The crop is raised
mostly by marginal and sub-marginal farmers and is grown unwillingly with no adequate fertilization
and sufficient irrigation because of lack of support prices.
In present scenario there is tremendous scope for increasing the productivity of chickpea by reducing
the production losses thereof caused by serious pests. The pests and extent of losses thereof differs among
various agro-ecological zones. Among them diseases are the most serious constraint causing up to 100%
losses during epidemic years. Environmental factors coupled with intensity are known to compound
the occurrence and severity of the diseases. Very often the roots of plants are severely affected with
nematode infestations, which not only helps pathogen to establish but also blocks nutrient transport to aerial
parts of the plant. Currently, chickpea is severely affected by half a dozen major pests, a dozen of major
diseases, a dozen of nematodes and weed. On an average 30-80% crop losses occur in pulses due to
ravages of insect-pests valued at ` 4000 - 5000 crores. Single larva of the gram caterpillar Helicoverpa
destroy 30-40 pods before its maturity. Annual damage due to Helicoverpa alone is around ` 150-200
millions. An annual loss due to insect-pests is estimated to be 15% in chickpea. While the losses
due to diseases like Ascochyta blight and wilt are estimated around 600-750 thousand ton. Estimated loss
(%) due to specific pests in Chickpea crops is as follows:
Gram pod borer 10-90%
Gram cutworm 5-30%
Termites 5-15%
Semilooper 0-10%
Wilt/Root rot 20-25%
Ascochyta blight 5-10%
Botrytis grey mould 5-10%

B. BIOTIC CONSTRAINTS
B.1 Major Pests of National Significance
(a) Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)
(b) Cut worm (Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel)
(c) Termite (Odontotermes obesus Ramb. or Microtermes obesi Holmgren)

B.2 Major Insect Pests of Regional Significance

(a) Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scopoli) - Haryana

(b) White grub (Phyllophaga implicita Horn) - Gujarat, Rajasthan and Karnataka

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(b) Termite (Odontotermes obesus Ramb. or - Rajasthan and Haryana

Microtermes obesi Holmgren)
(d) Semi looper (Autographa nigrisigna Walker) - Eastern U.P
(e) Cutworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) - Bihar, Haryana, West Bengal and Assam
(f) Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) -Andhra Pradesh

B.3. Major Disease of National Signficance

(a) Vascular wilt (Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. ciceri All zones

(Padwick) Matuo et K. Sato)
(b) Dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola Taub. Butler) Central zone, Southern zone
(b) Collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) Central zone
(d) Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei Pass. Labr.) Central and North-eastern Plateau
Zone and Northern himalayan zone
(e) Botrytis Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ex Fr.) Tarai region

B.4. Major Disease of Regional Significance

(a) Rust (Uromyces ciceris- arietini Grogn. Jacz. & Beyer) Bihar, U.P. and Karnataka
(b) Stemphylium blight (Stemphylium sarciniforme Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
Cav. Wilts) Karnataka

B.5. Major weeds of National Significance

(a) Bathua (Chenopodium album L.)
(b) Yellow pea (Lathyrus aphaea L.)
(c) Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.)
(d) Barqua/ Basal (Asphodelus foelida L.)
(e) Choulai (Amaranthus viridis L.)
(f) Jute (Corchorus capsularis Spinger)

B.6. Major Nematode of National Significance

(a) Root knot (Meloidogyne incognita Goldi) Northern himalayan zone, North-eastern
Plateau Zone and Southern zone
(b) Reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis North-eastern Plateau Zone, Central zone
Linford & Oliveiria) and Southern zone
(c) Root lesion (Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Central zone and Southern zone
Allen)

B.7. Major Nematode of Regional Significance

Chickpea cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri Vovlas)

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B.8. Major Rodent of National Significance

Smaller bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis Gray)

C. IPM Approach
There are over seventy two (72) definitions of IPM, issued by governments, research organizations, NGOs,
and universities (Bajwa and Kogan, 2002). Some assume that IPM will eliminate the use of crop protection
products, specially the chemical pesticides, which is most unlikely. Extreme views equating IPM with “pest
free” farming will become increasingly marginalised and more balanced views will prevail. There is no
reason not to support IPM as defined by the FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use
of Pesticides (Article 2): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) means a pest management system that, in the
context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable
techniques and methods in a compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest populations at levels below
those causing economically unacceptable damage or loss (FAO, 1967). Thus, IPM is the best combination
of cultural, biological and chemical measures that provides the most cost-effective, environmentally sound
and socially acceptable method of managing diseases, insects, weeds and other pests.
IPM is a knowledge-intensive sustainable approach for managing pests by combining compatible cultural,
biological, chemical, and physical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks
with the help of pest scouts. IPM relies heavily on knowledge of pests and crop interaction to choose the best
combination of locally available pest management tools (Fig. 1). Therefore, IPM is not a single product that
can be stored on shelves like pesticide, and it does not rely on single method to solve all our pest problems.
Pests also co-evolve and adapt very quickly to single control tactics through natural selection, and that
multiple methods used simultaneously, or an “integrated” approach, is the most effective for long-term,
sustainable management programs.

Fig 1. Diagrammatic representation of IPM components.

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IPM is neither organic nor it relies solely on biological control to achieve the desired sustainable outcome.
It does often try to assist and augment the efficacy of natural enemies by limiting the impact of pesticide on
their populations and provide clean and safe niche. It seeks to conserve balance between the crop and the
natural environment. The World Bank policy (OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats) also promotes the conservation
of natural habitats, and enhancement of the environment for long-term sustainable development. In the IPM
concept, use of pesticides involves a trade-off between pest control and the risks of adverse effects on non-
target organisms, such as natural enemies, pollinators, wildlife, and plants, contamination of soil and water.

C.1 PEST MONITORING

The objective of pest monitoring is to detect the initial development of pests and also assess the potential
of management by natural enemies under field conditions.

C.1.1 Rapid Roving Survey (RRS)

a) At the beginning of the crop season, survey routes are required to be identified in the pest and disease
endemic areas to undertake Rapid Roving Surveys (RRS). During the survey the observations
are to be made at every 5-10 km distance in the pro-selected route at 7-10 day intervals depending
upon pest and disease situation. Record the seedling mortality by creating dead plants per meter
row. Same sampling procedure may be adopted for assessing pod borer infestation. Recoding
the incidence of pest, disease and defender population at each spot on 5 plants at random and
12 spots per ha.
b) Root-knot nematode produces diagnostic symptoms of “gall” formation on roots, reniform produces
“dirty roots systems” and cyst nematode produces “pearly root disease”. This can be seen with a
hand lens. Stain roots with Trypan blue stain, egg sacs of nematodes turn deep blue, root remains
unstained.
c) The working index for rodent pests is 25 live burrows/ha.

C.1.2 Field Scouting

Based on the observations of RRS the farmers at village level are to be mobilised to undertake
field scouting. During field scouting, farmers may record pest, disease and defenders population once
in 7-10 days in their own fields as per Agro Eco-System. The State Departments of Agriculture should make
all possible efforts using different media, mode and publicity to inform the farmers for the need of field
scouting in the specific crop areas having indication of pest or disease build up.

C.2 Agro Eco System Analysis (AESA)

IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the deleterious impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides
on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the farmers. In modern IPM (FAO, 2002) emphasis
is given to Agro Eco System Analysis (AESA) where farmers take decisions based on larger range of field
observations. The health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes physical factors (i.e.
sun, rain, wind and soil nutrients) and biological factors (i.e. pests, diseases and weeds). All these factors can
play a role in the balance which exists between herbivore insects and their natural enemies. Understanding
the intricate interactions in an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management.
It is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and farmers to analyse
field situations with regard to pests, defenders, soil conditions, plant health, the influence of climatic factors
and their interrelationship for growing healthy crop. Such a critical analysis of the field situations will help
in taking appropriate decision on management practice. The basic components of AESA are:

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1. Plant health at different stages.

2. Built-in-compensation abilities of the plants.
3. Pest and defender population dynamics.
4. Soil conditions.
5. Climatic factors.
6. Farmers past experience.

C.2.1 AESA Methodology

Field observations on insect pests and diseases are to be
initiated after 20 days of sowing. In each field select five spots
randomly as shown in the figure (four in the corner, at least
5 feet inside the border and one in the centre). At each spot
select/ 10 plants randomly for recording observations (Total
20 plants/field).

Data recording
Farmers sho uld record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart
●● Keep records of what has happened
●● Help us making an analysis and draw conclusions

Data to be recorded
●● Plant growth (weekly)
♦♦ Length of plant
♦♦ Number of seedling mortality (Collar rot/ wilt/ insect damage)
●● Crop situation (e.g. for AESA)
♦♦ Plant health: Observe the crop stage and deficiency symptoms etc
♦♦ Pests, diseases, weeds: Count insect pests at different places on the plant, and identify any visible
disease symptoms and severity. Observe weeds in the field and their intensity. For termites,
count number of affected plants.
♦♦ Natural enemies: Count parasitoids and predators
♦♦ Soil condition
♦♦ Irrigation
♦♦ Weather conditions
●● Input costs
♦♦ Seeds
♦♦ Fertilizer
♦♦ Pesticides
♦♦ Labour
●● Harvest
♦♦ Yield (kg/ ha)
♦♦ Price of produce (` /kg)

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C.2.2 Important instructions while taking observations

●● While walking in the field, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a sweep net to collect
additional insects. Collect plant parts with disease symptoms.
●● Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and discussion.
●● If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece of cotton.
●● Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.
●● Each group will then analyze the field situation in detail and present their observations and analysis
in a drawing (the AESA drawing as shown in Model AESA chart.
●● Each drawing will show a plant representing the field situation. The weathercondition, water level,
disease symptoms, etc. will be shown in the drawing. Pest insects will be drawn on one side. Defenders
(beneficial insects) will be drawn on another side.
●● Write the number next to each insect. Indicate the plant part where the pests and defenders
were found. Try to show the interaction between pests and defenders.
●● Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management recommendation.
●● The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will now present their
analysis in front of all participants.
●● The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions and makes sure that all
participants (also shy or illiterate persons) are actively involved in this process.
●● Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the decision on what field
management is required in the AESA plot.
●● Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be carried out.
●● Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.

C.2.3 Description of parasitoids and predators in chickpea ecosystem

Chickpea insect pests have many natural enemies. Predators hunt and consume all or part of their prey
and usually need to eat more than one victim. In contrast, parasitoids live on or in the body of their host and
need only a single host for sustenance. These natural biological control agents are friends of the farmers
and are responsible for controlling the population build-up of insect pests.

Egg parasitoids
Telenomus spp.
Black and barely half the size of Tetrastichus. Has 5-segmented tarsus, pointed abdomen and with rib-like
structure in the basal abdominal segment. Several wasps lay eggs on a single egg mass, but only one can
develop within each egg. A female parasitizes 20-40 eggs and lives 2-4 days or longer.

Larval Parasitoids
Campoletis chlorideae
Adult female lays on an average 13 and 42 eggs after single mating and throughout its life span, respectively.
The sex ratio of male: female in mated progeny is 1: 3.15. Adult longevity can be increased by providing
honey. Field release of 1-2 day old parasitoids (15,000 adults/ha; sex ratio 1: 3) in field showed encouraging
results.

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Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Bracon hebetor is a minute Braconidae wasp that is an internal parasite to the caterpillar stage of
lepidoptera. The gut enzymes from the Bracon hebetor wasp quickly destroy the blood proteins in
the moth larvae; thus it is an effective biocontrol agent. At 30 °C (86 °F), the life cycle of the wasp is about
ten to thirteen days from initial parasitism to final emergence of the adult. The adult female parasite lives
about 23 days during which it produces about 100 eggs. It deposits 1 to 8 eggs in individual paralyzed late
instar moth larvae.
Egg-larval Parasitoids
A parthenogenetic egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus blackburnii has a fairly wide host range. C. blackburnii
is introduced from Hawaii. It could also be multiplied successfully on Spodoptera exigua.

Predators
Chrysoperla carnea
The green lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a cosmopolitan
predator found in a wide range of agricultural habitats. They are important for the management of bollworms
and aphids in cotton and tobacco and several sucking pests in fruit crops. They are capable of bringing down
the population of the pest drastically. In India, 65 species of chrysopids belonging to 21 genera have been
recorded from various crop ecosystems.
Assassin bugs: Reduviidae (Hemiptera)
Adults range from 10-30 mm in length and have distinct heads with prominent eyes; their abdomens
have a slight waist. The head is elongated with a long curved ‘snout’ (proboscis). The proboscis is curved
only in predatory bugs. Colour is variable, but usually includes brown, orange and/or black. The front
legs are enlarged to grasp prey and the back legs are long and slender. The nymphs resemble adults but do
not have wings. The eggs are barrel-shaped and laid upright in clusters or rows on the leaves or stems
of plants. Eggs hatch within two weeks and the wingless nymphs pass through five growth stages before
reaching adulthood. As adults, assassin bugs may live for a further 6-10 months and lay up to 300 eggs in
rafts of 30-60 eggs.

Ladybird Beetle
Ladybird Beetle common name for any of numerous related species of brightly colored beetles found
in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The ladybird beetle is less than 1.2 cm (less than
0.5 in) in maximum length. It has a nearly hemispherical body, rounded above and flat below, a small head,
and short legs. Ladybird beetles are often red or orange above spotted with black, white, or yellow. Some
species are black, with or without spots. The larvae are also brilliantly colored, often blue, with stripes of
orange or black.

Spider
Spiders, which belong to class Arachnida, are a very diverse group of invertebrate predators found in
agro-ecosystems a nd natural systems. Spiders are predators and aid us by eating many pests. Some
spiders spin webs in which they patiently wait for their prey to become entangled, others actively hunt down
their prey, and still others sit motionless on plants or flowers and pounce in ambush on unwary insects
that wander near. Hunting spiders have prominent eyes and good eyesight to see their prey, and instead of
large webs they construct small silken shelters in which to rest. Web spinners create silken webs, but have
poor vision and rely on the vibrations of insects captured in their webs to detect their prey

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Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio)

Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the farmers to make appropriate pest
management decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be adopted to arrive at the numbers of pests and
defenders. The P: D ratio can vary depending on the feeding potential of natural enemy as well as the
type of pest.The natural enemies of chickpea pests can be divided into 3 categories 1. parasitoids; 2.
predators; and 3. pathogens.

C.2.4 Model agro-ecosystem analysis chart

Date: Village: Farmer:

Decision taken based on the analysis of field situation

Soil conditions :
Weather conditions :
Diseases types and severity :
Weeds types and intensity :
Rodent damage (if any) :
No. of insect pests :
No. of natural enemies :
P: D ratio :

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The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the P: D ratio is 2:1. However, some
of the parasitoids and predators will be able to control more than 2 pests. Wherever specific P: D ratios are not
found, it is safer to adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio. Whenever the P: D ratio is found to be favourable, there
is no need for adoption of other management strategies. In cases where the P: D ratio is found to be
unfavourable, the farmers can be advised to resort to inundative release of parasitoids/predators depending
upon the type of pest. In addition to inundative release of predators, the usage of microbial biopesticides
and biochemical biopesticides such as insect growth regulators, botanicals etc. can be relied upon before
resorting to synthetic chemical pesticides.

C.2.5 Feeding / Egg laying potential of different capacity Parasitoids / Predators

Lady bird beetle Predatory rate of adult coccinellid on aphids is 50 aphids per day
Green lacewing Each larva can consume 100 aphids, 329 pupa of whitefly and 288 nymphs of jassids.
Hover fly 1st instar larva can consume 15-19 aphids/day
2nd instar larva can consume 45-52 aphids/day
3rd instar larva can consume 80-90 aphids/day
In total life cycle they can consume approx. 400 aphids.
Spider 5 big larvae/day
Predatory mite Predatory rate of adult is 20-35 phytophagous mites/female/day
Bracon hebetor Egg laying capacity is 100-200 eggs/female. 1-8 eggs/larva.

Some of Good Insectory Plants

Cosmos Sunflower

Okra Ageratum sp.

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Marigold Fennel

Carrot Coriander

Tridax Mustard

Radish Alfalfa

Good insectary plants belonging to Compositae, Malvaceae, Umbelliferae, Brassicae and Asteraceae etc families.

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AESA and farmer field school (FFS)

AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the farmer field. It is season-long so that it
covers all the different developmental stages of the crop and their related management practices. The process
is always learner-centered, participatory and relying on an experiential learning approach and therefore it
has become an integral part of FFS.

Farmers can be benefited from AESA

●● Identification of pests and their nature
of damage
●● Identification of natural enemies
●● Management of pests
●● Water and nutrient management
●● Influence of weather factors on pest
buildup
●● Role of natural enemies in pest
management

FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills

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D. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGMEENT STRATEGIES

D.1 Cultural
(a) Deep ploughing immediately after harvesting
(b) Destruction of stubbles.
(c) Incorporation of Trichoderma viride @ 5kg/ha. multiplied on decomposed FYM @100kg/ha
under moist soil condition in wilt/root rot affected areas.
(d) Apply well decomposed FYM or Neem cake/ Mahua cake @ 500 kg/ha or nematode prone areas.
(e) Use tolerant/resistant varieties.
(f) Inter crop of linseed/mustard/wheat/coriander /rabi sorghum. Fix bird percher 20/ha. Mix 5g of
Rabi sorghum or Sunflower seeds with Chickpea seeds while sowing to serve as bird attractants.
(g) Take up early and timely sowing and select early maturing varieties.
(h) Synchronous sowing in a village or area.
(i) Crop rotation with non-leguminous crop to reduce soil-borne diseases such as wilt and root rot.
(j) Sow marigold as trap/ disease indicator crop on border or in between the crop rows.
(k) In case of endemic area of Fusarium wilt/dry root rot (Rhizoctonia) chickpea should not be grown
in infested fields for at least three years.
(l) Wider spacing (60 cm instead of 30 cm) for Botrytis grey mould or thinning out of infested crop
to allow more light and reduce disease severity.
(m) Avoid excessive vegetative growth and undertake detopping at 30 dasy after sowing especially
in deep black soils
(n) Removal of weeds (Chenopodium album and Vicia sativa) at the flowering stage of the crop.
(o) Avoid growing solanaceous crops during Kharif in the root knot nematode prone areas.
(p) Destroy rodent burrows and trim the bunds to avoid harbourage of rodents.
D.2 Genetical
Since diseases are the key pest problems and are difficult to manage economically following
recommended varieties may be adopted:
List of moderatery resistant genotypes against pests and disease.

Pest/Disease Tolerant/resistance genotype

Vascular wilt Avrodhi, BG 212, KPG 59, BGD 72, Pusa 391, Vijay, Vishal, Rajas, BG 256, Gujrat
Gram, GNG1581, GNG 1292,Virat, GJ 3, RSG88, JG315, JG74, JG11, JG322, JG63,
JG12, JG14, JG16, JGK1, JGK2, JGK3, KAK2, Subhra BG 1053, HK2, JAK1 9218,
Phule G9531, RSG 931, RSG 963, CSG 8962, DCP 92-3, JSC 55, JSC56, HK 05-169
Dry root rot JSC 37, JG 25174, CSJ 556, MPJG 89- 1155, MPJG 89- 9023, CSJ 592, Rajas, JS 2000-
07, ICCC 32, GL769
Ascochyta blight C235, GS43,CG558, Himachal channa1, Himachal channa 2, IPC 08-11, 23094, GNG
1581, GPF2, PBG5, Gaurav(H75-35), BG 267, Vardhan, Samrat
Botrytis grey mould BG 276, GL90159, GL 9-1071, GL92162, HK94-
134, IPCK 2004- 29, ICC38, ICC 202, ICC1069
IPC 2004-52, IPC 2000-06, NDG 10-11, Phule G
07112

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Varieties of Chickpea Recommended in Different Parts of the Country

State Varieties
Andhra Pradesh Bh i (ICCV 10), JG 11, Phule G 95311 (K), MNK 1
Assam JG 74, Udai (KPG 59), KWR 108, Pusa 372
Bihar Pusa 372, Pusa 256, Pusa Kabuli 1003, Udai, KWR 108, Gujrat
Gram 4, RAU 52
Chhatishgarh JG 315, JG 16, Vijay, Vaibhav, Jawahar Gram Kabuli 1 (JGK 1), BG 372, Pusa 391, BG
072, ICCV 10
Gujarat Pusa 372, Pusa 391, Vishwas, JG 16 (SAKI 9516), Vikas, Vijay, Dharwad Pragati (BGD
72), Gujrat Gram 1, Gujrat Gram 2, Jawahar Gram Kabuli 1 (JGK 1), IPCK 2002-29,
IPCK 2004-29
Haryana DCP 92-3, Haryana chana 1, Haryana Kabuli chana 1, Pusa 372, Pusa 362, PBG 1, Udai,
Karnal Chana 1, Samrat (CNG 469), Vardan, GPF 2, Chamatkar, RSG 888, Haryana
Kabuli Channa 2, BGM 547, Phule G 9425-9, GNG 1581
Himachal Pradesh PBG 1, DCP 92-3, Samrat (CNG 469), BGM 547, Phule G 9425-9
Jammu & Kashmir DCP 92-3, Samrat (CNG 469), PBG 1, Pusa Chamatkar (BG 1053), BGM 547, Phule G
9425-9
Jharkhand Pusa 372, Pusa 256, Pusa Kabuli 1003, Udai, KWR 108, Gujrat Gram 4
Karnataka JG 11, Annegeri 1, Chaffa, Bharati (ICCV 10), Phule G 9531, Sweta (ICCV 2) K, MNK 1
Maharastra Vijay, Pusa 372, JG 16 (SAKI 9516), Pusa 391, Vishwas (Phule G 5), Dharwad Pragati,
Vishal, Vikas, Phule G 12, Jawahr Gram Kabuli 1 (JGK 1), KAK 2, Vihar, BGD 128
(K), IPCK 2002-29 (K), PKV Kabuli 4 (K), IPCK 2004-29, Phule G 0517(K)
Madhya Pradesh JG 74, JG 315, JG 322, Pusa 391, Vishwas (Phule G 5), Vijay, Vishal, JG 218, JG 16
(SAKI 9516), JG 130, JGG 1, Jawahar Gram Kabuli 1 (JGK 1), BGD 128 (K), IPCK
2002-29, PKV Kabuli 4(K), IPCK 2004-29(K)
Manipur JG 74, BG 256, Pusa 372
Meghalaya JG 74, BG 256, Pusa 372
Odissa Pusa 391, JG 11, Phule G 9531, ICCV 10
Punjab Pusa 256, PBG 5, Harayana chana 1, Pusa 329, Pusa 372, DCP 92- 3, Vardan, Samrat,
GPF 2, Pusa 362, Alok, PBG 3, Pusa Chamatkar, GNG 1581( BG1053), BGM 547,
Phule G 9425-9, RG 931, RSG 888, Rajas
Rajasthan RSG 931, GNG 146, PBG 1, Harayna chana 1, Udai, Pusa 372, DCP 92-3, CNG 663,
GPF 2, Samrat, Pusa 362, Alok (KGD 1168), Pusa Chamatkar ( BG 1053), RGS 888,
BGD 28 (K), GNG 1581, RSG 963, Rajas
Tamil Nadu Bharti (ICCV 10), JG 11, Co 3, Co 4, Phule G 95311.
Tripura JG 74, BG 256, Pusa 372
Uttar Pradesh DCP 92-3, KWR 108, Pusa 256, Pusa 372, Vardan, JG 315, Udai, Alok (KGD 1168),
Vishwas, Pusa 391, Samrat (GNG 469), GPF 2, Vijay, Pusakabuli 1003 (BG 1003),
Gujrat Gram 4
Uttarakhand Pant G 186, DCP 92-3, Samrat, KWR 108, Pusa Chamatkar (B6 1053), BGM 547, Phule
G 9425-9
West Bengal JG 74, Pusa 256, KWR 108, Mahamaya 1, Mahamaya 2, Gujrat
Gram 4

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D.3 Mechanical
a) Heaps of grasses on bud encourage congregation of larvae which should be mechanically
destroyed.
b) Erection of 20 bird perches/ha. Bird perches should be removed just after maturity/harvesting
of the crop.

Monitoring
The aerial monitoring of adult moth can be assessed by using water pan/trays placed below light traps
or commercially available light traps. Use of Pheromone traps for monitoring gram pod borer is strongly
recommended.
Field scouting
The objective through roving surveys is to monitor the initial development of pests in endemic areas.
Therefore, in the beginning of crop season survey routes based upon the endemic areas are required to be
identified to undertake roving surveys. Based upon the results of the roving surveys, the state extension
functionaries have to concentrate for greater efforts at block and village levels as well as through farmers to
initiate field scouting. Therefore, for field scouting farmers should be mobilised to observe the insect pest
and disease occurrence at the intervals as stipulated hereunder. The plant protection measures are required
to be taken only when insect pests and diseases cross Economic Threshold Level (ETL) as per results
of field scouting.
1. Roving survey: -Undertake roving survey at every 10 km distance at 7-10 days intervals (depending
upon pest population). Everyday at least 20 spots should be observed.
2. Field scouting: - Field scouting for pests and bio-control fauna by extension agencies and farmers
once in 3-5 days should be undertaken to workout ETL
AESA requires skill, so only the trained farmers can undertake their exercise. However, other farmers
also can do field scouting in their own fields at regular intervals to monitor the major pest situation.

Aphids
Count and record the number of both nymphs and adults on five randomly selected leaves per plant.

Helicoverpa and Spodoptera

Total number of fruits, damaged fruits due to Helicoverpa and Spodoptera and number of larvae on
individual plants per meter row or 1 sq meter should be counted and recorded.

Surveillance through pheromone trap

Pheromone traps for two insects viz., Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura @ 5/ha have to be
installed. Install the traps for each species separated by a distance of >75 feet in the vicinity of the selected
fixed field. Fix the traps to the supporting pole at a height of one foot above the plant canopy. During each
week of surveillance, the number of moths/trap should be counted and entered. Total number of moths of
Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura/trap/week should be recorded year round. The trapped moths
should be destroyed and removed after each recording.

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Light traps
Set up light traps 1 trap/acre 15 cm above the crop canopy for monitoring and mass trapping insects.
Light traps with exit option for natural enemies of smaller size should be installed and operate around the
dusk time (6 pm to 10 pm).

Nematode sampling
Collect 100 to 300 cm3 (200-300 g) soil sample. Mix soil sample and pass through a coarse sieve to
remove rocks, roots, etc. Take a 600 cc subsample of soil, pack lightly into a beaker uniformly.
Place soil in one of the buckets or pans half filled with water. Mix soil and water by stirring with paddle;
allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 20-mesh sieve
into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket; discard material caught on sieve. Stir material in
second bucket; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 200-
mesh sieve into first bucket; discard residue in second bucket. Backwash material caught on 200-mesh
sieve (which includes large nematodes) into 250-ml beaker. Stir material in first bucket; allow to stand
until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 325-mesh sieve into second bucket;
discard residue in first bucket. Backwash material caught on 325-mesh sieve (which includes small to mid-
sized nematodes and silty material) into 250-ml beaker. More than 90% of the live nematodes are
recovered in the first 5-8 mm of water drawn from the rubber tubing and the sample is placed in a shallow
dish for examination.

Economic Threshold Levels (ETLs)

S. No Pest insects Stage of the crops Economic threshold Levels (ETLS)

Insects
1. Cut worm (Agrotis ipsilon Seedling stage One larvae/ square meter under the soil near
HufInagel and Spodoptera cut plant.
exigua Hubner)
2. Termite (Odontotermes Seedling stage 5 damaged plants/sq.
obesus or meter.
Microtermes obesi)

3. White grub (Phyllophaga Seedling stage 5 grubs/sq. meter

implicita)

4. Gram pod borer Vegetative/ reproductive 5 to 8 eggs or 2 early instar /10 plants
(Helicoverpa armigera) or one mature larvae (more than 1cm in
length)/10 plants or I meter row.
5. Semilooper (Autographa Vegetative phase 2 larvae/10 plants
nigrisigna)
Diseases
6. Wilt & root rot (Fusarium Seedling/vegetative 5-10% plants infested
oxysporum)
Rodents
7. Working index(ETL) Before podding 25 live burrows/ha
Nematodes
8. Nematodes Vegetative phase 1-2 larvae/g of soil

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Flowering plants that attract natural enemies/repel pests

Insect Natural enemies Flowering plants that attract natural

enemies/repel pests
Gram pod borer Parasitoids: Telenomus spp. (egg), Chelonus • Repellant plants: Basil
blackburni (egg-larval), Carcelia spp. (larval- • Attractant plants: Coriander,
pupal), Campoletis chlorideae (larval), buckwheat, alfalfa, (minute pirate bug
Goniophthalmus halli (larval), Bracon spp. and lacewing)
(larval) etc. • Nectar rich plants with small flowers
Predators: Chrysoperla carnea, coccinellids, i.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsely,
King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, mustar, Malvaceae sunflower, buck
spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, prayi ng wheat and cowp ea(wasp)
mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp),
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata),
earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
Tobacco Parasitoids: Trichogramma chilonis Repellant plants: Basil
caterpillar (egg), Telenomus spp. (egg), Chelonus • Attractant plants: Carrot family,
blackburni (egg-larval), Carcelia spp. (larval- sunflower family, buck wheat, alfalfa,
pupal), Campoletis chlorideae (larval), corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug and
Eriborus argentiopilosus (larval), Microplitis lacewing)
sp, Bracon hebetor (larval) etc. • Nectar rich plants with small
Predators: Chrysoperla carnea, coccinellids, flowersi.e. anise, caraway, dill, parsely,
King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, mustard, sunflower, buck wheat and
spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying cowpea (wasp)
mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp),
pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata),
earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc.
Ovomermis albicans, a nematode,
Agrotis ipsilon Parasitoids: Microgaster sp., Bracon • Repellant plants: Basil
kitcheneri, Fileanta ruficanda (Larval • Attractant plants: Carrot family, sun
parasitoid) flower family,
Predators: Broscus punctatus, Liogryllus buck wheat, alfalfa, corn, shrubs
bimaculatus (Larval predators) (minute pirate bug and lacewing)
Aphis craccivora Aphytis spp, Trixys indicus, • Repellant plants: Basil
(Aphids) Lipolexix scutellaris, Coccinella • Attractant plants: Carrot family,
septempunctata, C. transversalis, C. nigritis, sunflower family, buck wheat, alfalfa,
Menochilus sexmaculatus, Brumus suturalis, corn, shrubs (minute pirate bug and
Chrysoperla spp. and (Larva and adult lacewing)
predators)

D.4 Biological
(a) Seed treatment with effective strain of Trichoderma viride (of local specific isolate) @ 4 -10 g/kg
of seed.
(b) Spray crude NSKE 5% or Azadirachtin 0.03% (300 ppm) Neem oil based WSP @ 2500 to 5000
ml /ha at pre-flowering stage at 15 days interval.
(c) Spray Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD-1, serotype 3a, 3b or H-3a, 3b, Strain -52 or 0.5%
WP serotype 3a, 3b, 3c, Strain DOR Bt-1) against Pod borer @1 Kg/ha.
(d) Spray Beauveria bassiana 1% WP(Strain No: NBRI – 9947) @ 3kg/ha

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(e) Spray HaNPV 2.0% AS (Strain No. IBH-17268 or Strain No. BIL/HV-9) @ 250 LE (POB 5x1011/
ml)/ha + 0.5% Jaggery + 0.1 % fabric whiteners (tinopal, blue etc)/ha on noticing 1st instar larvae
or eggs of pod borer (3 sprays at weekly intervals in evening hours).
(f) Conserve Campoletis, lady bird beetles, Chrysopa, Stinkbugs, Reduviid bug, Predatory wasps
and spiders by intercropping with coriander.

D.5 Chemicals

a. Insects
Insecticides Insect Dose per hectare
Azadirachtin 0.03% (3000 ppm) Pod borer 2500-5000 ml
Chlorpyriphos 20EC Pod borer, Cut worm 2,500 ml
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC Termite (seed treatment) 15- 30 ml/kg of seed
Quinalphos 25EC Pod borer 1000 ml
Deltamethrin 2.8% EC Pod borer 400 – 500 ml
Carbaryl 10% DP Pod borer 25000 ml
Monocrotophos 36% SL Pod borer 625ml
Ethion 50 EC Pod borer 1000 – 1500 ml
Emamectin benzoate 5% SG Pod borer 220 ml
Novaluron10% EC Pod borer 700 ml
Chlorantraniliprole18.5%SC Pod borer 125 ml

b. Diseases
Fungicides Diseases Dose g/kg seed
Trichoderma viride Wilt/Root rot 5 g/kg seed.

c. Nematodes
Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 10g/kg of seeds helps to reduce root knot, lesion
nematode and wilt problems also.

d. Rodents in Chickpea
Lesser bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) (throughout India) Nibbles the germinating seeds. And
at maturity damages the pods/seeds

E. Management practices
●● Plough the fields to demolish the rodent habitat and maintain weed free fields to reduce alternate
source of food and habitat
●● Practice burrow smoking using natural smoking materials in ANGRAU/ NIPHM burrow fumigator
for 2-3 min. for each burrow
●● Application of 0.005% bromadiolone in ready to use form (wax blocks) or loose bait in packets
near rodent burrows
●● Apply 2% Zinc phosphide poison baits when the rodent infestation is very high. Practice pre-baiting
incase of ZNP poison baiting. Don’t apply ZNP poisons more than one time in a crop season as
rodents develop bait shyness to this poison.

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E.1 Weed Management Practices

(a) Follow recommended agronomic practices for land preparation, seed rate, proper fertilizer
and irrigation management so as to achieve optimum plant population and healthy crop to reduce
weed competition at early crop stage.
(b) The crop should be maintained weed free initially for 6-8 weeks by following timely inter
culture and hand weeding.

F. Crop Stage- wise IPM practices

S. Crop IPM
Pest IPM practices
No. stage component

1 Pre- Pod borer/ Cut Cultural 1. Deep summer ploughing after harvest.
sowing worm/ Termite practices 2. Apply well decomposed FYM or neem cake
3. Synchronised sowing single recommended
varieties in village/area.
4. Marigold plantation should be adopted as trap/
indicator crop/ antagonistic crop for nematode.
5. Inter cropping with Linseed/Coriander/Mustard/
Wheat/Sorghum (rabi) or ‘sprinkle’ crop of Sorghum/
Sunflower as described under cultural practices.
6. Early planting i.e., mid-October to escape the peak
activity of H. armigera.
7. Use tolerant/ resistance varieties
Wilt/ 1. Destruction of disease crop debris/ un-decomposed
root rots organic matter by deep tillage/ burn.
2. Timely sowing to avoid drought.
Ascochyta Cultural 1. Destruction and burial of diseased crop debris by
Blight practices deep tillage.
2. Timely sowing to avoid drought.
3. Cultivation of resistant varieties (C235, GS43,CG558,
Himachal channa1, Himachal channa 2, IPC 08-11,
23094, GNG 1581, GPF2, PBG5,
Gaurav (H75-35), BG 267, Vardhan, Samrat)
Botrytis grey Cultural 1. Avoid late sowing and adopt wider spacing.
Mould practices 2. Cultivation of resistant variety (BG 276, GL90159, GL
9- 1071, GL92162, HK94-134, IPCK 2004- 29, ICC38,
ICC 202, ICC1069)
3. Use disease free certified seed.
Dry root rot Cultural 1. Timely sowing to avoid drought
Collar root rot practices 2. Mild irrigation at the time of disease incidence
under stress condition to minimize the soil temp.
3. Cultivation of resistant variety (JSC 37, JG 25174,
CSJ 556, MPJG 89- 1155, MPJG 89-9023, CSJ
592, Rajas, JS 2000-07, ICCC 32, GL769)

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S. Crop IPM
Pest IPM practices
No. stage component

Nematode Cultural Use of organic amendments including neem and castor

(Root practices cake @ 1 ton/ha 10 days before sowing in infested
knot, field and their combination with seed treatment with
Reniform, carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i (w/w).
Root lesion) Biological Seed treatment with Trichoderma
control viride each @ 10g/kg seed
2 Seed & Cut worm/ Mechanical 1. Use Rhizobium culture @ 1pkt (200g) per ha for
Seedling Termite/ cultural effective nodulation.
Collar rot/ practices 2. Thinning should be done a month after in case of
Dry root dense plant population
rot/ Botrytis
Grey mould
Ascochyta
Nematode Biological Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride (effective
control strain) @ 10g/kg of seed.
Weed Cultural Follow recommended agronomic practices for land
practices preparation, proper seed rate and balanced fertilizer for
good crop stand.
3 Vegetative Weed Cultural 1. Inter-culture and hand weeding for keeping the crop
practices weed free for 6 to 8 weeks.
stage 2. Detopping or nibbing wherever possible at 30 days
after sowing to reduce pest occurrence and induce
branch initiations.
Pod borer Mechanical Regular monitoring of gram pod borer during entire
crop season.
Biological Conservation of predatory wasp, spider, insect
control parasitoidetby growing coriander as intercrop.
Chemical If the pest crosses ETL level (C6) use pesticide
control having label claim only.
4 Flowering Gram Pod Biological HaNPV 250 LE (POB 5x1011/ml)/ha or Bt. var kurstaki
and borer control 1kg/ha or NSKE 5% or neem oil 0.03% (3000 ppm).
podding Beauveria bassiana @ 3 kg/ha.
stage Chemical Spray Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.15ml/l or
control Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.2g/l, or Novaluron 10 EC
@ 1.5ml/l or Ethion 50 EC 2ml/l or Monocrotophos 36
SL @ 0.04% (1ml per litre of water or Chlorpyriphos 20
EC @ 0.05% ( 3.5ml per litre of water) or Deltamethrin
@ 0.5 ml/litre of water 500 to 600 litre of water/ha
or dust Quinalphos 1.5 D, or Chrlorpyriphos 1.5 D @
25kg /ha.
Semilooper Biological 1. Conservation of predators like spiders, Chrysopa
control and other natural enemies by avoiding indiscriminate
use of pesticides.
2. Installation of bird perchers for predatory birds.
Rodents Chemical Apply Bromadiolone (0.005%) baits
control inside rodent’s burrows.

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S. Crop IPM
Pest IPM practices
No. stage component

5 After Mechanical 1. Destroy crop residue infested with disease and

harvest nematodes.
2. Remove and burn Nematode infested crop to destroy
the inoculums and to check further multiplication and
spread.
Note: - First spray preferably be started first with bio-pesticides and 2nd spray, if required, by conventional insecticides having
label claim.

G. SAFETY PARAMETERS IN PESTICIDES USAGE

Safety parameters inter alia classification of toxicity as per Insecticides Rules, 1971, WHO classification
of hazards, colour of toxicity triangle, First aid measures, symptoms of poisoning and treatment of poisoning,
the extension functionaries of the State Department of Agriculture have to make use of this information as
under:-
(i) Basic precautions which are required to be taken as per classification of toxicity as well as hazard
criteria by WHO may be seen as per Annexure – IX.
(ii) The extension functionaries are to educate the farmers on safety use of pesticides with the help of
colour toxicity triangle as the farming community can follow the colour and corresponding safety
precautions.
(iii) The symptoms of poisoning must be known to the extension functionaries to enable them to extend
first aid measures to affected persons to the extent possible.
(iv) Basically, the information on first aid measures and treatment of poisoning is required to be passed
on by the extension functionaries to the doctors at Primary Health Centres as well as to Private
Doctors in the vicinity of spraying of pesticides.
(v) Extension functionaries must ensure that names of common pesticides during plant protection
measures along with a copy of the leaflet which is an integral part of a pesticide container must be
made available to the doctors in the vicinity of plant protection operations.
(vi) Extension functionaries are to request the doctors to intervene in procurement of antidotes for
different pesticides as cited under “Treatment of poisoning”.

Protocol for Pesticide application techniques, equipments and nozzle specifications

Category A: Stationary, crawling pest/ disease

Vegetative stage
1. For crawling and soil Insecticides and fungicides • Lever operated knapsack sprayer
borne pests • (Droplets of big size)
• Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi
• Lever operating speed = 15 to 20 strokes/min
or
• Motorized knapsack
sprayer or
• mist blower (Droplets of
small size)
• Air blast nozzle
• Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle
2. For small sucking leaf
borne pests

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Category A: Stationary, crawling pest/ disease

Reproductive stage Insecticides and fungicides • Lev er operated knapsack sprayer (Droplets of
big size)
• Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi
• Lever operating speed = 15 to 20 strokes/min
Category B: Field Flying pest/airborne pest
Vegetative stage Insecticides and fungicides • Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower
• (Droplets of small size)
• Air blast nozzle
• Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle
or
• Battery operated low volume sprayer (Droplets
of small size) spinning disc nozzle
Reproductive stage
(Field Pests)
Category C: Weeds
Post-emergence application Weedicide • Lever operated knapsack sprayer (Droplets of
big size)
• Flat fan or flood jet nozzle @ 15 to 20 psi
• Lever operating speed = 7 to 10 strokes/min
Pre-emergence • Trolley mounted low volume sprayer (Droplets
of small size)
• Battery operated low volume sprayer (Droplets
of small size)

H. Do’s and don’t’s in IPM

S. No. Do’s Don’ts
1. Deep ploughing is to be done on bright sunny days during Do not plant or irrigate the field after
the months of May and June. The field should be kept ploughing, at least for 2-3 weeks, to allow
exposed to sun light at least for 2-3 weeks desiccation of weed’s bulbs and/or rhizomes
of erennial weeds
2. Adopt crop rotation Avoid growing monocrop.
3. Grow only recommended varieties. Do not grow varieties not suitable for the
season or the region
4. Sow early in the season Avoid late sowing as this may lead to
reduced yields and incidence of white grubs
and diseases.
5. Always treat the seeds with approved chemicals/bio Do not use seeds without seed treatment
products for the control of seed borne diseases/pests. with biocides/chemicals.
6. Sow in rows at optimum depths under proper moisture Do not sow seeds beyond 5-7 cm depth.
conditions for better establishment.
7. Apply only recommended herbicides at recommended Pre-emergent as well as soil incorporated
dose, proper time as appropriate spray solution with herbicide y herbicides along with irrigation
standard equipment along with flat fan or flat jet nozzles. water or by mixing with soil, sand or urea.
8. Maintain optimum and healthy crop stand which would be Crops should not be exposed to moisture
capable of competing with weeds at a critical stage of crop deficit stress at their critical growth stages.
weed competition
9 Use the NPK fertilizers as per the soil test Avoid imbalanced use of fertilizers.

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S. No. Do’s Don’ts

10 Use micronutrient mixture after sowing based test Do not apply any micronutrient mixture after
recommendations. sowing without test

11 Conduct AESA weekly in the morning preferably before 9 Do not take any management decision
a.m. Take decision on management practice based on AESA without considering AESA and P: D ratio
and P: D ratio only.
12 Install pheromone traps at appropriate period. Do not store the pheromone lures at
normal room temperature (keep them in
refrigerator).
13 Release egg parasitoids only after noticing adult moth Do not apply chemical pesticides within
catches in the pheromone trap or as pheromone trap or as seven days of release of parasitoids.
per field observation
14 Spray pesticides thoroughly to treat the undersurface of the Do not spray pesticides only on the upper
leaves, particularly for mites, whiteflies, Spodoptera etc. surface of leaves.
15 Apply short persistent pesticides to avoid pesticide residue Do not apply pesticides during preceding
in the soil and produce. 7 days before harvest.
16 Follow the recommended procedure of trap crop Do not apply long persistent on trap crop,
technology. otherwise it may not attract the pests and
natural enemies.

I. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief

S. No. Do’s Don’ts
1. For application rate and dosage see the label and leaflet of
the particular pesticide.

2. It is advisable to check the output of the sprayer

(calibration) before commencement of spraying under
guidance of trained person.

3. Clean and wash the machines and nozzles and store in dry
place after use.

4. It is advisable to use protective clothing, face mask and

gloves while preparing and applying pesticides.

Do not apply pesticides without protective clothing and

wash clothes immediately after spray application.

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

S. No. Do’s Don’ts

5. Do not apply in hot or windy conditions.

6. Operator should maintain normal walking speed while

undertaking application.

7. Do not smoke, chew or eat while undertaking the

spraying operation

8. Operator should take proper bath with soap after

completing spraying

9 Do not blow the nozzle with mouth for any blockages.

Clean with water and a soft brush.

J. Method for calculation of pesticides for application

Methods for calculation of pesticides
(i) Solid formulations such as dust, wettable powder or gr anules, the active ingredient is
mixed w i t h inert material. T h e concentration is e x p r e s s e d as -
Active ingredient (%) in the total weight of c o m m e r c i a l product
Active ingredient (%) in dust, W P or g r anules = Weiqht of a.i. x 100
Total weight of W P , dust, etc.

Example. Carbendazim 50% WP means there are 50 g of carbendazim in every 100 g of

commercial WP ( 5 0 % a.i.).

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Calculations when recommendation is in kg a.i. per ha .

For W P , dust, granules, etc.
Specification required:
(1) Area to be sprayed
(2) Concentration of a.i in formulation
(3) Recommended rate as kg a.i. ha -1 .
Formula.
kg of WP/dust/granules = Recommended rate x s p r a y a r e a (sq.m)
a.i (%) in W P x 100

Example: If Carbendazim 50% WP is u s e d at the rate of 2 kg a.i ha -1 , then

amount of Carbendazim 50% WP required for 1 ha (10000 m 2) is:
kg of Carbendazim 50% WP required = 2 x 10000 = 4 k g ha-1
50 x 100

(ii) Liquid f o r m ulation Here the a.i. is dissolved in a solvent with an emulsifying
agent. It is e x p r e s s e d as an emulsifiable c o n c e n t r a t e (EC). The c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a n be
e x p r e s s e d in t w o ways.
a) Active ingredient (%) in EC = Weight of a.i. x 100
Volume of EC

b) G r a ms/ L -1

Example: Hexaconazole 5% EC means, 100 ml of commercial product has 5 ml of pure

Hexaconazole
For emulsiflable concentrates
S p e c i f i c a t i o n required:
(i) Area to be treated
(ii) Recommended rate as kg a.i. ha -1
(iii) Concentration of c o m m e r c i a l EC as a.i (%) or kg L -1
Formula.
kg of WP/dust/granules = Recommended rate x s p r a y a r e a (sq.m)
a.i (%) in W P x 100
Example: If Carbendazim 50% WP is u s e d at the rate of 2 kg a.i ha -1 , then
amount of
Carbendazim 50% WP required for 1 ha (10000 m 2) is:
kg of Carbendazim 50% WP required = 2 x 10000 = 4 k g ha-1
50 x 100

(ii) Liquid f o r m ulation Here the a.i. is dissolved in a solvent with an emulsifying agent.
It is e x p r e s s e d as an emulsifiable c o n c e n t r a t e (EC). The c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a n be
e x p r e s s e d in t w o ways.

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

a) Active ingredient (%) in EC = Weight of a.i. x 100

Volume of EC
-1
b) G r a m s L

Example: Hexaconazole 5% EC means, 100 ml of commercial product has 5 ml of pure

Hexaconazole
For emulsiflable concentrates
S p e c i f i c a t i o n required:
(i) Area to be treated
(ii) Recommended rate as kg a.i. ha -1
(iii) Concentration of c o m m e r c i a l EC as a.i (%) or kg L -1
W h e n concentration of EC is in a.i. (%)
Formula:
kg of EC required = Recommended rate x a r e a (m2) or
a.i (%) in commercial EC x 100

= Recommended rate x a r e a (ha)

a.i. (%) in commercial EC x 100

Example: : Hexaconazole 5% EC to be sprayed at the rate of 2 kg a.i. ha -1

for 10000 m2 and : Hexaconazole 5% EC has 5 % a.i. How m u c h liters
of Hexaconazole is required?

Liters of 5 % Hexaconazole required = 2 x 10000 = 40 L

5 x 100

W h e n concentration e x p r e s s e d is in kg a.i. L -1
Formula:
= Recommended rate in kq a.i. ha -1x area (ha)
Concentration of a.i. in product (kg L -1)
Example: Acetamiprid (0.01 kg a.i. L-1 ) is to be applied @ 0.05 kg a.i. ha-1
H o w m u c h will be required for 3 ha?
Liters of Acetamprid required = 0.05 x 3.0 = 15 liters
0.01

W h e n recommendation is based on a.i (%) in t h e spray fluid

(i) W e t t a b l e powders ( w h e n diluted with water)

Specifications required:
1 Spray volume as L ha-1
2 Concentration desired as a.i. (%) in spray
3 Concentration of c o m m e r c i a l product as a.i. (%)
Formula :
WP = a.i. (%) desired x s p r a y volume (L)
a.i. (%) in commercial WP

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Example: To control Helicoverpa armigera in Chickpea in a plot. 500 L of 0.025 %

Emamectine benzoate is to be prepared. The commercial product to be used is Emamectine
benzoate 5% SG. How m u c h Emamectine benzoate is required?

kg of Emamectine benzoate required = 0.025 x 500 = 2.50 kg

5
(ii) Emulsifiable c o n c e n t r a t e s (EC)
S pec if ic at ion required:
1 Spray volume as L ha-1
2 Concentration as percentage ot a.i desired.
3 Concentration of commercial EC as a.i. (%).
Formula:
Liter of EC = a . i . (%) desired x s p r a y volume (L)
a.i. (%) in commercial EC

E x a m p l e : 2000 L of 2 % Quinalphos spray is to be prepared. H o w m u c h Quinalphos

commercial 25 % EC is required?

Liters of Quinalphos = 2 x 2000 = 160 L

25

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-I

List of Recommended Pesticides for Chickpea

(CIBRC, Faridabad : As on 15-10-2013 )

Insecticides
Azadirachtin 0.03% (3000 ppm)
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5%WP
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 2.5%AS
Bromadiolone 0.005% RB
Carbaryl 10% DP
Chlorantraniliprole18.5%SC
Chlorpyriphos 20 %EC
Chlorpyriphos 1.5 %DP
Deltamethrin 2.8% EC
Emamectin benzoate 5% SG
Endosulfan 35% EC
Endosulfan 4% DP
Ethion 50 EC
Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC
Monocrotophos 36% SL
NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 2.0%AS
Quinalphos 25EC
Novaluron10% EC
Fungicides
Trichoderma viride 1% WP

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-II

Commonly Available Formulations of Pesticides for Agricultural Use

Class Type Abbreviation Description
Dry Dust D • Ready to use, off shelf available
• Low percentage of active ingredients,
• Very fine dry inert carrier made from tale, chalk, clay, or ash
• Prone to high level of pesticide drift
• Granule particles are larger and heavier
Granule G • Granule particles are larger and heavier
• Used for soil treatment and broadcasting to manage
nematodes, weeds and insect pests
Wettable WP • Finely grounded power
Powder W • Mixed with water for spray application
Micro M • Particles of active ingredients (liquid or dry) surrounded by
encapsulated a plastic coating
Liquid Emulsifiable EC • Liquid active ingredients, dissolved in petroleum based
concentrate solvents
• Easily absorbed through skin
Concentrate C • Diluted with a liquid solvent before being applied
solution
LC
ULV • Very high percentage of active ingredient
• Used before dilution or diluted with small quantities of
solvent
F • Finely grounded solid active ingredients suspended in the
liquid with inert materials
L
Fumigants Pellets liquids • Solid or liquid that releases/vaporized into toxic gasses

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-III

Pesticides and their Mode of Action

Type of pesticide Mode of action How it works
Insecticides and nematicides Contact Act through cuticle
Ingestion Act upon digestive track
Systemic Absorbed and translocated to affected
portions
Fumigants Penetrates as a into cryptic parts
Herbicide Contact Act through cuticle and translocation
Systemic Absorbed through soil and translocated
to different parts
Fungicide Superficial protectants Contact pathogen reproductive
propagules
Systemic Absorbed through roots from soil, leaf
and translocated to different parts

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-IV

Mechanisms of Actions of Major Pesticides

Type of pesticide Target tissue or organ Mechanism
Insecticide Central nervous Interfere with electron system of nervous system
Inhibit acetyl cholinesterase the enzyme responsible for the
regulating biological activity
Cuticle Inhibit growth and prevent cuticle formulations
Endocrine system Disrupts hormonal metabolic system
Herbicide Seed Disrupts protein synthesis and inhibits germination
Leaf, stem, Prevent photosynthesis
Leaf, stem, root Interferes with the mitosis process
Leaf, stem, root Affects cell respiration and ATP synthesis
Fungicide Seed, leaf, stem Inhibits liquid synthesis affecting cell wall and membrane
Root Inhibits synthesis of essential ribosomal proteins
Inhibits mitosis, osmoregulation and mitochondrial respiration

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-V

General Guidelines for Management of Resistance

The general guidelines if adopted can prevent development of resistance by various pests in most of the
agricultural situations. The general approaches to avoid them are as follows:
Insecticides
●● Maintain good plant health,
●● Delay the spray of insecticide as far as possible.
●● Monitor populations and use economic thresholds
●● Use all available tactics for management of a particular arthropod (insect or mite)
●● Limit selection pressure throughout the season and remember spraying for one pest may influences
another
●● Limit use of one chemical molecule at a time and rotate chemical molecule and/or modes of action, and
●● Use appropriate rates

Fungicides
●● Avoid growing large areas of highly susceptible varieties in endemic areas. Resistant varieties should
be used to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides.
●● Make full use of non-fungicidal control measures e.g., dispose of crop debris and control collateral
and alternate host, which harbor disease.
●● Monitor crops regularly for disease and treat before the infection becomes established.
●● Use fungicides only in the unavoidable situations where the risk of disease warrants treatment. Make
full use of effective fungicides with different modes of action as alternate sprays. Mixtures of eradicant
fungicides with protectants materials offer the most flexibility as well as reducing resistance risk.
●● While formulating spray programmes, take into account any earlier use of fungicides groups as
seed treatment.
●● Do not exceed the maximum recommended numbers of applications to each crop for any particular
fungicide group. Avoid repeated applications of very low doses.

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-VI

List of Banned Pesticides for Chickpea (01-01-2014 )

A. Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use.
1. Aldicarb
2. Aldrin
3. Benzene Hexachloride
4. Calcium Cyanide
5. Chlorbenzilate
6. Chlordane
7. Chlorofenvinphos
8. Copper Acetoarsenite
9. Dibromochloropropane
10. Dieldrin
11. Endrin
12. Ethyl Mercury Chloride
13. Ethyl Parathion
14. Ethylene Dibromide
15. Heptachlor
16. Lindane (Gamma-HCH) (Banned vide Gazette Notification No S.O. 637(E) Dated 25/03/2011)-
Banned for Manufecture,Import or Formulate w.e.f. 25th March,2011 and banned for use w.e.f.
25th March,2013.
17. Maleic Hydrazide
18. Menazon
19. Metoxuron
20. Nitrofen
21. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate
22. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene
23. Pentachlorophenol
24. Phenyl Mercury Acetate
25. Sodium Methane Arsonate
26. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid)
27. Tetradifon
28. Toxaphene(Camphechlor)
B. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use
1. Carbofuron 50% SP
2. Methomyl 12.5% L
3. Methomyl 24% formulation
4. Phosphamidon 85% SL
C. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but continued to manufacture for export
1. Captafol 80% Powder
2. Nicotin Sulfate

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

D. Pesticides Withdrawn
(Withdrawal may become inoperative as soon as required complete data as per the guidelines is generated and submitted
by the Pesticides Industry to the Government and accepted by the Registration Committee.
(S.O 915(E) dated 15th Jun,2006)
1. Dalapon
2. Ferbam
3. Formothion
4. Nickel Chloride
5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB)
6. Simazine
7. Warfarin
Source: www.cibrc.nic.in

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-VII

Pesticides Restrict Use in the Country (As on 1st Jan, 2014)

S.No. Name of Pesticides Details of Restrictions
1. Aluminium Phosphide The Pest Control Operations with Aluminium Phosphide may be
undertaken only by Govt./Govt. undertakings / Govt. Organizations /
pest control operators under the strict supervision of Govt. Experts or
experts whose expertise is approved by the Plant Protection Advisor to
Govt. of India except 1. Aluminium Phosphide 15 % 12 g tablet and 2.
Aluminum Phosphide 6 % tablet.
2. Captafol The use of Captafol as foliar spray is banned. Captafol shall be used
only as seed dresser.
(S.O.569 (E) dated 25thJuly, 1989)
The manufacture of Captafol 80 % powder for dry seed treatment (DS)
is banned for use in the country except manufacture for export.
(S.O.679 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001)
3. Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 3 % Smoke Generator, is to be used only through Pest
Control Operators and not allowed to be used by the General Public.
4. Dazomet The use of Dazomet is not permitted on Tea.
(S.O.3006 (E) dated 31st Dec, 2008)
5. Diazinon Diazinon is banned for use in agriculture except for household use.
(S.O.45 (E) dated 08th Jan, 2008)
6. Dichloro Diphenyl The use of DDT for the domestic Public Health Programme is
Trichloroethane (DDT) restricted up to 10,000 Metric Tonnes per annum, except in case of any
major outbreak of epidemic. M/s Hindustan Insecticides Ltd., the sole
manufacturer of DDT in the country may manufacture DDT for export
to other countries for use in vector control for public health purpose.
The export of DDT to Parties and State non-Parties shall be strictly
in accordance with the paragraph 2(b) article 3 of the Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
7. Fenitrothion The use of Fenitrothion is banned in Agriculture except for locust
control in scheduled desert area and public health.
(S.O.706 (E) dated 03rdMay, 2007)
8. Fenthion The use of Fenthion is banned in Agriculture except for locust control,
household and public health.
(S.O.46 (E) dated 08th Jan, 2008)
9. Methoxy Ethyl The use of MEMC is banned completely except for seed treatment of
Mercuric Chloride potato and sugarcane. (S.O.681 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001)
(MEMC)
10. Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide may be used only by Govt./Govt. undertakings/Govt.
Organizations / Pest control operators under the strict supervision of
Govt. Experts or Experts whose expertise is approved by the Plant
Protection Advisor to Govt. of India.
[G.S.R.371 (E) dated 20thMay, 1999 and earlier RC decision]

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

11. Methyl Parathion Methyl Parathion 50 % EC and 2% DP formulations are banned for use
on fruits and vegetables.
(S.O.680 (E) dated 17thJuly, 2001)
The use of Methyl Parathion is permitted only on those crops approved
by the Registration Committee where honeybees are not acting as a
pollinators. (S.O.658 (E) dated 04th Sep., 1992.)
12. Monocrotophos Monocrotophos is banned for use on vegetables.
(S.O.1482 (E) dated 10thOct, 2005)
13. Sodium Cyanide The use of Sodium Cyanide shall be restricted for Fumigation of Cotton
bales under expert supervision approved by the Plant Protection Advisor
to Govt. of India.
(S.O.569(E) dated 25thJuly, 1989)

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Annexure-VIII

Basic Precautions in Pesticide Usage

A. Purchase
1. Purchase only JUST required quantity e.g. 100, 250, 500 or 1000 g/ml for single application in
specified area.
2. Do not purchase leaking containers, loose, unsealed or torn bags.
3. Do not purchase pesticides without proper/approved LABELS.

B. Storage
1. Avoid storage of pesticides in the house premises.
2. Keep only in original container with intact seal.
3. Do not transfer pesticides to other container.
4. Never keep them together with food or feed/fodder.
5. Keep away from the reach of children and livestock.
6. Do not expose to sun-light or rain water.
7. Do not store weedicides along with other pesticides.

C. Handling
1. Never carry/transport pesticides along with food materials.
2. Avoid carrying bulk - pesticides (dusts / granules) on head, shoulders or on the back.

D. Precautions for Preparing Spray Solution

1. Use clean water.
2. Always protect your NOSE, EYES, MOUTH, EARS and HANDS.
3. Use hand gloves, face mask and cover your head with cap.
4. Use polyethylene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece of clean cloth as mask and a cap or
towel to cover the head (Do not use polyethylene bag contaminated with pesticides).
5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.
6. Prepare spray solution as per requirement.
7. Do not mix granules with water.
8. Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc. while opening sealed containers. Do not smell
the sprayer tank.
9. Avoid spilling of pesticide solution while filling the sprayer tank.
10. Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew while preparing solution.
11. The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polyethylene bags.

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

E. Equipments
1. Select right kind of equipment.
2. Do not use leaky, defective equipment.
3. Select right kind of nozzle.
4. Don’t blow/clean clogged- nozzle with mouth. Use old tooth- brushes tied with the sprayer and
clean with water.
5. Do not use same sprayer for weedicide and insecticide.

F. Precautions for applying pesticides

1. Apply only at recommended dose and dilution.
2. Do not apply on hot sunny day or strong windy condition.
3. Do not apply just before the rains and also after the rains.
4. Do not apply against the wind direction.
5. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used for spraying with battery operated ULV
sprayer.
6. Wash the sprayer and bucket etc with soap water after spraying.
7. Containers, buckets etc. used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purposes.
8. Avoid entry of animals and workers in the fields immediately after the spraying.

G. Disposal
1. Left over spray solution should not be drained in ponds or water lines etc. Throw it in barren isolated
area, if possible.
2. The used/empty containers should be crushed with a stone / stick and burned deep into soil away
from water source.
3. Never re-use empty pesticide container for any purpose.

37
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

38
 Annexure-IX
Symptoms of poisoning and the treatment of poisoning for different pesticides

Classification as
Name Colour of Toxicity WHO classification Symptoms of
S. No per Insecticides First aid measures Treatment of poisoning
of pesticide Triangle by hazard poisoning
Rules. 1971
INSECTICIDES
ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES
1. Quinalphos Highly toxic Yellow Class II Moderately Remove the p erson from the Nausea, vomiting, - Gastric lavage with 2-4 L. tap
Hazardous contaminated environment restlessness, tremor, water. Catharsis with 30 gm (10 oz)
2. Monocrotophos Extremely toxic Bright red Class I b Highly In case of (a) Skin contact Remove apprehension, sodium sulphate in the cup of water
hazardous all contaminated clothings and convulsions, coma, - Barbiturates in appropriate dosages
immediately wash with lot of water respiratory failure and repeated as necessary for restlessness
3. Acephate Moderately toxic Blue Class III Slightly and soap. (b) Eye contamination death or convulsions.
Hazardous Wash the eyes with plenty of cool and Mild – anorexia, - Watch breathing closely, aspirate
4. Chlorpyriphos Highly toxic Yellow Class II Moderately clean water; (c) Inhalation – Carry the headache, dizziness, oxygen and/or artificial respiration, if
Hazardous person to the open fresh air, loosen the weakness, anxiety, needed.
clothings around neck and chest, and tremors of tongue Avoid oils, oil laxatives and
5. Ediphenphos Highly toxic Yellow Class I b -Highly
(d) Indigestion – If the victim is fully and eyelids, miosis, epinephrine (Adrenalin) – do not give
hazardous
conscious, induce vomiting by tickling impairment of visual stimulants.
6. Phorate Extremely toxic Red Class Ia- Extremely back of the throat. Do not administer acuity. - Give calcium gluconate (19% in 10
hazardous

39
milk, alcohol and fatty substances. In Moderate- nausea, ml Ampules) intravenously every four
case the person is unconscious make salivation, lacrimation, hours.
sure the breathing passage is kept clear abdominal cramp, For extreme symptoms of O.P
without any obstruction. Victim’s head vomiting, sweating, poisoning, injection of atropine
should be little lowered and face should slow pulse, muscular (2-4 mg, for adults, 0/5-1.0 mg for
be turned to one side in the lying down tremors, miosis. children) is recommended, repeated
position. In case of breathing difficulty, Severe – diarrhea, at 5-10 minute intervals until signs
give mouth to mouth or mouth to nose pinpoint and non- of atropinization occur. Speed is
breathing. reactive pupils, imperative
Medical aid: Take the patient to respiratory difficulty, - Atropine injection – 1 to 4 mg.
the doctor/Primary Health Centre pulmonary edema, Repeat 2 mg, when toxic symptoms
immediately along with the original cyanosis, loss of begin to recur (15-16 minute
container, leaflet and label sphincter control, intervals), Excessive salivation
convulsions, coma and good sign, more atropine needed.
heart block. - Keep airways open, Aspirate, use
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

oxygen, insert endotracheal tube.

Do tracheotomy and give artificial
respiration as needed.
- For ingestion lavage stomach
with 5% sodium bicarbonate if not
vomiting. For skin contact, wash
with soap and water (eye wash with
isotonic saline). Wear rubber gloves
while washing contact areas.
 Classification as
Name Colour of Toxicity WHO classification Symptoms of
S. No per Insecticides First aid measures Treatment of poisoning
of pesticide Triangle by hazard poisoning
Rules. 1971
CARBAMATES
7. Carbofuran Extremely toxic Red Class I b Highly Constriction of pupils, - Atropine injection 1 to 4 mg, Repeat
hazardous salivation, profuse 2 mg when toxic symptoms begin
8. Carbaryl Highly toxic Yellow Class II Moderately sweating, lassitude, to occur (15-60 minute intervals).
Hazardous muscle incoordination, Excessive salivation good sign, more
nausea, vomiting, atropine needed.
9. Cartap Highly toxic Yellow Class II Moderately diarrhea, epigastric - Keep airway open. Aspirate use
Hazardous Class II pain, tightness in chest. oxygen, insert endotracheal tube.
Moderately Hazardous DO tracheotomy and give artificial
respiration as needed.
- For ingestion, larvae stomach
with 5% sodium bicarbonate, if not
vomiting. For skin contact wash
with soap and water (eyes wash with
isotonic saline), wear rubber gloves
while washing contact areas.
- Oxygen
- Morphine, if needed.
Avoid theophyllin and aminophyllin
or barbituarates. 2-PAM and other
oximes are not harmful and in fact
contra indicated for routine usage.

40
Do not give atropine to a cyanotic
patient. Give artificial respiration first
then administer atropine.
FUNGICIDES
10. Mancozeb Slightly toxic Green Table 5 – Unlikely to Headache, palpitation, No specific antidote, Treatment is
present acute hazard in nausea, vomiting, essentially symptomatic.
normal use flushed face, irritation
11. Hexaconazole Slightly toxic Green do- of nose, throat, eyes and
skin etc.
12. Propiconazole Moderately toxic Blue Class III Slightly
Hazardous
13 Validamycin Slightly toxic Green Table 5 – Unlikely to
present acute hazard in
normal use
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

14. Tricyclazole Highly toxic Yellow Class II Moderately

Hazardous
15. Iprobenphos Moderately toxic Blue Class III Slightly
Hazardous
 Classification as
Name Colour of Toxicity WHO classification Symptoms of
S. No per Insecticides First aid measures Treatment of poisoning
of pesticide Triangle by hazard poisoning
Rules. 1971
16. Thiophanate methyl Slightly toxic Green Table 5 – Unlikely to
present acute hazard in
normal use
17. Carbendazim do- do- do-
18. Kasugamycin do- do- do-
HERBICIDES
19. Cyhalofopbutyl Slightly toxic Green Table 5 – Unlikely to Headache, palpitation, No specific antidote, Treatment is
present acute hazard in nausea, vomiting, essentially symptomatic.
normal use flushed face, irritation
20. Butachlor Moderately toxic Blue -do- of nose, throat, eyes and
skin etc.
21. Pretilachlor Slightly toxic Green Table 5 – Unlikely to
present acute hazard in
norma l use
22. Chlory- Moderately toxic Blue -do-
muramethyl
Chlorymuramethyl
OTHER
23. Fipronil Highly toxic Yellow Class II Moderately Headache, palpitation, No specific antidote, Treatment is
Hazardous nausea, vomiting, essentially symptomatic.

41
24. Imidacloprid -do- do- -do- flushed face, irritation
of nose, throat, eyes and
skin etc.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA
 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Pod borer Black bean aphid

Tobacco caterpillar Cut worm

Semi looper

Termite

Plate I. Key insect pests and their field symptoms

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 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR CHICKPEA

Rust Stemphylium blight

Ascochyta blight Collar rot

Wilt Root rot

Plate II. Important diseases and their field symptoms

43