NAME:……………MARKING SCHEME……………………..…….……ADM. NO:…………. …..

CANDIDATE’S SIGN:………………………..………….CLASS…….……… DATE: 20/03/2025

312/1
GEOGRAPHY
PRE- MOCK
Paper 1
March 2025
TIME: 2¾ Hours

PANGANI GIRLS SCHOOL PRE-MOCK MARCH 2025

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1
2¾ hours

INSTRUCTIONS:
❖ Answer ALL the questions in section A.
❖ In Section B answer question 6 and any other two.
❖ This paper consists of six printed pages. Check to ascertain whether all the pages are printed.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

SECTION QUESTIONS MAXIMUM CANDIDATE’S
SCORE SCORE

A 1-5 25

6 25
B
25

25

TOTAL SCORE

SECTION A.
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 Answer ALL the questions in this section.

1. The diagram below represents the earth on its axis. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) i) Name the latitude marked G. (1mark)

 Tropic of cancer
ii) What is the angle of inclination of the earth’s axis from its orbit? (1 mark)
 66½º

b) State three effects of revolution of the earth. (3 marks)

 Causes changes in seasons
 Causes varying length of days and nights at different times of the year
 Causes changes in the position of the overhead mid -day sun at different times of the
year
 Causes eclipses/ solar and lunar eclipses

2. a) State two changes that occur in sedimentary rocks when they are subjected to intense heat and
pressure. (2 marks)
 Change in rock texture and structure resulting in a change in the physical appearance
 Change in rock resistance to erosion/ rock becomes more compact
 Rock minerals melt and re- crystallize
 New minerals are formed/ change in chemical composition
 Rocks are metamorphosed to form new rocks

b) For each of the following sedimentary rocks, name the resultant rock that forms after metamorphism.
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 i) Sandstone - Quartzite (1 mark)
ii) Limestone - Marble (1 mark)
iii) Clay - Slate (1 mark)

3. a) Name two types of longitudinal waves. (2 marks)

 Love waves
 Rayleigh waves
b) State three effects of earthquakes on the physical environment. (3 marks)
 Causes lateral and vertical displacement of rocks
 Causes faulting of rocks
 Causes raising and lowering/ uplifting and down warping of the sea floor and coastal
regions
 Causes raising and lowering of continental land
 Causes landslides/ mass wasting
 Leads to volcanic eruptions after faulting
 Generates a lot of energy within rocks of the crust which produce a lot of heat
 Causes Tsunami waves due to earthquakes vibrations on the ocean floor

4. The diagram below shows the hydrological cycle. Study and use it to answer the
question that follows.

(a) Identify the process marked K and L. (2 marks)

K – Solar insolation / radiation
L – Infiltration

(b) State three characteristics of a flood plain. (3 marks)

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  Have a gently sloping gradient/ flat surface
 Have thick alluvial deposits/ silt
 Have leeves on either side of the river banks
 Some flood plains have marshes / swamps
 Some flood plains have braided channels
 Some have deferred tributaries
 Have river bluffs
 Have meanders/ bends
 Some have ox- bow lakes at their edges

5. (a) Differentiate between soil texture and and soil structure (2marks)
 Soil texture refers to the degree of fineness or coarseness of soil particles while soil
structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles to make an aggregate compound soil
(b) State three ways in which mulching helps in soil conservation. (3 marks)
 Plant materials used decompose increasing soil humus
 Protects the soil from soil erosion by reducing the impact of rain drops
 Helps to increase soil aeration
 Helps to retain soil moisture

SECTION B
Answer Question 6 And Any Other Two Questions from This Section.

6. Study the map of TAMBACH (1:50,000) provided and use it to answer the following questions.
a) i) Give the title of the map provided. (1 mark)
 EAST AFRICA 1:50,000 (KENYA)
ii) Name two types of scales used in the map. (2 marks)
 Ratio/ Representative fraction scale
 Linear scale
iii) What is the magnetic Variation of the map as at January 1975. (2 marks)
 1º 24ʹ
iv) Give the six-figure grid reference of Barwesa school (2 marks)
 002786

v) Measure the length of all weather road bound surface C51 from the junction at mining
camp to Kabarnet. Give your answer in Kilometres. (2 marks)
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  5.3km ±0.1 (5.2 – 5.4)

b i) Draw a rectangle measuring 8cm by 6cm to represent the area bound by Eastings 88 and 96
and Northings 66 and 72. (1mark)

On the rectangle, mark and name the following:-

• River Kerio. (1mark)
• Seasonal swamp. (1mark)
• Air photo principal point 78. (1mark)

ii) Calculate the new scale of the rectangle. (2marks)

New scale ═ original scale × scale factor

1:50,000 ×1/2

1:100,000
c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map. (6marks)
 There are many river valleys in the area covered by the map

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  The landscape is generally dissected
 There is Kerio valley in the area covered by the map
 There is Elgeyo escarpment in the area covered by the map
 There are several hills in the area covered by the map
 There are depressions occupied by Lake Kamnorok
 There are steep slopes on the western and eastern part of the area covered by the
map
 The highest point and lowest point in the area covered by the map is 2540 metres and
1040 metres respectively
 The central part of the area covered by the map is generally gentle as indicated by
contours which are widely spaced
 There are ridges/ saddle/ col/ pass in the area covered by the map
d) Citing evidence from the map, identify two social functions of Tambach town. (4marks)
 Educational centre as evidenced by presence of schools
 Administration centre as evidenced by DC office/ CC office
 Security centre as evidenced by police post
 Religious centre as evidenced by church/ mosque
 Health centre as evidenced by hospitals

7. (a) i) Apart from sedimentary rocks, identify other two types of rocks. (3 marks)
 Igneous
 Metamorphic
ii) State two reasons why sedimentary rocks are widespread in coastal regions.(2 marks)

 Coastal area is a lowland facilitating deposition

 Presence of shallow continental shelf facilitating formation of coral rocks


iii) Name two regions in Kenya which are dominated by granitic rocks. (2 marks)

 Nyanza

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  Western
(b) Describe how the following types of rocks are formed.
(i) Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks. (5 marks)
 Rock particles from pre-existing rocks are transported by wind or water
 They are deposited in the lowland forming thick layers.
 The upper layers compress the lower layers
 A hard solid material is formed
 These are mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.
(ii) Chemically formed sedimentary rocks. (5 marks)
 Minerals are dissolved in rocks
 Solution is transported to large sea/lake
 Chemical reaction occurs between the solution and sea water.
 Sediments are formed and deposited on the floor of the geosyncline forming thick layers
 The upper layers compress the lower layers
 A hard solid material is formed
 This is a chemically formed sedimentary rock.

8) a) (i) Apart from fold mountains, name three other features resulting from folding. (3marks)
 Synclinal valleys / Depressions
 Rolling plains
 Ridges and valley landscape
 Intermontane basins / Intermontane plateaus
 Escarpments/ fault scarp
ii) On the outline map of Africa provided, name the feature marked x, y and z. (3marks)

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 X – Atlas Mountain
Y – Cape ranges
Z – Ethiopian Highland
iii) Describe the formation of Fold Mountains. (6marks)
 Geosyncline are formed on the earth’s surface
 The geosyncline was filled with water to form a sea
 Prolonged and extensive erosion occurs on the
surrounding higher grounds.
 Sediments are deposited in the geosyncline forming thick
layers.
 The weight of the sediments cause subsidence of the
geosyncline triggers off compressional forces which draw
the higher grounds closer.
 The sediments wrinkles at the edges to form Fold
Mountains
b) Name three major orogeny. (3marks)
 Charnian orogeny
 Caledonian orogeny

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  Hercynian / Armenian orogeny
 Alpine orogeny

C. Explain Four ways in which Fold Mountains influence drainage. (8marks)

 Folding forms depressions which are filled with water forming lakes
 Folding forms fold mountains which are sources of rivers
 Folding forms escarpments with springs at the base exposing water table
 Folding leads to uplifting of the land causing rivers to reverse / change their direction
 Folding along a river channel leads to the occurrence of the waterfalls

9. (a) Name two types of submerged coasts. (2 marks)

 Fiord/ fjard/ fyord
 Dalmatian / Longitudinal
 Estuarine
 Ria

(b) Explain how the following factors determine the effectiveness of wave erosion along a
Coast.
(i) Nature of the material transported by waves. (2 marks)
 Hard rocks carried by waves increase the erosive power of the waves as they hit against
the coast
 Heavy pieces of rocks carried by waves hit against the cliffs thus weakening the wall
making it susceptible to wave erosion

(ii) Nature of the coastal rocks. (2 marks)

 A coast made of soft rocks wears away easily when subjected to sea waves
 Well jointed / fractured/ unconsolidated rock enhances erosion by waves along the line
of weakness
 Where rocks are soluble or made of limestone/ chalk they are easily eroded through
solution process

(b) (i) With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe the process through which a stack is
formed. (6 marks)

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 (ii) State three conditions that favor the growth of coral. (3 marks)
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 The water should be warm about 20 – 30 C
 The water should be shallow to allow sunlight to penetrate/ depth up to 60m
 The water should be clear from silt / mud
 The water should be saline
 There should be plentiful supply of Plankton microscopic plant food
 The water should be well oxygenated

(i) Explain three ways in which corals contribute to the economic development of Kenya
(6 marks)
 Coral features attract tourist who bring foreign exchange into the country
 Coral reefs provide breeding grounds for fish. This has promoted fishing
industry at the coast.
 Coral reefs provided limestone which is used as raw material for cement making
 Coral rocks provided stones which are used in the building industry
 Coral stones are extracted and sold as ornaments/ for their aesthetic value

(d) Form four students from your school planned to carry out a field study along the coast of Kenya.
(i) State two reasons why you would need to sample the coastal region. (2 marks)
 To reduce cost of study
 To save on time
 To make the study area less expansive (small)
 To enable you get quicker results
 To do a detailed study
 Less tiring to study a small area
 Helps reduce bias
 Helps focus on relevant areas for the study
 Some parts may not be accessible as there are no roads

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 (ii) State two ways by which the information would be used by your country. (2 marks)
 For future reference
 Noting economic importance of coastal features
 Learning the needs of preserving /conserving coastal features
 Helps in knowing the significance of field work features

10. The diagram below represents an artesian basin. Use it to answer question (a).

a) Identify

i) The features marked

X - Impermeable rock (1 mark)
Y - Permeable rock / aquifer (1 mark)
ii) The process marked Z (1 mark)
Z - Percolation

b) Explain how the following factors influence the amount of underground water in
limestone areas.
 Rainfall (4 marks)
 Little rainfall results in little or no infiltration hence low amount of underground water
 Heavy rainfall within a short period leads to more run -off with little infiltration
 Heavy rainfall saturates the surface blocking air spaces thus reducing the rate of infiltration
leading to low amounts of underground water
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 High rainfall leads to high rates of infiltration hence high amount of underground water
 Rainfall over a long period result in more infiltration replenishing underground water
sources

 Vegetation (4 marks)
 Vegetation provides shade on the ground reducing evaporation hence increasing infiltration
and the amount of underground
 Presence of vegetation cover reduces speed of falling raindrops, reducing run- off thus
holding water on the ground allowing it sufficient time to sink thus increasing underground
water
 On bare ground there is more run -off with little infiltration reducing the amount of
underground water

c)
i) State three factors which favour the location of an artesian well. (3 marks)

 Presence of a permeable rock sandwiched between two impermeable rock layers to hold

water

 The permeable rock is exposed to surface / water – intake area on one or both sides for

water to percolate into it

 The permeable rock must outcrop in a region of adequate water supply or high rainfall

region or a lake bed in order to absorb water

 The permeable rock layer becomes saturated with water forming an aquifer

 The entire rock structure and the permeable rock must form a syncline for water to have

enough pressure to flow out naturally in the artesian well

 The artesian well must be sunk to reach below the water table in the permeable for it to

have water permanently

 The mouth of the well must be lower than the water intake area for water to flow out

naturally by hydraulic pressure

ii) Apart from stalactite, name three other underground features formed in limestone areas.

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 (3 marks)

 Stalagmites

 Limestone pillar

 Caves

 Underground rivers / streams

 Karst bridge

 Karst windows

iii) Describe how a stalactite is formed. (5 marks)

 Rain water percolates into the limestone rocks and reacts with calcium carbonate to form

a solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate

 The solution trickles slowly through joints in the rocks to the roof of the cave

 Some of this solution hangs on the caves roof

 Water evaporates and carbon (IV) oxide is given off forming calcium carbonate which

precipitates on the roof as crystals

 Calcium carbonate crystals build downwards forming finger like projections called

stalactites

d) State three reasons why there are few settlements in Karst landscapes. (3 marks)

 The areas are rocky hence unsuitable for human activities

 They have rugged surfaces which are unsuitable for human settlements

 They have thin soils hence unsuitable for agriculture

 They have poor vegetation cover

 They have inadequate water supply since most of the water sinks underground

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