VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, VANIYAMBADI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUB:1020233640-MACHINE TOOL TECHNOLOGY LAB

SEM / YEAR:III/II

Prepared by
A. MOHAMMED ASLAM.M.E.,MBA.,
Head of the Department / Mechanical
Engineering
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. All the students are instructed to dress appropriately. Remove any
necklaces or other dangling jewelry, wristwatch or rings. Secure any loose-
fitting clothing and roll up long sleeves. Wear an apron or a properly fitted
shop coat. Safety glasses are a must.
2. Do not attempt to operate a machine until you know the proper procedures
and have been checked out on its safe operation by your instructor.
3. Keep the machine clear of tools and always stop the machine before
making measurements and adjustments.
4. Don't operate any machine without getting concerned staff member's prior
permission.
5. All the students are advised to come with completed record and corrected
observation book of previous experiment.
6. Extreme care must be taken to avoid any possible injury while on
laboratory work.
7. In case, anything occurs immediately report to the staff members.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Grooving and Taper Turning.
2. LH Thread cutting.
3. RH Thread cutting
4. Eccentric Turning.

5.Bush: Turning & Drilling

6. Make Spur Gear using milling machine by simple Indexing
7. Make helical gear using milling machine
8. Grind a plain surface using surface Grinder
9. Make progressive type plug gauge using cylindrical
grinding machine
10. Make a turning tool / milling cutter using tool and cutter grinder
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

STUDY OF LATHE
INTRODUCTION

Lathe is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tools all over the world. It is commonly
known as the mother of all other machine tool. The main function of a lathe is to remove metal from a job
to give it the required shape and size. The job is secure1y and rigid1y held in the chuck or in between
centers on the lathe machine and then turn it against a single point cutting tool which wi1l remove meta1
from the job in the form of chips. Fig. 1 shows the working principle of lathe. An engine lathe is the most
basic and simplest form of the lathe. It derives its name from the early lathes, which obtained their power
from engines. Besides the simple turning operation as described above, lathe can be used to carry out
other operations also, such as drilling, reaming, boring, taper turning, knurling, screw thread cutting,
grinding etc.

Fig.1. Working principal of lathe machine

CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE MACHINE

A simple lathe comprises of a bed made of grey cast iron on which headstock, tailstock, carriage and
other components of lathe are mounted. Fig. 2 shows the different parts of engine lathe or central lathe.
The major parts of lathe machine are given as under:
1. Bed
2. Head stock
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Feed mechanism
6. Thread cutting mechanism
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig.2 Different parts of engine lathe or central lathe

Bed

The bed of a lathe machine is the base on which all other parts of lathe are mounted. It is massive and
rigid single piece casting made to support other active parts of lathe. On left end of the bed, headstock of
lathe machine is located while on right side tailstock is located. The carriage of the machine rests over the
bed and slides on it. On the top of the bed there are two sets of guideways-innerways and outer ways. The
inner ways provide sliding surfaces for the tailstock and the outer ways for the carriage. The guideways of
the lathe bed may be flat and inverted V shape. Generally, cast iron alloyed with nickel and chromium
material is used for manufacturing of the lathe bed.

Head Stock

The main function of headstock is to transmit power to the different parts of a lathe. It comprises of the
headstock casting to accommodate all the parts within it including gear train arrangement. The main
spindle is adjusted in it, which possesses live centre to which the work can be attached. It supports the
work and revolves with the work, fitted into the main spindle of the headstock. The cone pulley is also
attached with this arrangement, which is used to get various spindle speed through electric motor. The
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

back-gear arrangement is used for obtaining a wide range of slower speeds. Some gears called change
wheels are used to produce different velocity ratio required for thread cutting.

Tail Stock

Fig. 3 shows the tail stock of central lathe, which is commonly used for the objective of primarily giving
an outer bearing and support the circular job being turned on centers. Tail stock can be easily set or
adjusted for alignment or non-alignment with respect to the spindle centre and carries a centre called dead
centre for supporting one end of the work. Both live and dead centers have 60° conical points to fit centre
holes in the circular job, the other end tapering to allow for good fitting into the spindles. The dead centre
can be mounted in ball bearing so that it rotates with the job avoiding friction of the job with dead centre
as it important to hold heavy jobs.

Fig.3 Tail stock of central lathe

Carriage

Carriage is mounted on the outer guide ways of lathe bed and it can move in a direction parallel to the
spindle axis. It comprises of important parts such as apron, cross-slide, saddle, compound rest, and tool
post. The lower part of the carriage is termed the apron in which there are gears to constitute apron
mechanism for adjusting the direction of the feed using clutch mechanism and the split half nut for
automatic feed. The cross-slide is basically mounted on the carriage, which generally travels at right
angles to the spindle axis. On the cross-slide, a saddle is mounted in which the compound rest is adjusted
which can rotate and fix to any desired angle. The compound rest slide is actuated by a screw, which
rotates in a nut fixed to the saddle. The tool post is an important part of carriage, which fits in a tee-slot in
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

the compound rest and holds the tool holder in place by the tool post screw. Fig. 4 shows the tool post of
centre lathe.

Fig.4 Tool post of centre lathe

Feed Mechanism

Feed mechanism is the combination of different units through which motion of headstock spindle is
transmitted to the carriage of lathe machine. Following units play role in feed mechanism of a lathe
machine-
1. End of bed gearing
2. Feed gear box
3. Lead screw and feed rod
4. Apron mechanism

The gearing at the end of bed transmits the rotary motion of headstock spindle to the feed gear box.
Through the feed gear box, the motion is further transmitted either to the feed shaft or lead screw,
depending on whether the lathe machine is being used for plain turning or screw cutting. The feed gear
box contains a number of different sizes of gears. The feed gear box provides a means to alter the rate of
feed, and the ration between revolutions of the headstock spindle and the movement of carriage for thread
cutting by changing the speed of rotation of the feed rod or lead screw. The apron is fitted to the saddle. It
contains gears and clutches to transmit motion from the feed rod to the carriage, and the half nut which
engages with the lead screw during cutting threads. Thread Cutting Mechanism The half nut or split nut is
used for thread cutting in a lathe. It engages or disengages the carriage with the lead screw so that the
rotation of the leadscrew is used to traverse the tool along the workpiece to cut screw threads. The
direction in which the carriage moves depends upon the position of the feed reverse lever on theheadstock.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACCESSORIES AND ATTACHMENTS OF LATHE

There are many lathe accessories provided by the lathe manufacturer along with the lathe, which support
the lathe operations. The important lathe accessories include centers, catch plates and carriers, chucks,
collets, face plates, angle plates, mandrels, and rests. These are used either for holding and supporting the
work or for holding the tool. Attachments are additional equipments provided by the lathe manufacturer
along with the lathe, which can be used for specific operations. The lathe attachment includes stops, ball
turning rests, thread chasing dials, milling attachment, grinding attachment, gear cutting attachment, turret
attachment and crank pin turning attachments and taper turning attachment.

Lathe centers

The most common method of holding the job in a lathe is between the two centers generally known as
live centre (head stock centre) and dead centre (tailstock centre). They are made of very hard materials to
resist deflection and wear and they are used to hold and support the cylindrical jobs.

Carriers or driving dog and catch plates

These are used to drive a job when it is held between two centers. Carriers or driving dogs are attached to
the end of the job by a setscrew. A use of lathe dog for holding and supporting the job is shown in Fig. 5.
Catch plates are either screwed or bolted to the nose of the headstock spindle. A projecting pin from the
catch plate or carrier fits into the slot provided in either of them. This imparts a positive drive between the
lathe spindle and job.

Fig. 5 Lathe dog

VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Chuck

Chuck is one of the most important devices for holding and rotating a job in a lathe. It is basically
attached to the headstock spindle of the lathe. The internal threads in the chuck fit on to the external
threads on the spindle nose. Short, cylindrical, hol1ow objects or those of irregular shapes, which cannot
be conveniently mounted between centers, are easily and rigidly held in a chuck. Jobs of short length and
large diameter or of irregular shape, which cannot be conveniently mounted between centers, are held
quickly and rigidly in a chuck. There are a number of types of lathe chucks, e.g.
(1) Three jaws or universal
(2) Four jaw independent chuck
(3) Magnetic chuck
(4) Collet chuck
(5) Air or hydraulic chuck operated chuck
(6) Combination chuck
(7) Drill chuck.

Face plates
Face plates are employed for holding jobs, which cannot be conveniently held between centers or by
chucks. A face plate possesses the radial, plain and T slots for holding jobs or work-pieces by bolts and
clamps. Face plates consist of a circular disc bored out and threaded to fit the nose of the lathe spindle.
They are heavily constructed and have strong thick ribs on the back. They have slots cut into them,
therefore nuts, bolts, clamps and angles are used to hold the jobs on the face plate. They are accurately
machined and ground.

Angle plates
Angle plate is a cast iron plate having two faces machined to make them absolutely at right angles to each
other. Holes and slots are provided on both faces so that it may be clamped on a faceplate and can hold
the job or workpiece on the other face by bolts and clamps. The plates are used in conjunction with a face
plate when the holding surface of the job should be kept horizontal.
Mandrels
A mandrel is a device used for holding and rotating a hollow job that has been previously drilled or bored.
The job revolves with the mandrel, which is mounted between two centers. It is rotated by the lathe dog
and the catch plate and it drives the work by friction. Different types of mandrels are employed according
to specific requirements. It is hardened and tempered steel shaft or bar with 60° centers, so that it can be
mounted between centers. It holds and locates a part from its center hole. The mandrel is always rotated
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

with the help of a lathe dog; it is never placed in a chuck for turning the job. A mandrel unlike an arbor is
a job holding device rather than a cutting tool holder. A bush can be faced and turned by holding the same
on a mandrel between centers. It is generally used in order to machine the entire length of a hollow job

Rests
A rest is a lathe device, which supports a long slender job, when it is turned between centers or by a
chuck, at some intermediate point to prevent bending of the job due to its own weight and vibration set up
due to the cutting force that acts on it. The two types of rests commonly used for supporting a long job in
an engine lathe are the steady or centre rest and the follower rest.
SPECIFICATION OF LATHE

The size of a lathe is generally specified by the following means:

(a) Swing or maximum diameter that can be rotated over the bed ways
(b) Maximum length of the job that can be held between head stock and tail stock centres
(c) Bed length, which may include head stock length also
(d) Maximum diameter of the bar that can pass through spindle or collect chuck of capstan lathe.
Fig. 6 illustrates the elements involved in specifications of a lathe. The following data also contributes to
specify a common lathe machine.

Fig. 6 Specifications of a lathe

(i) Maximum swing over bed

(ii) Maximum swing over carriage
(iii) Height of centers over bed
(iv) Maximum distance between centers
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(v) Length of bed

(vi) Width of bed
(vii) Morse taper of center
(viii) Diameter of hole through spindle
(ix) Face plate diameter
(x) Size of tool post
(xi) Number of spindle speeds
(xii) Lead screw diameter and number of threads per cm.
(xiii) Size of electrical motor
(xiv) Pitch range of metric and inch threads etc.

CUTTING SPEED
Cutting speed for lathe work may be defined as the rate in meters per minute at which the surface of the
job moves past the cutting tool. Machining at a correct cutting speed is highly important for good tool life
and efficient cutting. Too slow cutting speeds reduce productivity and increase manufacturing costs
whereas too high cutting speeds result in overheating of the tool and premature failure of the cutting edge
of the tool. The following factors affect the cutting speed:
(i) Kind of material being cut,
(ii) Cutting tool material,
(iii) Shape of cutting tool,
(iv) Rigidity of machine tool and the job piece and
(v) Type of cutting fluid being used.
Calculation of cutting speed Cs, in meters per minute
Cs = ((22/7) × D × N)) /1000
Where
D is diameter of job in mm.
N is in RPM

FEED
Feed is defined as the distance that a tool advances into the work during one revolution of the headstock
spindle. It is usually given as a linear movement per revolution of the spindle or job. During turning a job
on the center lathe, the saddle and the tool post move along the bed of the lathe for a particular feed for
cutting along the length of the rotating job.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Pre-viva questions:
1. What is a lathe?
2. What are the various operations can be performed on a lathe?
3. What are principle parts of the lathe?
4. State the various parts mounted on the carriage.
5. List any four types of lathe.
6. State the various feed mechanisms used for obtaining automatic feed.
7. List any four holding devices.
8. What are the different operations performed on the lathe?
9. State any two specification of lathe.
10. What are the types of headstock?
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Exp. No. 1
Grooving and Taper Turning
AIM
To perform the grooving and taper turning in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece
for the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Single point cutting tool,grooving tool, Vernier caliper, chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The turning operation is done on the work piece
5. The taper turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the taper turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form steps
7. Then the grooving operation is done
8. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

RESULT:
Thus the grooving and taper turning in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece for the
given dimensions is done successfully
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Exp. No. 2 LH Thread Cutting

AIM
To perform the LH thread Cutting in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece
for the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED
Grooving tool, Chamfer tool, Vernier caliper, and chuck key,Turning tool, thread cutting tool,
& tool post key
PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. A groove of required dimension is cut by using grooving tools
7. Suitable change gears are selected and meshed.
8. The turning tool is replaced by thread cutting tool
9. Then the lead screw is adjusted to automatic position for thread cutting operation such that the
required depth of cut is given by cross slide movemen
10. Suitable depth of cut is given by moving cross slide .The complete thread can be made in
tow or three passes
11. The ends of the job are chamfered by using chamfering tool.
12. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

RESULT:
Thus the Thread cutting(LH) operation in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece
for the given dimensions is done successfully
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Exp. No. 3 RH Thread Cutting

AIM
To perform the RH thread Cutting in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece
for the given dimensions.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm
TOOLS REQUIRED
Grooving tool, Chamfer tool, Vernier caliper, and chuck key,Turning tool, thread cutting tool,
& tool post key
PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. A groove of required dimension is cut by using grooving tools
7. Suitable change gears are selected and meshed.
8. The turning tool is replaced by thread cutting tool
9. Then the lead screw is adjusted to automatic position for thread cutting operation such that the
required depth of cut is given by cross slide movemen
10. Suitable depth of cut is given by moving cross slide .The complete thread can be made in
tow or three passes
11. The ends of the job are chamfered by using chamfering tool.
12. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

RESULT:
Thus the Thread cutting(RH) operation in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece
for the given dimensions is done successfully.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Exp. No. 4 Eccentric Turning

AIM
To perform the Eccentric turning in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece for the
given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Single point cutting tool, Vernier caliper, chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the Eccentric turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form steps
7. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing eccentric
turning operations in lathe.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Exp. No. 5. Shaft & Bush(Turning & Drilling)

AIM
To perform the drilling, Boring in a turning Machine on the given work piece for
the given dimensions.
MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of Length 32x77 mm and 32 x 30mm

TOOLS REQUIRED
Steel rule, Flat file (rough and smooth), Drill bit , chamfering tool,
Try square, Boring tool,Box spanner
PROCEDURE
Shaft:

1. The work piece was fitted in the lathe spindle by suitable work holding devices..
2. The cutting tool is held in the tool post and its cutting point is set at lathe axis.
3. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required dimension
4. Suitable depth of cut is given by moving cross slide
5. The tool is fed parallel to lathe axis to the particular length of job.
6. The steps in the job are machined to suitable dimension
Bush:

7. The work piece was fitted in the lathe spindle by suitable work holding devices..
8. The cutting tool is held in the tool post and its cutting point is set at lathe axis.
9. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required dimension
10. Drill bit of suitable size is fitted in the tail stock of the lathe.
11. The drill bit is replaced by a boring tool
12. The boring tool is fed against rotating job to enlarge the hole for required size
13. The correctness of the job is checked by fitting the shaft inot the bush

Result:
The shaft and bush are made as per the dimension shown in the sketch by turning and drilling
operations in the lathe.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Exp. No. 6 Make Spur gear using milling machine

AIM
To produce a spur gear out of the given work piece using milling machine.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Cast iron diameter 55 mm and thickness 20 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED
Horizontal milling machine, gear tooth vernier
PROCEDURE

 The gear blank is held between the dividing head and tailstock using amandrel.
 The cutter is mounted on the arbor and the cutter is centred accurately with thegear
blank
 Set the speed and feed for machining. For giving depth of cut, the table is raisedtill the
periphery of the gear blank just touches the cutter

 The Micrometre dial of vertical feed screw is set to zero at this position. Thenthe
table is raised further to give the required depth of cut
 The machine is started and feed is given to the table to cut the first groove ofthe
blank.
 After the cut, the table is brought back to the starting position. Then the gear blank
is indexed for the next tooth space.This is continued till all the teeth are cut
 Dimensions of the gear teeth profile are checked using the gear tooth Vernier.

RESULT

Thus a spur gear is made from the given work piece using milling
machine.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Exp. No. 7 Make Helical gear using milling machine

AIM
To produce a Helical gear out of the given work piece using milling machine.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Cast iron diameter 55 mm and thickness 20 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED
Horizontal milling machine, gear tooth vernier
PROCEDURE
 The gear blank is held between the dividing head and tailstock using amandrel.
 The cutter is mounted on the arbor and the cutter is centred accurately with thegear
blank
 Set the speed and feed for machining. For giving depth of cut, the table is raisedtill the
periphery of the gear blank just touches the cutter

 The Micrometre dial of vertical feed screw is set to zero at this position. Thenthe
table is raised further to give the required depth of cut
 The machine is started and feed is given to the table to cut the first groove ofthe
blank.
 After the cut, the table is brought back to the starting position. Then the gear blank
is indexed for the next tooth space.This is continued till all the teeth are cut
 Dimensions of the gear teeth profile are checked using the gear tooth Vernier.

RESULT

Thus a helical gear is made from the given work piece using
milling machine.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EX NO :8 Grind a plain surface using surface Grinder

AIM
To make a plain surfaces using surface grinding machine.
TOOLS REQUIRED
1) Surface grinder 2) Grinding wheel
3) Vernier caliper 4) High precision micrometer
5) Try square

RAW MATERIAL
Mild Steel square rod : 12 x 12 x 75 mm.

PROCEDURE

1. The work piece is held on the table of the grinding machine by using magnetic chuck.
2. The trip dogs at the side of the table are adjusted for setting the correct stroke length of
the table.
3. Suitable grinding wheel is selected and fitted in the wheel head..
4. The grinding wheel is rotated in selected speed.
5. Depth of cut is given by moving the wheel head.
6. Suitable feed is given by moving the table (work piece).
7. After finishing one side of the work piece, it is removed and again held on the table so
as to finish the other side.
8. Thus all the four sides of the work piece are finished accurately for the required
dimension.
9.The squareness between adjacent sides is checked by try square.
Finally, the finished job is checked for ±0.05mm tolerance.
10.
RESULT
The plain surfaces are made with the given accuracy using surface grinding machine
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EX NO :9 Make progressive type plug gauge using cylindrical grinding machine

AIM
To make a progressive type plug gauge by using cylindrical grinding machine.
REQUIREMENTS

1) Cylindrical grinder 2) Grinding wheel

3) Vernier caliper 4) High precision micrometer
RAW MATERIAL
Mild Steel round rod : Φ25 × 100 mm

PROCEDURE

1. The raw material is turned in the lathe for required dimensions.

2. The work piece is held between the centres with face plate and dog carriers.
3. The trip dogs at the side of the table are adjusted for setting the correct stroke length of
the table.
4. Suitable grinding wheel is selected and fitted in the wheel head..
5. Both the work piece and grinding wheel are rotated in selected speed.
6. Depth of cut is given by moving the wheel head.
7. Suitable feed is given by moving the table (work piece).
8. Thus the grinding operation is performed to obtain the required dimension and surface
finish at two portions.
9. The one portion of the work piece is finished to 15.5mm diameter (GO end) and the
other portion is finished to 15.75mm diameter (NOGO end).
10. Finally, the finished job is checked for ±0.02mm tolerance.
RESULT
The progressive type plug gauge is made using cylindrical grinding machine.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EX NO :10 Make a turning tool / milling cutter using tool and cutter grinder.

AIM
To make a turning tool using tool and cutter grinder.

REQUIREMENTS

1) Tool and cutter grinder 2) Cup shaped grinding wheel

3) Angular gauge 4) High precision micrometer

RAW MATERIAL
Mild Steel square rod : 12 x 12 x 75 mm.

PROCEDURE

1. The work piece is held in proper position using suitable work holding device.
2. The wheel head is swiveled to set the top rake angle. The work piece is ground for
correct top rake angle.
3. The saddle is swiveled to set the side rake angle. The work piece is ground for correct
side rake angle.
4. The wheel head is swiveled to set the front clearance angle. The work piece is ground
for correct front clearance angle.
5. The table is swiveled to set the end cutting edge angle. The work piece is ground for
correct end cutting edge angle.
6. The wheel head is swiveled to set the end clearance angle. The work piece is groundfor
correct end clearance angle.
7.The table is swiveled to set the side cutting edge angle. The work piece is ground for
correct side cutting edge angle.
7. Finally, the finished job is measured for the correctness of dimensions.
RESULT
The turning tool is made with the given dimensions using tool and cutter grinder.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is a lathe?
Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from a piece of work to the required shape
&size

2. What are the various operations can be performed on a lathe?

1. Turning 6. Thread cutting

2. Facing 7. Drilling
3. Forming 8. Boring
4. Knurling 9. Recessing
5. Chamfering 10. Tapping
3. What are the types of headstock?
Back geared type, all geared type
4. State the various parts mounted on the carriage.
Saddle, compound rest, cross slide, tool post
5. What are the four types of tool post?
Single screw, Open side, Four bolt & Four way
6. What is an apron?
The integral part of several gears, levers clutches mounted with the saddle for
moving the carriage along with lead screw while thread cutting
7. State any two specification of lathe.
The height of centers from the bed & the maximum length of the bed
8. List any four types of lathe.

a) Engine lathe
b) Bench lathe
c) Tool room lathe
d) Semi automatic lathe
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
9. State any two specification of lathe.
The height of centers from the bed & the maximum length of the bed
10. List any four types of lathe.

e) Engine lathe
f) Bench lathe
g) Tool room lathe
h) Semi automatic lathe
i) Automatic lathe
11. What is a semi-automatic lathe?

The lathe in which all the machining operations are performed automatically and loading
and unloading of work piece, coolant on or off is performed manually
12. What is copying lathe?
The tool of the lathe follows a template or master through a stylus or tracer
13. State the various feed mechanisms used for obtaining automatic feed.
a) Tumbler gear mechanism
b) Quick change gearbox
c) Tumbler gear- Quick change gearbox
d) Apron mechanism

14. List any four holding devices.

a) Chucks
b) Centers
c) Face plate
d) Angle plate
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

15. What is a semi-automatic lathe?

The lathe in which all the machining operations are performed automatically and loading
and unloading of work piece, coolant on or off is performed manually
16. What is copying lathe?
The tool of the lathe follows a template or master through a stylus or tracer
17. State the various feed mechanisms used for obtaining automatic feed.
e) Tumbler gear mechanism
f) Quick change gearbox
g) Tumbler gear- Quick change gearbox
h) Apron mechanism

18. List any four holding devices.

e) Chucks
f) Centers
g) Face plate
h) Angle plate

19. What are the different operations performed on the lathe?

Centering, straight turning, rough turning, finish turning, shoulder turning,

facing, chamfering, knurling, etc.
20. Define the term ‘Conicity’.
The ratio of the difference in diameters of tapers its length
k= D-d/ l
d-smaller dia
D-bigger dia
l-length of the work piece

21. State any two specifications of capstan lathe & turret lathe.

Number of spindle speed & Number of feeds for the turret or saddle

22. What are principle parts of the lathe?

The principle parts of lathe are Bed, Headstock, Tailstock, Carriage & Feed Mechanism
 VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

23. What is truing?

Truing is the term used to describe the removal of material from the cutting face of the wheel so
that the resultant surface runs absolutely true to some other surface such as the grinding wheel
shaft.

24. What is turning?

Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a
helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the work piece rotates.

25. What do you mean by cutting tool?

A cutting tool is a pointed tool mounted in a machine tool and used for cutting materials.
Lathes and milling machines use different types of cutting tools. Diamonds are sometimes used in
cutting tools because its hardness allows it to cut other hard materials. A cutting tool is a pointed
tool mounted in a machine tool and used for cutting materials.

26. What do you meant by coolant and what is the necessity of using coolant?

A coolant is a substance, typically liquid or gas, that is used to reduce or regulate the temperature
of a system. An ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic,
chemically inert, and neither causes nor promotes corrosion of the cooling system.

27. What is the difference between iron and steel?

Primarily, iron is an element while steel is an alloy comprising of iron and carbon.
However, in this alloy iron is present in a greater quantity. You can add various other metals to
steel so as to produce alloys that have different properties. For example, if chromium is added to
steel, stainless steel is the product. Steel is durable and doesn’t rust easily.
In the construction industry steel is used on a large scale. Because steel is stronger than iron and
has better tension and compression properties. Another difference is the percentage of carbon.
The iron that contains less than 2% of carbon is called steel whereas which contain more than 2%
of carbon is known as pig iron. When iron ore is processed with coke in a blast furnace, pig iron
is obtained. When this pig iron is further processed to reduce the carbon percentage, in various
furnaces, steel is obtained. Now, steel can be further processed to obtain various types of alloys.
Elements like silicon, manganese and chromium are added for making alloys.

.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

28. Give the specification of lathe.

a) Height of centers over bed

b) Maximum swing over bed
c) Maximum swing over carriage
d) Maximum swing over Gap
e) Maximum distance b/w centers
f) Length of bed
g) No. of speeds and feeds etc.

29. What is step turning?

Step turning is an operation performed on lathe machine where the excess material is
removed from the work piece to obtain various steps of different diameters.

30. What is machining?

Machining is any of various processes in which a piece of raw material is cut into a
desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process.

31. What is Chamfering?

A chamfer is a transitional edge between two faces of an object. A form of bevel, it is

created at 45° angle to two adjoining right-angled faces.

32. Explain the different types of taper turning method.

There are four methods

1. Form tool method
2. Tailstock set over method
3. Compound rest method
4. Taper turning attachment method

33. What is single point cutting tool?

A single-point cutting tool can be used for increasing the size of holes, or boring. Turning
and boring are performed on lathes and boring mills. Multiple-point cutting tools have
two or more cutting edges and include milling cutters, drills, and broaches.

34. What are the different forms of threads?

There are many forms of threads but two types are in common use on fasteners. Machine
Screw Threads - used on bolts, setscrews, machine screws and designed to mate with
preformed threads in nuts or tapped holes.
VAANI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , VANIYAMBADI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

35. What is Knurling?

Knurling is a manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a pattern of
straight, angled or crossed lines is rolled into the material
36. What is the difference between drilling and reaming?
The main difference between drilling, boring and reaming is that drilling is when you
make a brand-new hole in your work piece. But boring is when you enlarge the hole. ...
The process of drilling uses a drill bit. But the boring process uses a lathe and reaming
uses reamers.

37. What is drilling?

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in
solid materials.
38. What is Eccentric turning?
Eccentric work is work that is turned off center, or not on the normal center axis. An
engine crankshaft is a good example of an eccentric work piece. Crankshafts normally
have a main center axis, called a main journal, and offset axes, which produce the throw
and the eccentric diameters of the mechanism.

39. What type of chuck is used for eccentric turning?

3 jaw chuck

40. What is offset turning?

Offset turning is any sort of turning in which the central axis of the work is not directly in
line with. the headstock spindle. The type of offset turning I use to sculpt human figures
on the lathe is a form of spindle turning.