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Microservice
Architecture
Complete
Guide
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Table of Content
1.What are Microservices?
2.How do Microservices work?
3.What are the main components of
Microservices Architecture?
4.Design Patterns for Microservices
Architecture
5.Anti-Patterns for Microservices Architeture
6.Real-World Example of Microservices
7.Microservices vs. Monolithic Architecture
8.How to migrate from Monolithic to
Microservices Architecture?
9.Service-Oriented Architecture(SOA) vs.
Microservices Architecture
10.Benefits and Challenges of using
Microservices Architecture
11.Real-World Examples of Companies using
Microservices Architecture
12.Roadmap to understand Microservices
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1- What are Microservices?
Microservices are an architectural approach to developing
software applications as a collection of small, independent
services that communicate with each other over a network.
Instead of building a monolithic application where all the
functionality is tightly integrated into a single codebase,
microservices break down the application into smaller, loosely
coupled services.
This architecture allow you to take a large monolith application and
decompose it into small manageable components/services. Also, it
is considered as the building block of modern applications.
Microservices can be written in a variety of programming
languages, and frameworks, and each service acts as a mini-
application on its own.
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2- How do Microservices work?
Microservices break complex applications into smaller,
independent services that work together, enhancing scalability,
and maintenance. Below is how microservice work:
Applications are divided into self-contained services, each
focused on a specific function, simplifying development and
maintenance.
Each microservice handles a particular business feature, like user
authentication or product management, allowing for specialized
development.
Services interact via APIs, facilitating standardized information
exchange and integration.
Different technologies can be used for each service, enabling
teams to select the best tools for their needs.
Microservices can be updated independently, reducing risks
during changes and enhancing system resilience.
3- What are the main components of
Microservices Architecture?
Main components of microservices architecture include:
Microservices: Small, loosely coupled services that handle
specific business functions, each focusing on a distinct
capability.
API Gateway: Acts as a central entry point for external clients
also they manage requests, authentication and route the
requests to the appropriate microservice.
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Service Registry and Discovery: Keeps track of the locations
and addresses of all microservices, enabling them to locate
and communicate with each other dynamically.
Load Balancer: Distributes incoming traffic across multiple
service instances and prevent any of the microservice from
being overwhelmed.
Containerization: Docker encapsulate microservices and their
dependencies and orchestration tools like Kubernetes
manage their deployment and scaling.
Event Bus/Message Broker: Facilitates communication
between microservices, allowing pub/sub asynchronous
interaction of events between components/microservices.
Database per Microservice: Each microservice usually has its
own database, promoting data autonomy and allowing for
independent management and scaling.
Caching: Cache stores frequently accessed data close to the
microservice which improved performance by reducing the
repetitive queries.
Fault Tolerance and Resilience Components: Components like
circuit breakers and retry mechanisms ensure that the
system can handle failures gracefully, maintaining overall
functionality.
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4- Design Patterns for Microservices
Architecture
Below are the main design pattern of microservices:
1. API Gateway Pattern
Think of the API gateway as the front door to your microservices. It
acts as a single point of entry for clients, managing requests and
directing them to the appropriate service.
This pattern simplifies the client’s experience by hiding the
complexities of multiple services behind one interface. It can also
handle tasks like authentication, logging, and rate limiting, making it
a crucial part of microservices architecture.
2. Service Registry Pattern
This pattern is like a phone book for microservices. It maintains a
list of all active services and their locations (network addresses).
When a service starts, it registers itself with the registry.
Other services can then look up the registry to find and
communicate with it. This dynamic discovery enables flexibility and
helps services interact without hardcoding their locations.
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3. Circuit Breaker Pattern
Imagine a circuit breaker in your home that stops electricity flow
when there's an overload. Similarly, this pattern helps protect your
system from cascading failures.
If a service fails repeatedly, the circuit breaker trips, preventing
further requests to that service. After a timeout period, it allows
limited requests to test if the service is back online. This reduces
the load on failing services and enhances system resilience.
4. Saga Pattern
This pattern is useful for managing complex business processes
that span multiple services. Instead of treating the process as a
single transaction, the saga breaks it down into smaller steps, each
handled by different services.
If one step fails, compensating actions are taken to reverse the
previous steps. This way, you maintain data consistency across the
system, even in the face of failures.
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5. Event Sourcing Pattern
Instead of storing just the current state of an application, this
pattern records all changes as a sequence of events.
Each event describes a change that occurred, allowing services to
reconstruct the current state by replaying the event history. This
provides a clear audit trail and simplifies data recovery in case of
errors.
6. Strangler Fig Pattern
This pattern allows for a gradual transition from a monolithic
application to microservices. New features are developed as
microservices while the old system remains in use.
Over time, as more functionality is moved to microservices, the old
system is gradually "strangled" until it can be fully retired. This
approach minimizes risk and allows for a smoother migration.
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7. Bulkhead Pattern
Similar to compartments in a ship, the bulkhead pattern isolates
different services to prevent failures from affecting the entire
system.
If one service encounters an issue, it won’t compromise others. By
creating boundaries, this pattern enhances the resilience of the
system, ensuring that a failure in one area doesn’t lead to a total
system breakdown.
8. API Composition Pattern
When you need to gather data from multiple microservices, the API
composition pattern helps you do so efficiently.
A separate service (the composition service) collects responses
from various services and combines them into a single response for
the client. This reduces the need for clients to make multiple
requests and simplifies their interaction with the system.
9. CQRS Design Pattern
The CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) pattern
splits data handling into two distinct operations: commands for
modifying data and queries for retrieving it. This separation lets
each side be optimized for its specific task.
For example, commands can enforce complex business logic, while
queries can be tuned for speed and efficiency. This approach is
especially valuable in systems with heavy read and write loads, as
it boosts performance and scalability by allowing tailored solutions
for each operation type.
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5- Anti-Patterns for Microservices
Architeture
Learning anti-patterns in microservices is crucial for avoiding
common mistakes. Below are some anti-patterns in microservices
and by understanding these anti-patterns, developers can make
informed decisions and implement best practices.
When microservices share a single centralized database, it can
compromise their independence and scalability.
Microservices that frequently communicate for minor tasks can
create excessive network traffic, leading to delays and
increased latency.
Creating too many microservices for small functions can add
unnecessary complexity to the system.
If the boundaries between microservices are not clearly
defined, it can cause confusion about their responsibilities.
Failing to address security issues in microservices can expose
the system to vulnerabilities and potential data breaches.
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6- Real-World Example of Microservices
Let's understand the Miscroservices using the real-world example
of Amazon E-Commerce Application:
Amazon's online store is like a giant puzzle made of many small,
specialized pieces called microservices. Each microservice does a
specific job to make sure everything runs smoothly. Together, these
microservices work behind the scenes to give you a great shopping
experience.
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Below are the microservices involved in Amazon E-commerce
Application:
User Service: Handles user accounts and preferences, making
sure each person has a personalized experience.
Search Service: Helps users find products quickly by organizing
and indexing product information.
Catalog Service: Manages the product listings, ensuring all
details are accurate and easy to access.
Cart Service: Lets users add, remove, or change items in their
shopping cart before checking out.
Wishlist Service: Allows users to save items for later, helping
them keep track of products they want.
Order Taking Service: Processes customer orders, checking
availability and validating details.
Order Processing Service: Oversees the entire fulfillment
process, working with inventory and shipping to get orders
delivered.
Payment Service: Manages secure transactions and keeps track
of payment details.
Logistics Service: Coordinates everything related to delivery,
including shipping costs and tracking.
Warehouse Service: Keeps an eye on inventory levels and helps
with restocking when needed.
Notification Service: Sends updates to users about their orders
and any special offers.
Recommendation Service: Suggests products to users based on
their browsing and purchase history
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7- Microservices vs. Monolithic
Below is a tabular comparison between microservices and
monolithic architecture across various aspects:
Aspect Microservices Architecture Monolithic Architecture
Decomposed into small, independent
Architecture Style Single, tightly integrated codebase.
services.
Small, cross-functional teams for each
Development Team Structure Larger, centralized development team.
microservice.
Scaling involves replicating the entire
Scalability Independent scaling of individual services.
application.
Whole application is deployed as a single
Deployment Independent deployment of services.
unit.
Efficient use of resources as services can Resources allocated based on the overall
Resource Utilization
scale independently. application's needs.
Faster development and deployment Slower development and deployment due
Development Speed
cycles. to the entire codebase.
Easier to adopt new technologies for Limited flexibility due to a common
Flexibility
specific services. technology stack.
Easier maintenance of smaller, focused Maintenance can be complex for a large,
Maintenance
codebases. monolithic codebase.
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8- How to migrate from Monolithic to
Microservices Architecture?
Below are the main the key steps to migrate from a monolithic to
microservices architecture:
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Step 1: Begin by evaluating your current monolithic application.
Identify its components and determine which parts can be
transitioned into microservices.
Step 2: Break down the monolith into specific business functions.
Each microservice should represent a distinct capability that
aligns with your business needs.
Step 3: Implement the Strangler Pattern to gradually replace
parts of the monolithic application with microservices. This
method allows for a smooth migration without a complete
overhaul at once.
Step 4: Establish clear APIs and contracts for your microservices.
This ensures they can communicate effectively and interact
seamlessly.
Step 5: Create Continuous Integration and Continuous
Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines. This automates testing and
deployment, enabling faster and more reliable releases.
Step 6: Introduce mechanisms for service discovery so that
microservices can dynamically locate and communicate with
each other, enhancing flexibility.
Step 7: Set up centralized logging and monitoring tools. This
provides insights into the performance of your microservices,
helping to identify and resolve issues quickly.
Step 8: Ensure consistent management of cross-cutting
concerns, such as security and authentication, across all
microservices to maintain system integrity.
Step 9: Take an iterative approach to your microservices
architecture. Continuously refine and expand your services
based on feedback and changing requirements
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9- Service-Oriented Architecture(SOA)
vs. Microservices Architecture
Below is a tabular comparison between Service-Oriented
Architecture (SOA) and Microservices across various aspects:
Aspect Service-Oriented Architecture(SOA) Microservices Architecture
Includes a broad set of architectural Focuses on building small, independent
Scope
principles. services.
Services tend to be larger and more Services are small, focused, and single-
Size of Services
comprehensive. purpose.
Common data model and shared Each service has its own database or data
Data Management
databases are common. store.
Typically relies on standardized protocols Uses lightweight protocols such as REST
Communication
like SOAP. or messaging.
Can have different technologies, but often Encourages diverse technologies for each
Technology Diversity
standardized middleware. service.
Services are often deployed Promotes independent deployment of
Deployment
independently. microservices.
Horizontal scaling of entire services is Enables independent scaling of individual
Scalability
common. services.
Slower development cycles due to larger Faster development cycles with smaller
Development Speed
services. services.
Can be flexible, but changes may affect Provides flexibility due to independent
Flexibility
multiple services. services.
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10- Benefits and Challenges of using
Microservices Architecture
Benefits of Using Microservices Architecture:
Teams can work on different microservices simultaneously.
Issues in one service do not impact others, enhancing reliability.
Each service can be scaled based on its specific needs.
The system can quickly adapt to changing workloads.
Teams can choose the best tech stack for each microservice.
Small, cross-functional teams work independently.
Challenges of using Microservices Architecture
Managing service communication, network latency, and data
consistency can be difficult.
Decomposing an app into microservices adds complexity in
development, testing, and deployment.
Network communication can lead to higher latency and
complicates error handling.
Maintaining consistent data across services is challenging, and
distributed transactions can be complex.
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11- Real-World Examples of Companies
using Microservices Architecture
Organizations have undergone significant changes by adopting
microservices, moving from monolithic applications. Here are some
real-life examples:
Amazon: Initially a monolithic app, Amazon uses microservices
early on, breaking its platform into smaller components. This shift
allowed for individual feature updates, greatly enhancing
functionality.
Netflix: After facing service outages while transitioning to a
movie-streaming service in 2007, Netflix adopted a
microservices architecture. This change improved reliability and
performance.
Uber: By switching from a monolithic structure to microservices,
Uber operations were become smoother, resulting in increased
webpage views and search efficiency
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12- Roadmap to understand Microservices
1. Introduction to Microservices
What are Microservices?
Monolithic vs. Microservices Architecture
Upstream and Downstream in Microservices
Role of API gateway in Microservices
Are Microservices Distributed Systems?
Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Building Blocks of Microservices
How do Microservices Communicate With Each Other?
Microservices Communication Patterns
10 Microservices Design Principles That Every Developer Should
Know
Service Registry in Microservices
Service Discovery in Microservices
Service Mesh in Microservices
3. Security in Microservices
Authentication and Authorization
Session Management in Microservices
Security Measures for Microservices Architecture
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4. Designing Microservices
Circuit Breaker Pattern
CQRS Design Pattern
API Gateway Pattern
Sidecar Design Pattern
Retry Pattern
API Composition Pattern
Edge Pattern
Service Registry Pattern
Centralized Logging for Microservices
Distributed Logging for Microservices
MVC Architecture vs. Microservices Architecture
End-to-End Microservices Testing
Microservices Cross-Cutting Concerns
Reducing Latency in Microservices
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5. Advanced Topics in Microservices
Strangler Fig Pattern
Steps to Migrate From Monolithic to Microservices
Architecture
Circuit Breaker with Bulkhead Isolation in
Microservices
Websockets in Microservices Architecture
Timeout Strategies in Microservices Architecture
Saga Pattern
How to Design a Microservices Architecture with
Docker containers?
Orchestration vs. Choreography in Microservices
Database Per Service Pattern
Long-Tail Latency Problem in Microservices
Distributed Tracing in Microservices
Stateful vs Stateless Microservices
AI and Microservices Architecture
6. Interview Preparation
Top 50 Microservices Interview Questions
Top Books to Learn Microservices Architecture
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