Norms and Values
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Home and Community
Practice
What are the acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors at your home,
school, or community?
2
Norms
Norms are rules or expectations
that guide the behaviors of
members of society. They set the
standards for acceptable and
unacceptable behavior within the
group.
3
Values
Values are the set of standards
that people see as good and
desirable. They are developed
through socialization.
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Social Control
5
UNIT STIMULUS
Is this normal?
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Social Control
Social control refers to the
certain ways that society
encourages people to behave.
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Conformity
● matching one’s behavior to
what is expected of him or
her by society
● doing what is socially
acceptable
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In his book, Edward Alsworth
Ross described social control
as the basis of order and
cooperation in society.
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Forms of Social Control
Formal Means of Informal Means of
Social Control Social Control
Institutionalized rewards and Internalized sense of what is right
punishments implemented to and wrong through socialization.
prevent chaos in society.
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-
-Formal Means of Social Control
Laws Education Coercion
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Ensuring Conformity to New Social Values
Proscriptive Prescriptive
What cannot be done What should be done
Example: We are not allowed to Example: garbage segregation
cross on certain streets.
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Informal Means of Social Control
One develops a sense of
what is right and wrong from
internalizing the norms and
values through
socialization.
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Informal Means of Social Control
Components of informal
means of social control:
● social values
● sanctions
● rewards and
punishments
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What makes the informal
means of social control so
effective?
● sympathy
● sociability
● sense of justice
● resentment
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Deviance
Deviance refers to an act
that violates cultural
norms.
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Various Forms of Deviance
Formal Deviance Informal Deviance
Violations of informal
cultural norms that usually
leads to informal
sanctions such as
disapproval, criticism,
ridicule, or social
exclusion,
Violations of formally enacted laws, (Inappropriate dressing, rude language, violating social
rules and regulations. (murder, theft, etiquette)
assault or fraud)
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John Hagan’s Classification of Deviant Acts
Consensus Conflict Social Social
Crimes Crimes Deviations Diversions
The public agrees There is an It is not illegal but It is not
publicly regarded as
that these acts are undeniable inappropriate. These
necessarily
injurious and disagreement on behaviors do not harmful but
morally the seriousness of necessarily violate the regarded as
intolerable. the crimes. law. distasteful.
The response may
(murder, rape, (drug use, include interventionn (unconventional
armored robbery) prostitution) (counseling) rather than fashion, body
punishment. (heavy modifications)
drinking, mental health
issues)
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Classification of Deviant Acts
Individual Deviance Group Deviance
committed by a single individual committed by a group (drug dealing,
(shoplifitng, cheating, vandalims, fraud) violence, cult, protest/social movement
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Deviance is an integral
part of society for
French sociologist
David Emile Durkheim.
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21
• Everyone belongs to a group; your
race, gender, favorite sports team,
your college, even the place where
you were born were all examples of
groups.
CONCEPT OF
SOCIAL GROUP
• Sometimes groupings are determined
by factors related to who we are (sex,
age, race/ethnicity) but in many
other cases, they arrive in a
somewhat arbitrary fashion.
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• In school, you would likely
associate with classmates who
share the same interests as you
EXAMPLE do like having a common hobby
or sports affiliation or even
fashion sense or even love of a
certain type of music.
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WHAT IS A GROUP?
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A group is composed of two
or more persons interacting
with each other and guided
by a set of norms. It is also
defined as specified number
of individuals where each
recognizes members as
distinct from non-members.
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BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF
SOCIAL GROUP
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• Primary groups are marked by concern
for one another, shared activities and
culture, and long periods of time spent
1. PRIMARY together. They are influential in
GROUP developing an individual’s personal
identity. The goal of primary groups is
the relationships themselves rather than
achieving some other purpose.
The concept of primary groups was
introduced by sociologist Charles Horton
Cooley. He believed that these groups mold
individuals into who they are and prepare
them for society.
“Cooley considers family as a primary
group because it is the group we first
become a part of.”
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The concept of the primary group was
introduced by Charles Cooley in his
book, Social Organization: A Study of the
Larger Mind. (Contreras, Antonio P. et
al.“Social Groups”. Understanding
Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon
1. PRIMARY City:Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016)
GROUP
Sample Groups: Family, Play
group, Village/Neighborhood,
Work-team
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• Secondary relationships involve weak emotional
ties and little personal knowledge of one another. In
contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don’t
have the goal of maintaining and developing the
relationships themselves. These groups are based
2. SECONDARY on usual or habitual interests or affairs. It includes
groups in which one exchanges explicit
GROUP commodities, such as labor for wages, services for
payments, and such.
• Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy,
Professional Association,
Companies/Corporation, University classes,
Athletic teams, and Coworkers.
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Belonging to the same group as others who
share the same common bond and interests
who are more likely to understand each
other refers to an in- group.
3. IN-GROUP
Sample Groups: Sports team, Unions and
Sororities
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4. OUT-GROUP
• Those who do not belong to the in-group are
part of the out-group, which exist in the
perceptions of the in-group members and takes
on social reality as a result of behavior by in-
group members who use the out group as a
negative point of reference.
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• A reference group is a collection of
people that we use as a standard of
comparison for ourselves regardless of
whether we are part of that group. We rely
5. REFERENCE on reference groups to understand social
GROUP norms, which then shape our values,
ideas, behavior, and appearance. This
means that we also use them to evaluate
the relative worth, desirability, or
appropriateness of these things.
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By looking to reference groups--be they
those of race, class, gender, sexuality,
religion, region, ethnicity, age, or localized
groups defined by neighborhood or school,
among others-- we see norms and dominant
5. REFERENCE values, and we choose to either embrace and
reproduce them in our own thoughts,
behavior, and interactions with others; or we
GROUP reject and refute them by thinking and acting
in ways that break from them.
Sample of these groups are
parents, siblings, teachers, peers,
associates, and friends.
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6. NETWORK
• A network is a collection of people tied together
by a specific pattern of connections. They can be
characterized by the number of people involved, as
in the dyad (by twos) and triad (by threes), but also
in terms of their structures (who is connected to
whom) and functions (what flows across ties).
Networks indeed, can do more things and different
things than individuals acting on their own could.
Networks have this effect, regardless of the content
of the connections or persons involved.
6. NETWORK 35
Nowadays, the giving of information and
establishing of connections and various
relationships can be done through social
networking sites. In this manner, it is
easier to form connections, relationships
and linkages.
Example: Family
Members, Friends, Work
Colleagues, Classmates
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6. NETWORK
There is another strong
example of a network that has
boomed since the beginning
of the 21st century.
Since 1979, electronic forms of social networking
have boomed, starting with CompuServe and
MySpace, and moving to other networking
applications such as Facebook, Snapchat,
Twitter, and Instagram.
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• small social groups
CHARACTERISTICS • personal and lasting relationships
OF PRIMARY • tightly integrated groups with more
commonalities
GROUPS
• high sense of group identity, loyalty,
and emotional ties
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• large membership
CHARACTERISTICS
• impersonal relationships
OF SECONDARY
• no sense of group identity
GROUPS
• exist to accomplish goals or objectives
Primary Group Secondary Group
personal, intimate, impersonal, less
long-term, high intimate, short-term,
sense of group low sense of group
identity, smaller identity, larger
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In-Group Out-Group
A social group that a person A social group a person does
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identifies with and feels like not identify with and does not
he or she belongs to. belong to the in-group.
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IN-GROUP FAVORITISM
• People tend to favor the
members of the group they
identify with and probably have
stereotypes and prejudices
about nonmembers.
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• a group to which one compares
himself or herself to evaluate
REFERENCE
one's attitude, beliefs, and
GROUP behaviors
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• Humans are naturally
SOCIAL motivated to have an accurate
COMPARISON evaluation of themselves.
THEORY Without an objective means to
do this, they use their groups as
reference.
Types of Reference Groups
positive reference negative reference
groups whose norms groups whose norms are
are followed by avoided by individuals
individuals because because they do not want
they want to be a part to be identified with them
of the group
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• Networks can vary in terms of
size, form, and relationship. A
CHARACTERISTIC
OF NETWORK group of immediate and distant
relatives can be considered a
network.
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• Being part of a network
IMPORTANCE comes with expected
OF
cultural and economic
NETWORKS
benefits or social capital.
Looking-Glass Self Theory
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Charles Horton Cooley’s People adjust their self-
looking-glass self theory is the image continually as they
interactive process by which we reinterpret the way they
develop an image of ourselves think others view them.
based on how we imagine we
appear to others-other people
act as a mirror, reflecting the
image we project through their
reactions to our behavior.
Looking-Glass Self Theory 3-Step Development Process
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1. We imagine how we appear to others.
2. Based on their reactions to us, we attempt to
determine whether other view us as we view
ourselves.
3. We use our perceptions of how others judge us to
develop feelings about ourselves.
