Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System
Saint Joseph’s College of Baggao, Inc.
Baggao, Cagayan, Philippines
Transforming Lives, Shaping the Future
Module No. 4 - 5
The Development Process
Course Title: Advanced Database Systems Course IT 116
Code:
Instructor: SHERWIN M. CAACBAY, MIT Term & AY: 2nd Sem, AY 2020-
YSSANDREA KNERRE R. 2021
ZINAMPAN, MIT
Email wincsureq@gmail.com Contact No: 09551987227
Address: yssandreaknerrezinampan@gm 09394572402
ail.com
I. Overview
Databases are part of a larger picture called an information system. Database
designs that fail to recognize that the database is part of this larger whole are
not likely to be successful. That is, database designers must recognize that
the database is a critical means to an end rather than an end itself.
Information systems don’t just happen; they are the product of a carefully
staged development process. Systems analysis is used to determine the need
for an information system and to establish its limits. Within systems analysis,
the actual information system is created through a process known as systems
development.
II. Intended Learning Outcome (ILOs)
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
a. Enumerate and discuss the different phases of SDLC;
b. Describe the life cycle of a database;
c. Explain the roles of individuals who design, implement, use and
administer databases.
III. Learning Resources & References
1. Book References-APA Style
Coronel, Morris, Rob, 2011. Database Systems Design, Implementation
and Management, 9th edition pdf
2. Internet
https://opentextbc.ca/dbdesign01/chapter/chapter-13-database-
developmentprocess/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/personnel-involved-in-database-
managementsystem/
IV. Lecture Content/Summary of Lesson
The information System
Basically, a database is a carefully designed and constructed repository of
facts. The database is a part of a larger whole known as an information
system, which provides for data collection, storage, and retrieval. The
information system also facilitates the transformation of data into
information, and it allows for the management of both data and information.
Thus, a complete information system is composed of people, hardware,
software, the database(s), application programs, and procedures. System
analysis is the process that establishes the need for and the extent of an
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information system. The process of creating an information system is known
as systems development.
Within the framework of systems development, applications transform data
into the information that forms the basis for decision making. Applications
usually produce formal reports, tabulations, and graphic displays designed to
produce insight into the information.
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) traces the history
(life cycle) of an information
system. Perhaps more
important to the system
designer, the SDLC provides the
big picture within the database
design and application
development can be mapped
out and evaluated. As
illustrated in Figure 4.1, the
traditional SDLC is divided into
five phases: planning, analysis,
detailed systems design,
implementation, and
maintenance. The SDLC is an
iterative rather than a
sequential process. For
example, the details of the
feasibility study might help
refine the initial assessment,
Figure 4.1: The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
and the details discovered
during the user requirements
portion of the SDLC might help refine the feasibility study.
Because the Database Life Cycle (DBLC) fits into and resembles the Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC), a brief description of the SDLC is in order.
Phase 1. PLANNING
The SDLC planning phase yields a general overview of the company and its
objectives. An initial assessment of the information flow-and-extent
requirements must be made during this discovery portion of the SDLC. Such
an assessment should answer some important questions:
Should the existing system be continued?
Should the existing system be modified?
Should the existing system be replaced?
Phase 2: ANALYSIS
Problems defined during the planning phase are examined in greater detail
during the analysis phase. A macro-analysis must be made of both individual
needs and organizational needs, addressing questions such as:
What are the requirements of the current system’s end users?
Do those requirements fit into the overall information
requirements?
The analysis phase of the SDLC is, in effect, a thorough audit of user
requirements. The existing hardware and software systems are also studied
during the analysis phase. The result of analysis should be a better
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understanding of the system’s functional areas, actual and potential
problems, and opportunities.
Phase 3: DETAILED SYSTEMS DESIGN
In the detailed systems design phase, the designer completes the design of
the system’s processes. The design includes all the necessary technical
specifications for the screens, menus, reports, and other devices that might
be used to help make the system a more efficient information generator. The
steps are laid out for conversion from the old to the new system. Training
principles and methodologies are also planned and must be submitted for
management’s approval.
Phase 4: IMPLEMENTATION
During the implementation phase, the hardware, DBMS software, and
application programs are installed, and the database design is implemented.
During the initial stages of the implementation phase, the system enters into
a cycle of coding, testing, and debugging until it is ready to be delivered. The
actual database is created, and the system is customized by the creation of
tables and views, user authorizations, and so on. The database contents
might be loaded interactively or in batch mode, using a variety of methods
and devices:
Customized user programs.
Database interface programs.
Conversion programs that import the data from a different file
structure, using batch programs, a database utility, or both.
Phase 5: MAINTENANCE
Almost as soon as the system is operational, end users begin to request
changes in it. Those changes generate system maintenance activities, which
can be grouped into three types:
Corrective maintenance in response to systems errors.
Adaptive maintenance due to changes in the business environment.
Perfective maintenance to enhance the system.
The Database Life Cycle
Within the larger information system,
the database, too, is subject to a life
cycle. The Database Life Cycle (DBLC)
contains six phases, as shown below:
database initial study, database
design, and loading, testing and
evaluation, operation, and
maintenance and evolution.
Figure 4.2: The Database Life Cycle
(DBLC)
Phase 1: THE DATABASE INITIAL
STUDY
Although database design is a technical business, it is also people-oriented.
Database designers must be excellent communicators, and they must have
finely tuned interpersonal skills. Depending on the complexity and scope of
the database environment, the database designer might be a lone operator
or part of a systems development team composed of a project leader, one or
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more senior systems analysts, and one or more junior systems analysts. The
word designer is used generically here to cover a wide range of design team
compositions. The overall purpose of the database initial study is to:
Analyze the company situation.
Define problems and constraints.
Define objectives.
Define scope and boundaries
Phase 2: DATABASE DESIGN
The second phase focuses on the design of the database model that will
support company operations and objectives. This is arguably the most critical
DBLC phase: making sure that the final product meets user and system
requirements. In the process of database design, you must concentrate on
the data characteristics required to build the database model. At this point,
there are two views of the data within the system: the business view of data
as a source of information and the designer’s view of the data structure, its
access, and the activities required to transform the data into information.
Defining data is an integral part of the DBLC’s second phase. As you examine
the procedures required to complete the design phase in the DBLC,
remember these points:
The process of database design is loosely related to the analysis
and design of a larger system. The data component is only one
element of a larger information system.
The systems analysts or systems programmers are in charge of
designing the other system components. Their activities create the
procedures that will help transform the data within the database
into useful information.
The database design does not constitute a sequential process.
Rather, it is an iterative process that provides continuous feedback
designed to trace previous steps.
Phase 3: IMPLEMENTATION AND LOADING
The output of the database design phase is a series of instructions detailing
the creation of tables, attributes, domains, views, indexes, security
constraints, and storage and performance guidelines. In this phase, you
actually implement all these design specifications.
Install the DBMS
Create the database(s)
Load or Convert the data
Phase 4: TESTING AND EVALUATION
In the design phase, decisions were made to ensure integrity, security,
performance, and recoverability of the database. During implementation and
loading, these plans were put into place. In testing and evaluation, the DBA
tests and finetunes the database to ensure that it performs as expected. This
phase occurs in conjunction with applications programming. Programmers
use database tools to prototype the applications during the coding of the
programs. Tools such as report generators, screen painters, and menu
generators are especially useful to the applications programmers.
Phase 5: OPERATION
Once the database has passed the evaluation stage, it is considered to be
operational. At that point, the database, its management, its users, and its
application programs constitute a complete information system. The
beginning of the operational phase invariably starts the process of system
evolution. As soon as all of the targeted end users have entered the
operations phase, problems that could not have been foreseen during the
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testing phase begin to surface. Some of the problems are serious enough to
warrant emergency “patchwork,” while others are merely minor annoyances.
PHASE 6: MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION
The database administrator must be prepared to perform routine
maintenance activities within the database. Some of the required periodic
maintenance activities include:
Preventive maintenance (backup).
Corrective maintenance (recovery).
Adaptive maintenance (enhancing performance, adding entities and
attributes, and so on).
Assignment of access permissions and their maintenance for new and
old users.
Generation of database access statistics to improve the efficiency and
usefulness of system audits and to monitor system performance.
Periodic security audits based on the system-generated statistics.
Periodic (monthly, quarterly, or yearly) system-usage summaries for
internal billing or budgeting purposes.
Personnel Involved in Database Management System
Many persons are involved in the design, use, and maintenance of a large
database with a few hundred users. Here we will consider people who may be
called “Actors on the Scene”, whose jobs involve the day-to-day use of a
large database.
Database Administrators:
Administrating the primary (database) and secondary (DBMS and related
software) is the responsibility of the database administrator (DBA). The DBA
is responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and
monitoring its use, and for acquiring software and hardware resources as
needed.
Database Designers:
Database Designers are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in
the database and for choosing appropriate structures to represent and store
this data. Database designer typically interact with each potential group and
users and develop a view of the database that meets the data and processing
requirements of this groups.
End Users
End users are the people whose jobs require access to the database for
querying, updating and generating reports; the database primarily exists for
their use. There are several categories of end users:
Casual end user: Occasionally access the database, but they may
need different information each time. They are typically middle-or
high-level managers or other occasional browsers.
Naive or Parametric end user: Their main job function revolves
around constantly querying and updating the database, using standard
types of queries and updates that have been carefully programmed
and tested. Bank tellers, Reservation Clerks for airlines, hotels, etc …
are the example of Naive end users.
Sophisticated end users: Sophisticated end users include engineers,
scientist, business analyst and others who thoroughly familiarize
themselves with the facilities of the DBMS so as to implement their
applications to meet their complex requirements.
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Stand-alone users: They maintain personal database by using ready-
made program packages that provide easy-to-use menu or graphics-
based interfaces.
Software Engineers:
System analysts determines the requirements of end users, especially naive
and parametric end users, and develop specifications for canned transactions
that meet these requirements. Application programmers implement these
specifications as programs; then they test, debug, document, and maintain
these canned transactions. Such analyst and programmers are called
Software Engineers.
V. Supplemental
1. Book
2. Internet
Tutorialspoint Simply Easy Learning. SDLC. Retrieved from
www.tutorialspoint .com
Adrrienne Watt, Database Development Process. Database Design
2nd edition. Retrieved from
https://opentextbc.ca/dbdesign01/chapter/chapter-13-database-
developmentprocess/
AnkitMahali, 2019. Persons involved in Database Management
System. Retrieved from url
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/personnel-involved-in-database-
managementsystem/
VI. Learning Activities
Directions: Read and analyze the questions below, then encircle the letter of
the terms or statements that best correspond to the ideas pointed out.
1. They are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the
database and for choosing appropriate structures to represent and
store this data.
a. End Users c. Database designers
b. DBA d. Software engineers
2. They are the ones who determines the requirements of end users,
especially naive and parametric end users, and develop specifications
for canned transactions that meet these requirements.
a. End Users c. Database designers
b. DBA d. Software engineers
3. In what phase of the database development cycle where in the
database, its management, its users, and its application programs
constitute a complete information system.
a. Testing and Evaluation c. Operation
b. Implementation d. Maintenance and Evolution
4. The following are the overall purpose of the database initial study
EXCEPT for:
a. Analyze the company situation.
b. Define problems and constraints.
c. Create the database
d. Define scope and boundaries
5. A type of end-users whose main job function revolves around
constantly querying and updating the database, using standard types
of queries and updates that have been carefully programmed and
tested.
a. Casual c. Sophisticated
b. Naive d. Stand-alone
6. Which of the following is an example of sophisticated end-users?
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a. Bank tellers c. reservation clerks for hotels
b. High level managers d. engineers
VII. Assessment
TRUE/FALSE: Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
Write T if it is true and F if false. Write your answer in a piece of clean paper.
1. The information system neither facilitates the transformation of data
into information, nor allows for the management of both data and
information.
2. This third phase is the most critical DBLC phase: making sure that the
final product meets user and system requirements.
3. Database designer typically interact with each potential group and
users and develop a view of the database that meets the data and
processing requirements of this groups.
4. DBA determines the requirements of end users, especially naive and
parametric end users, and develop specifications for canned
transactions that meet these requirements.
5. In testing and evaluation, the DBA tests and finetunes the database to
ensure that it performs as expected.
6. The process of creating an information system is known as systems
analysis.
7. System development is the process that establishes the need for and
the extent of an information system.
8. Stand-alone users maintain personal database by using ready-made
program packages that provide easy-to-use menu or graphics-based
interfaces.
9. The DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
coordinating and monitoring its use, and for acquiring software and
hardware resources as needed.
10.The process of database design is loosely related to the analysis and
design of a larger system.
11.During the implementation phase of DBLC, the hardware, DBMS
software, and application programs are installed, and the database
design is implemented.
12.In the detailed systems design phase, the design includes all the
necessary technical specifications for the screens, menus, reports, and
other devices that might be used to help make the system a more
efficient information generator.
13.The SDLC is an iterative rather than a sequential process.
14.The DBLC contains 5 phases while SDLC contains 6 phases.
15.Maintenance and evolution’s phase in DBLC includes activities like
backup and recovery.
VIII. Assignment
Further reading
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