Introduction to Data Communication and
Networking
NAME: MAHI GUPTA
YEAR: 3rd
SEMESTER : 6th
UNIVERSITY ROLL: 10930622004
STREAM: ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING
SUBJECT NAME :COMPUTER NETWORKS
SUBJECT CODE : PCC-CS602
Introduction to Data Communication and
Networking
Data communication is the exchange of data between
devices using wired or wireless transmission.
Networking enables devices to communicate and share
resources efficiently.
Networks are classified into LAN, MAN, and WAN based on
their coverage area.
Protocols like TCP/IP, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi define
communication standards.
Networking supports cloud computing, remote work, IoT, and
cybersecurity.
Essential for modern computing, business operations, and
the internet.
Data Communication Components
Five Key Components:
1. Message – The actual data being transmitted (text, image, video, etc.).
2. Sender – The device that generates and transmits the message.
3. Receiver – The destination device that receives the message.
4. Transmission Medium – The channel through which data travels (wired/wireless).
5. Protocol – A set of rules governing communication (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP).
Data Flow Modes:
Simplex – One-way communication (e.g., TV, radio).
Half-Duplex – Two-way communication, but one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie).
Full-Duplex – Simultaneous two-way communication (e.g., telephone).
Data Representation in Communication
Text – Encoded using ASCII (basic characters) and Unicode (supports multiple languages).
Numbers – Represented in Binary (0s and 1s), Decimal (base-10), and Hexadecimal (base-
16).
Images – Stored as Bitmap (pixel-based, e.g., JPEG, PNG) or Vector (scalable, e.g., SVG).
Audio & Video – Digital formats include MP3 (compressed audio), WAV (uncompressed
audio), and MP4 (video).
Data Encoding – Converts data into signals using methods like modulation and analog-to-
digital conversion.
Networks and Their Types
A network is a group of interconnected devices that communicate and share
resources, such as files, printers, and the internet.
Types of Networks:
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
Covers a small, confined area such as homes, offices, or schools.
Uses Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi for connectivity.
Example: A company’s internal network.
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Spans across a city or a large campus.
Typically owned by telecom providers.
Example: A city-wide Wi-Fi network.
3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
Covers a vast geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs.
Uses leased telecommunication lines, satellites, or fiber optics.
Example: The Internet.
4. PAN (Personal Area Network)
Covers a very short range, typically for personal devices.
Uses Bluetooth, NFC, or USB connections.
Example: Wireless connection between a smartphone and a smartwatch
Network Connections & Topologies
Network Connections
Point-to-Point: Direct link between two devices (e.g., two computers
connected by a cable).
Multipoint: Multiple devices share a communication channel (e.g., Wi-Fi
network).
Network Topologies
Bus: Single central cable, cost-effective but prone to failure.
Star: Devices connect to a central hub, reliable and easy to manage.
Ring: Data moves in a circular path; failure disrupts the whole network.
Mesh: Every device connects to others, offering high redundancy.
Hybrid: Combination of two or more topologies.
Transmission Media - Wired Communication
Wired Transmission Media
Twisted Pair Cable: Common in LANs and telephone networks, affordable but susceptible to interference.
Coaxial Cable: Used for cable TV and broadband, offers better shielding than twisted pair.
Fiber Optic Cable: Uses light signals for high-speed data transmission, ideal for long distances.
Advantages of Wired Networks
Advantages of Wired Networks
High Speed & Reliability – Faster and more stable than wireless connections, especially for large data
transfers.
Less Interference – Not affected by radio signals, walls, or other wireless devices.
Better Security – Harder to intercept without physical access, reducing hacking risks.
Lower Latency – Ideal for real-time applications like gaming, video conferencing, and VoIP.
Higher Bandwidth – Supports more data traffic without congestion.
Consistent Performance – No signal drops due to distance or obstacles.
Transmission Media - Wireless Communication
Wireless Transmission Media:
Radio Waves – Used in Wi-Fi, mobile networks, and Bluetooth. Supports long-range communication with omnidirectional
signals.
Microwaves – Used in satellite and long-distance communication. Requires line-of-sight transmission with high-frequency
signals.
Infrared – Used in remote controls and short-range communication. Requires a direct line of sight, limited by obstacles.
Advantages of Wireless Networks:
Mobility & Convenience – Users can connect from anywhere within range.
Easy Installation – No need for extensive cabling.
Scalability – New devices can be added without additional wiring.
Supports Multiple Devices – Ideal for homes, offices, and public places.
Disadvantages of Wireless Networks:
Less Secure – Vulnerable to hacking, signal interception, and unauthorized access.
Interference Issues – Affected by other wireless signals, weather, and obstacles.
Lower Speed – Slower than wired connections, especially for large data transfers.
Limited Range – Signal strength weakens with distance and obstacles.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN is a network within a limited geographical area that connects computers and devices.A Local
Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical
area, such as a home, office, or school, to enable resource sharing and communication. It typically
uses wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi) connections for high-speed data transfer.
Features of LAN:
High-speed data transfer.
Limited coverage area.
Used in offices, schools, and small businesses.
Advantages:
Faster and secure communication.
Cost-effective resource sharing.
Easy maintenance and troubleshooting.
Conclusion
Data communication enables seamless and efficient information exchange between devices, forming
the foundation of modern networking. Networks connect multiple devices, allowing resource sharing,
remote collaboration, and real-time communication. The choice of transmission media, whether
wired or wireless, significantly impacts speed, security, and reliability. Wired LANs provide high-speed
and stable connections, while Wireless LANs offer greater flexibility and mobility. LANs play a vital
role in businesses, homes, and educational institutions by ensuring secure and fast connectivity. With
continuous advancements in networking technology, efficiency, scalability, and global connectivity
are improving, making communication more accessible and effective.
THANK YOU
