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C Language Complete Guide PDF

The document provides a comprehensive guide to the C programming language, covering its features, applications, and basic structure. It includes detailed explanations of C tokens, data types, variables, control statements, functions, arrays, strings, pointers, structures, file handling, and dynamic memory allocation. This guide serves as an essential resource for students learning C programming.

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santoshpuvvada13
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112 views5 pages

C Language Complete Guide PDF

The document provides a comprehensive guide to the C programming language, covering its features, applications, and basic structure. It includes detailed explanations of C tokens, data types, variables, control statements, functions, arrays, strings, pointers, structures, file handling, and dynamic memory allocation. This guide serves as an essential resource for students learning C programming.

Uploaded by

santoshpuvvada13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C Language Complete Guide for Students

1. Introduction to C Language

C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. It is widely
used for system software, operating systems, embedded systems, and application development.
Features of C:

• Simple and efficient


• Procedural language
• Fast execution
• Low-level memory access
• Modularity through functions
• Portability

Applications of C:

• Operating systems (e.g., UNIX)


• Embedded systems
• Compiler design
• Network drivers
• Game development
• Database systems

2. Basic Structure of a C Program

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0;

3. C Tokens

• Keywords: int, float, if, else, return, etc. •


Identifiers: Names of variables, functions •
Constants: Fixed values • Strings: Text
enclosed in double quotes • Operators: +, -, *, /,
%, etc. • Special Symbols: {}, (), [], ;, #

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4. Data Types in C

• int •
float •
double •
char •
void

Example:

int age = 20; float salary =


35000.50; char grade = 'A';

5. Variables and Constants

const float PI = 3.14; // constant //


int number = 10; variable

6. Input and Output

scanf("%d", &number);
printf("Number is: %d", number);

7. Operators

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % •
Relational: >, <, >=, <=, ==, !=
• Logical: &&, ||, ! • Assignment:
=, +=, -= •
Increment/Decrement: ++, --

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8. Control Statements
If-Else Statement

if (x > 0) {
printf("Positive");
} else {
printf("Non-positive");
}

Switch Statement

switch(choice) {
case 1: printf("One"); break; case 2:
printf("Two"); break; default:
printf("Invalid");
}

Loops

• for
• while
• do...while

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


printf("%d ", i);
}

9. Functions in C

int add(int a, int b) {


return a + b;
}

int main() {
printf("Sum = %d", add(5, 3));
return 0;
}

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10. Arrays

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; for (int i = 0; i


< 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}

11. Strings

char str[] = "Hello";


printf("%s", str);

12. Pointers

int a = 10; int *p = &a;


printf("Value: %d",
*p);

13. Structures and Unions


Structure Example

struct Student {
int id; char
name[50];
};

Union Example

union Data {
int i; float
f;
};

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14. File Handling

FILE *fp; fp = fopen("file.txt", "w");


fprintf(fp, "Hello"); fclose(fp);

15. Dynamic Memory Allocation

int *ptr = (int*) malloc(5 * sizeof(int)); free(ptr);

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