BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MANDIDEEP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FLUID MECHANICS LAB MAUNAL

ME-404

Session Jan-Jun 2024

Faculty Incharge Submitted by

DR. K. K. SAHU Name _____________

Enrollment No.
 CONTENTS

S. No. Name of Experiment Page No.

1. Venturi meter 01

2. Orifice meter 05

3. Centrifugal Pump 09

4. Flow Through Non-Circular Pipes 13

5. Flow Through Circular Pipes 16

 BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MADIDEEP

EXPERIMENT NO. 01
VENTURI METER
Student Sign Faculty Sign
Date:

AIM:
1. To calibrate the given Venturi meter.
2. To find its coefficient of discharge.
3. To determine the variation of Cd with NRe.

APPARATUS:
Venturi meter setup is a closed circuit unit consists of Positive displacement Pump, Water tank, Pumped
water collection tank with a measuring scale for volume/flow rate, recirculation/bypass arrangements from
one to one. It has a straight pipe with Venturi meter and a manometer etc.

THEORY:
Measurement of the flow rate of a fluid used in process is essential in all industries. One of the commonly
used methods of flow measurement is to place a resistance in the pipe carrying the fluid and to measure the
pressure drop across the resistance. A Simple methods of introducing a resistance is to restrict the area of
cross section of flow by inserting an element in the line.

A Venturi meter consists of a flanged inlet section connected at either end to the pipe line by conical
sections. The entrance cone angle is 21 ± 2 degrees and the exit cone angle is 5 to 15 degrees. The two
cones are connected by short length of pipe of constant cross section called the throat. The throat length
equals one throat diameter.

When the flow rate is constant, the velocity at the throat is greater than that in the pipe. The increase in
velocity results in an increase in kinetic energy. As the total energy should be constant, there must be a
corresponding reduction in pressure. Thus in the figure shown, the downstream pressure P2 is always less
than P1, the upstream pressure. The difference in pressure is found by connecting a U-Tube manometer
containing carbon – tetrachloride or Mercury used as a manometric fluid to measure the drop in static head
across the two tapings.

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EXPERIMETAL SET UP:

The experimental set up consists of horizontal pipe. The flow rate of water is controlled by Ball Valve. The
Venturi meter is connected to the two sections of the pipe by a flange. The manometer tap located at pipe
diameter upstream of the entrance cone. The other manometer tap located at the throat of the Venturi meter.
The U- tube manometer containing colored carbon – tetrachloride or Mercury as manometric fluid,
measures the drop in static head. The water storage or collection tank is used to measure the flow rate by
noting the height and time required to fill the specified height. The schematic diagram is as depicted in
Figure 1.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the Venturimeter

FORMULAE
Manometer reading= Rm = LHS – RHS, m

Fluid head lost= H = [(ρm – ρf ) / ρf] Rm, m of water

Theoretical velocity=
Where = Throat Diameter/Pipe Diameter = Dthroat/Dpipe
Theoretical flow rate, Qth = Vthroat x Cross sectional (C/S) area of the throat, m3/s

Actual flow rate, Qact = (ATank hTank)/time, m3/s

Coefficient of discharge (Experimentally) of Venturi,

Average Velocity =

Reynolds Number, , Dimensionless.

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 BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MADIDEEP

PROCEDURE:
1) Keep the bypass valve fully open and all other valves are fully closed and start the motor.
2) Allow the water to flow through Venturi and regulate the flow with Ball valve.
3) Remove any entrapped air bubbles from the manometer. After steady state is reached, note down
the difference in level of monometer fluid.
4) Note down the time taken for water in collecting tank to rise for a given level.
5) Repeat the experiment for 5-6 readings for different opening of the ball valve and closing the by -
pass gate valve.

RESULT:
1) The given Venturi is calibrated and plotted as shown in the graph.
2) The co-efficient of discharge of venturi (CV or Co or Cd) is calculated and shown in Table.
3) The variation of Cd with NRe is plotted in the graph

GRAPHS:
1) Calibration chart, QAct Vs Rm (Ordinary graph).
2) Cd Vs NRe (Semi Log graph).

DATA:
Pipe diameter (DPipe) = 25.4 mm
Throat diameter (DThroat) = 12.5 mm
Density of Manometer liquid ρm = 13600 kg/m3 (Mercury)
Density of flowing fluid ρf = 1000 kg/m3 (Water)
Area of the Collection Tank (ATank) = 0.125 m2
Viscosity of water µ = 0.98x10-3 kg/m s

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Rm=
SL. Manometer Readings (LHS–RHS) Actual Flow rate (Qact)
NO. LHS mm RHS mm 10-3 m Height hTank(m) Time, Sec.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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FINAL RESULT TABLE:

Sl. QThe VAct

No. Rm, m H, m QAct m /s m3/s
3
VThe m/s m/s Cd NRe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CONCLUSION AND INFERENCE:

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 BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MADIDEEP

EXPERIMENT NO. 02
ORIFIC METER
Student Sign Faculty Sign
Date:

AIM:
To calibrate the given Orifice Meter.
1. To find its coefficient of discharge.
2. To determine the variation of Co with NRe.

APPARATUS:
Orifice Meter setup is a closed circuit unit consists of Positive displacement Pump, Water tank, Pumped
water collection tank with a measuring scale for volume/flow rate, recirculation/bypass arrangements from
one to one. It has a straight pipe with Orifice Meter and a manometer etc.

THEORY:
Orifice plate meter are used very commonly in the measurement of flow rates in the chemical industry. It
consists of an accurately machined and drilled stainless steel plate mounted between two flanges with the
hole concentric with the pipe in which it is mounted. The pressure drops substantially at a point, about one
pipe diameter upstream from the orifice, to a minimum at the vena-contracta, located about one-half pipe
diameters downstream from the orifice. It increases thereafter to some maximum value at a point, where it
is understood that the pressure recovery is completed. The difference in pressure is found by connecting a
U–Tube manometer containing mercury as manometric fluid to measure the drop in static head across the
two tapings.

EXPERIMETAL SET UP:

The apparatus essentially consists of an accurately machined and drilled stainless steel plate mounted in
transparent acrylic between the two flanges with the hole concentric with the pipe in which it is mounted.
The unit consists of a sump, pump, water recirculation arrangement with a valves to control the flow rate.
The manometer is connected across the orifice. One manometer tap located at one pipe diameter upstream
of the entrance pipe. The other manometer tap is located at the center of the Orifice. The U- tube manometer
containing colored carbon – tetrachloride or Mercury as manometric fluid, measure the drop in static head.
The water storage or collection tank is used to measure the flow rate by noting the height and time required
to fill the specified height. The schematic diagram is as depicted in Figure 2.

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 BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MADIDEEP

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the Orifice meter

FORMULAE.
Manometer reading= Rm = LHS – RHS, m

Fluid head lost= H = [(ρm – ρf ) / ρf] Rm, m of water

Theoretical velocity=

Where = Throat Diameter/Pipe Diameter = Dorifice/Dpipe

Theoretical flow rate, Qth = Vorifice Cross sectional (C/s) area of the orifice, m3/s

Actual flow rate, Qact = (ATank hTank)/time, m3/s

Coefficient of discharge (Experimentally) of Orifice,

Average Velocity =

Reynolds Number, , Dimensionless.

PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the bypass valve fully open and all other valves are fully closed and Start the motor.
2. Allow the water to flow through Orifice and regulate the flow with Ball valve.
3. Remove any entrapped air bubbles from the manometer. After steady state is reached, note down
the difference in level of monometer fluid.
4. Note down the time taken for water in collecting tank to rise for a given level.

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5. Repeat the experiment for 5-6 readings for different opening of the ball valve and closing the by
pass gate valve.

RESULT:

1. The given Orifice is calibrated and plotted as shown in the graph.

2. The co-efficient of discharge of Orifice (CV or Co or Cd) is calculated and shown in Table.
3. The variation of Cd with NRe is plotted in the graph

GRAPH:

1) Calibration chart, QAct Vs Rm (Ordinary

graph).
2) Cd Vs NRe (Semi Log graph).

DATA:
Pipe diameter (DPipe) = 25 mm
Orifice diameter (DOrifice) =12.5 mm
Density of Manometer liquid, ρm = 13600 kg/m3 (Mercury)
Density of flowing fluid, ρf = 1000 kg/m3 (Water)
Area of the Collection Tank (ATank) = 0.125 m2
Viscosity of water µ = 0.98x10-3 kg/m s

OBSERVATION TABLE:

SL. Manometer Readings Rm = (LHS – Actual Flow rate (Qact)

NO. LHS mm RHS mm RHS) x 10-3, m Height(HTank),m Time, Sec.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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FINAL RESULT TABLE:

Sl. Rm, m H, m QAct QThe VOrifice VAct Cd NRe
No. m3/s m3/s m/s m/s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CONCLUSION AND INFERENCE:

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 FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL-21CH3DCFML

EXPERIMENT NO. 03
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Student Sign Faculty Sign
Date:

AIM: To study the behavior of Centrifugal pump & Plot the operating curve. (To study the performance
of pump under varying condition of delivery head and speed. To plot the graph of discharge (Q) V/S I HP
(Actual)

APPARATUS:
The centrifugal test grid experiment is a self contained unit operated on closed circuit basis. The pump,
electric motor, collecting tank, sump tank, control panel, Pressure gauge, Vacuum gauge etc.

THEORY:
Pumps increase the mechanical energy of the liquid, increasing its velocity, pressure or elevation or all
three. The two major classes are positive displacement pumps and centrifugal pumps (negative
displacement). Positive-displacement units apply pressure directly to the liquid by a reciprocating piston,
or by rotating members which form chambers alternately filled by and emptied of the liquid. Centrifugal
pumps generate high rotational velocities, and then convert the resulting kinetic energy of the liquid to
pressure energy.

EXPERIMETAL SET UP:

The centrifugal test rid experiment is a self contained unit operated on closed circuit basis. The pump,
electric motor, collecting tank, sump tank, control panel, Pressure gauge, Vacuum gauge, Energy meter etc.
1) Conducting the various experiment at various speeds using pulley arrangement. 2) At measuring the
input power to the pump by Watt Hour Meter (Whm) 3) For recording rpm using digital rpm indicator.
4) For recording vacuum
5) For changing pressure and vacuum (Suction head by operating the valve) 6) For measuring the
discharge by collecting tank level provision.
7) For recirculating of water back into the sump tank by overflow pump.

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Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the centrifugal pump

FORMULAE:
HD = Delivery Head, in kg/cm2 HS = Suction Head,
in mm Hg.
HT = Total head = HS + HD = m of water
Energy Meter Constant (EMC) = 750 rev/kWh, k = No of Energy
meter revolutions in time, t sec .

, hp

, hp

Where HT = (HD+HS)

Discharge (Q) = (Atank HTank)/Time, in m3/Sec

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η (%) = (Ohp / Ihp-actual) 100

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the power cable.
2) Keep the delivery and suction valve open fully.
3) Fill the sump with clean water.
4) Air vent the pump by using air vent valve.
5) Select the speed by adjusting the pulley.
6) Switch on the mains and the pump, water starts flowing to the measuring tank.
7) Note down the pressure gauge, vacuum gauge and time for number of revolutions of
energy meter disc at full opening of delivery and suction valve.
8) Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known height
and time taken in seconds.
9) Repeat the experiments for different closings of the valves either at suction or delivery valve and
note down the above readings.

GRAPHS:
1. Draw η (%), IHP-Actual, HT vs Q 2. Draw η (%) vs
HD & HS

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RESULT:
1) The behavior of the centrifugal pump is studied and operating curve was plotted. 2) The graph
was plot for different speeds of Suction and Delivery head verses pump efficiency,η (%)

DATA:
Area of the Collection Tank = 0.125 m2
Energy meter constant (EMC) = 750 rev/kWh
5 3
(Note: 760 mm Hg = (1.0132 x10 )/(9.81x10 ) = 10.32 m of water
And 1 kg/cm2 = 1x104 kg/m2 = (1x104)/n = 1x104/1000 = 10 m of Water)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Speed of the Suction Head Delivery Head Time for 5 Volumetric flow
Pump, HS (mm Hg) (HD) kg/cm2 Revolutions rate (Q)
Sl. rpm of Energy Height Time in
No. Meter, sec in cm sec
1.
2.
3.

RESULT TABLE:

Sl. HT (Total head), m Q, m3/Sec Ihp- Actual Ohp η (%)

No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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 BANSAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MADIDEEP

EXPERIMENT NO. 04
FLOW THROUGH NON-CIRCULAR PIPES
Student Sign Faculty Sign
Date:

AIM: To study the flow characteristics of a fluid through a non –circular pipe and establish the relationship
between friction factor and Reynolds number for various flow conditions.

APPARATUS: Experimental setup with square and rectangular pipe, Manometer, Bucket and stop watch
arrangement for measuring volumetric flow rate.

THEORY:
A Non-circular pipe is simply a square or a rectangular pipe. The friction in the long straight channels of
non-circular cross section can be estimated by using the equation for circular pipes if the diameter in the
Reynolds number and the definition of friction factor is taken as the equivalent diameter as explained later.
Square and rectangular sections are encountered often in industries and study of the behavior of the fluid
flow through such channels is of use

EXPERIMETAL SET UP:

The experiment consists of a Horizontal Non circular pipes of different dimensions such as 1” Square pipe
and 1” x ½” pipe , each 1.5 m long. A U-tube manometer is connected across each of these pipes. A half
horse power pump is connected to a water pump tank with a bypass pipe to regulate the flow through the
Pipes. A measuring tank of known dimensions is used to collect the water and determine the flow rate.

FORMULAE:
Manometer reading Rm = LHS – RHS, m
Equivalent dia. of Square Pipe = De = w or b.

Equivalent dia. of Rectangular Pipe = De

Where b=Breadth of the pipe, w=width of the pipe
Pressure Drop ∆P = Rm (ρm – ρf) g, N/m2

Volumetric Flow rate

Average Velocity V = Q/A, m/s.

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Where are A Pipe = Equivalent C/s of pipe = Reynolds Number,

, Dimensionless.

Fanning’s friction factor,

Where, L = Length of the pipe

PROCEDURE:
1) Keep the bypass valves fully open and the other valves closed and start the pump.
2) Select the pipe for which the pressure drop is to be determined and connect the manometer
across that pipe.
3) Adjust the flow rate at any required value.
4) Measure the flow rate by collecting the water in the tank for a known period of time.
5) Repeat the experiment for different flow rates and different pipes.
RESULT:
Relationship between the friction factor is compared with Reynolds number for the various flow conditions
and the results and graph are tabulated.
DATA:
Length of rectangular/square pipe, L Width = 1.5 m
(w) & Breadth (b) for Square pipe Width (w) = 1” (1 Inch)
& Breadth (b) for Rectangular pipe Cross = 1” × 1/4”
sectional Area of collecting tank, A = 0.125 m2
Viscosity of water µ = 0.98x10-3 kg/m s

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Manometer Readings Rm=(LHS – Discharge/Actual Flow rate (Qact)
SL. LHS, RHS, RHS) × 10-3,
NO. mm mm m Height, m Time, Sec.
1.
2.
3.

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FINAL RESULT TABLE:

Sl. Rm, m ∆P QAct V f NRe

No. m3/s m/s

Graph : f vs NRe (Log - Log)

NRe

CONCLUSION AND INFERENCE:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 05
FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES
Student Sign Faculty Sign
Date:

AIM:
To plot the friction factor chart (Moody’s chart) for flow through circular pipes.

APPARATUS: Circular conduits setup (1”, ¾ ”, ½ ”), stop watch.

THEORY:
When a fluid flows in a steady state through a pipe, energy is dissipated in overcoming friction. The energy
dissipated depends on the properties of flowing fluid and the confining pipe and their relative motion. The
significant properties of the pipe are their internal diameter, length and roughness ratio (L/D) (Where D is the
inside diameter of the pipe and L is the average height of the projections of reference inside the pipe) and of
the fluid are its density and viscosity.

Loss due to friction for a fluid flowing through a pipe is given by

This equation is called FANNINGS EQUATION. “ ” called the fannings friction factor and it is a function
of Reynolds number and the roughness factor.

The friction factor may be determined by the following or other available equations f = 16/NRe for

Laminar flow (If NRe < 2100) and f = 0.046(NRe)-0.2 for turbulent flow

(NRe >4000)

EXPERIMETAL SET UP:

The experiment consists of a Horizontal circular pipe of different dimension such as 1”

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 FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL-21CH3DCFML

Square and 1” inch by ½” of 1.5 m long connected to across the Manometer. A half horse power pump is
connected to a water pump tank with a bypass pipe to regulate the flow throughout the Pipes. A measuring
tank of known dimensions are used to collect the water and determine the flow rate. U-tube manometer is
connected across the circular pipes.

FORMULAE:
Manometer reading Rm = LHS – RHS, m
Pressure drop ∆P = Rm (ρm – ρf) g N/m2

Volumetric flow rate Q = (Cross sectional area of Tank Height of Tank) / Time, m3/sec.

Average velocity , m/s

Reynolds Number, , Dimensionless.

Fannings Friction Factor =

Where L = Length of the pipe.

DATA:

Length of rectangular pipe, L = 1.5 m

Area of collecting tank, A = 0.125 m2
Diameter of pipe, D3/4” = 1.905 cm
Diameter of pipe, D1/2” = 1.27 cm
Diameter of pipe, D1/4” = 0.635 cm
Viscosity of water µ = 0.98x10-3 kg/m s

GRAPHS : f Vs NRe (Log – Log)

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OBSERVATION
SL. NO. Manometer Readings Rm = (LHS–RHS) Discharge/Actual Flow rate (Qact)
LHS, cm RHS, cm 10-2, m Height, m Time, Sec.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

PROCEDURE:

1. Keep the bypass valves fully open and the other valves closed and start the pump.
2. Select the pipe for which the pressure drop is to be determined and connect the manometer
across that pipe.
3. Adjust the flow rate at any required value.
4. Measure the flow rate by collecting the water in the tank for a known period of time.
5. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates and different pipes.
6. Calculate f, NRe, and report

RESULT: Friction factor chart is plotted as shown (f Vs NRe)

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 FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL-21CH3DCFML

CALCULATIONS

Sl. QAct V m/s

No. 3
Rm, m ∆P m /s f NRe

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

GRAPH : f vs NRe (Log - Log)

NRe

CONCLUSION AND INFERENCE:

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