UNIT-2

(A)1. What is Requirement Analysis?

Requirement Analysis involves understanding what the users need from the software and
documenting these needs clearly and precisely. This step helps in defining what the software will do,
how it will work, and what features it should include.

Key Objectives:

• Identify user needs and expectations.

• Document requirements in a clear and detailed manner.

• Ensure all stakeholders have a shared understanding of the requirements.

2. Real-Life Examples of Requirement Analysis

Example 1: Online Shopping System

Scenario: You are developing an online shopping system.

Requirements:

• User Registration: Users should be able to register an account, including details like name,
email, and password.

• Product Search: Users should be able to search for products by category, price range, or
keyword.

• Shopping Cart: Users should be able to add items to a shopping cart, view the cart, and
proceed to checkout.

• Payment Integration: The system should support various payment methods like credit cards,
debit cards, and PayPal.

Analysis Process:

• Interviews: Talk to potential users and stakeholders to understand their needs.

• Questionnaires: Distribute surveys to gather more information about user preferences.

• Use Case Diagrams: Create diagrams to visualize how users will interact with the system.

Result: A detailed document outlining all the features and functionalities needed for the online
shopping system.

Example 2: Library Management System

Scenario: You are designing a library management system.

Requirements:

• Book Catalog: The system should allow librarians to add, update, and delete book entries.

• Borrowing and Returning Books: Users should be able to borrow and return books, and the
system should track due dates and overdue books.

• User Management: The system should manage user accounts, including membership details
and borrowing history.
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• Search Functionality: Users should be able to search for books by title, author, or genre.

Analysis Process:

• Workshops: Organize sessions with librarians and library staff to understand their daily tasks
and challenges.

• Observation: Observe how current library systems are used and identify areas for
improvement.

• Prototyping: Create mock-ups of the user interface to gather feedback from potential users.

Result: A comprehensive list of system requirements, including user interfaces, functionalities, and
administrative features.

Example 3: Hospital Management System

Scenario: You are developing a hospital management system.

Requirements:

• Patient Records: The system should store patient information, including medical history,
treatment plans, and contact details.

• Appointment Scheduling: Users should be able to book, reschedule, and cancel

appointments with doctors.

• Billing: The system should handle billing processes, including insurance claims and payment
tracking.

• Inventory Management: Manage hospital inventory, such as medical supplies and

equipment.

Analysis Process:

• Focus Groups: Conduct meetings with doctors, nurses, and administrative staff to
understand their needs.

• Surveys: Gather input from patients to understand their expectations for scheduling and
billing.

• Documentation: Create detailed specifications for each requirement, ensuring they meet the
needs of all stakeholders.

Result: A well-defined set of requirements for the hospital management system, including all
necessary features and workflows.

Example 4: ATM System

Scenario: You are designing an ATM system.

Requirements:

• Account Access: Users should be able to access their accounts using a card and PIN.

• Withdrawal and Deposit: The system should allow users to withdraw and deposit money.
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• Account Balance: Users should be able to check their account balance and transaction
history.

• Security: The system must include security features such as encryption and fraud detection.

Analysis Process:

• Interviews: Speak with bank representatives and customers to gather their needs.

• Scenarios: Develop different scenarios for how users will interact with the ATM.

• Requirements Specification: Document technical requirements, such as response time and

system reliability.

Result: A detailed specification document outlining all functional and non-functional requirements
for the ATM system.

3. Key Takeaways

• Clear Communication: Ensure that all stakeholders have a clear understanding of the
requirements.

• Documentation: Keep detailed records of all requirements to guide the development

process.

• Validation: Regularly review and validate requirements to ensure they meet user needs and
are feasible to implement.

By carefully analyzing and documenting requirements, you can help ensure that the final software
product meets user expectations and delivers value to its intended audience.

(B) System and Software Requirements

Introduction: System and Software Requirements are crucial components in the software
development process. They define what the software should do and how it should perform.
Understanding these requirements helps ensure that the software meets user needs and functions
correctly in its intended environment.

1. System Requirements

System Requirements specify the hardware and software environment in which the software will
operate. They define the technical conditions that need to be met for the software to function
properly.

Key Types of System Requirements:

• Hardware Requirements: Specifications for the physical devices needed to run the software.

o Example: For a video editing software, the hardware requirements might include a
multi-core processor, 16 GB of RAM, and a dedicated graphics card.

• Software Requirements: Specifications for the operating system and other software that
must be installed.

o Example: For a web application, the software requirements might include a specific
version of the web server (e.g., Apache), a database management system (e.g.,
MySQL), and a web browser (e.g., Google Chrome).
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• Network Requirements: Specifications for network connectivity and bandwidth.

o Example: An online multiplayer game might require a stable internet connection

with a minimum bandwidth of 10 Mbps.

Real-Life Example:

Example: E-Commerce Platform

• Hardware Requirements:

o Web server with at least 8 GB of RAM and 4 CPU cores.

o Backup server with similar specifications.

• Software Requirements:

o Operating System: Linux Ubuntu 20.04.

o Web Server: Apache 2.4 or later.

o Database: MySQL 8.0.

o Web Browser: Chrome, Firefox, or Safari (latest versions).

• Network Requirements:

o Minimum bandwidth of 5 Mbps for smooth operation.

o Secure connection (HTTPS) for transactions.

2. Software Requirements

Software Requirements describe what the software should do, including its features, functionalities,
and constraints. They are divided into two main categories: functional and non-functional
requirements.

Key Types of Software Requirements:

• Functional Requirements: Describe the specific behaviors or functions of the software.

o Example: A messaging app should allow users to send and receive text messages,
attach files, and create groups.

• Non-Functional Requirements: Describe the quality attributes of the software, such as

performance, security, and usability.

o Example: The messaging app should have a response time of less than 2 seconds for
sending and receiving messages, and it should encrypt all messages to ensure
privacy.

Real-Life Example:

Example: Mobile Banking Application

• Functional Requirements:

o Account Management: Users should be able to view account balances, transaction

history, and manage account settings.
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o Fund Transfer: Users should be able to transfer funds between their accounts and to
other users.

o Bill Payments: Users should be able to pay utility bills and other services.

• Non-Functional Requirements:

o Performance: The application should load within 3 seconds and handle up to

100,000 simultaneous users.

o Security: The application must use encryption for data transmission and implement
multi-factor authentication for login.

o Usability: The application should be easy to navigate with a user-friendly interface.

3. Key Takeaways

• System Requirements define the technical environment needed to support the software.

• Software Requirements specify what the software must do and its quality attributes.

• Clear Documentation: Both types of requirements should be documented clearly to guide

development and ensure all stakeholders have a shared understanding.

• Validation: Regularly review and validate requirements to ensure they remain relevant and
achievable.

Understanding and documenting both system and software requirements are essential for
developing software that meets user needs and operates effectively in its intended environment.

C. Types of Software Requirements in Detail

Software requirements define what a software system should do and how it should perform. They
are generally categorized into functional and non-functional requirements, each serving a different
purpose in guiding the development process.

1. Functional Requirements

Definition: Functional requirements describe the specific functionalities and behaviors that a
software system must support. They define what the software should do and how it should respond
to various inputs.

Characteristics:

• Action-Oriented: Focus on what the system should do (e.g., “The system shall allow users to
log in”).

• User-Centric: Derived from the needs and expectations of users and stakeholders.

• Detailed: Provide a detailed description of system operations and interactions.

Examples:

1. Authentication:

o Requirement: The system must allow users to log in using a username and password.
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o Example: A banking application must enable users to authenticate their identity

before accessing account details.

2. Data Entry:

o Requirement: The system should allow users to input customer data through a form.

o Example: An e-commerce platform requires users to enter shipping information

during checkout.

3. Reporting:

o Requirement: The system must generate monthly sales reports.

o Example: A sales management system should provide reports showing sales data for
each month.

4. Search Functionality:

o Requirement: Users should be able to search for items by name or category.

o Example: A library management system should allow users to search for books by
title or author.

How to Document:

• Use Case Diagrams: Visual representations of how users interact with the system.

• User Stories: Short descriptions of functionalities from the user’s perspective.

• Functional Specifications: Detailed documentation of each function, including input,

processing, and output.

2. Non-Functional Requirements

Definition: Non-functional requirements describe the quality attributes, performance standards, and
constraints of the software system. They define how well the system performs its functions rather
than what functions it performs.

Characteristics:

• Quality-Oriented: Focus on the quality aspects of the system (e.g., performance, security,
usability).

• System-Wide: Apply to the system as a whole rather than individual functionalities.

• Measurable: Often include metrics or benchmarks for evaluation.

Examples:

1. Performance:

o Requirement: The system should handle 500 concurrent users without performance
degradation.
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o Example: An online gaming platform must ensure smooth gameplay for up to 500
players at the same time.

2. Security:

o Requirement: The system must encrypt sensitive user data.

o Example: A healthcare application must use encryption to protect patient records.

3. Usability:

o Requirement: The system should have an intuitive user interface with a maximum of
three clicks to complete any task.

o Example: A customer service portal should be easy to navigate, with key functions
accessible within three clicks.

4. Reliability:

o Requirement: The system should have 99.9% uptime.

o Example: An email service provider must ensure high availability with minimal
downtime.

5. Scalability:

o Requirement: The system should be able to scale horizontally to accommodate

increased load.

o Example: An e-commerce website should be able to handle traffic spikes during sales
events.

6. Maintainability:

o Requirement: The system should be designed with modular components to facilitate

easy updates and maintenance.

o Example: A content management system should allow for easy updates to its plugins
and features without major disruptions.

7. Compatibility:

o Requirement: The system must be compatible with major web browsers (Chrome,
Firefox, Safari).

o Example: A web application should work across different browsers and screen sizes.

How to Document:

• Performance Metrics: Define benchmarks for response times, throughput, etc.

• Security Specifications: Document encryption methods, access controls, etc.

• Usability Standards: Include design guidelines, user feedback results, etc.

• Service Level Agreements (SLAs): Formal agreements outlining performance and availability
expectations.
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3. Key Takeaways

• Functional Requirements define what the system should do, focusing on specific
functionalities and user interactions.

• Non-Functional Requirements describe how the system should perform, covering quality
attributes like performance, security, and usability.

• Detailed Documentation: Both types of requirements should be thoroughly documented to

ensure clear understanding and successful implementation.

• Validation: Regularly review and validate both functional and non-functional requirements
to ensure they meet the needs and expectations of users and stakeholders.

By understanding and documenting these types of requirements, you can guide the development of
software that not only meets the functional needs but also performs well and provides a positive
user experience.

D. Domain Requirements

Definition: Domain requirements are specific needs and constraints related to the particular industry
or domain in which the software will be used. They reflect the unique characteristics, rules, and
regulations of the domain and help ensure that the software is tailored to the context in which it
operates.

Characteristics:

• Industry-Specific: Address the particular needs of a specific field or sector (e.g., healthcare,
finance, education).

• Regulatory Compliance: Include requirements to adhere to industry standards, regulations,

and best practices.

• Contextual: Reflect the unique practices, terminologies, and constraints of the domain.

Importance: Domain requirements are crucial for ensuring that the software meets the specific
needs of its intended users and complies with industry regulations. They help in designing software
that is relevant, effective, and compliant within its operational context.

1. Examples of Domain Requirements

Example 1: Healthcare Industry

Scenario: Developing a medical records management system.

Domain Requirements:

• Compliance with HIPAA: The system must adhere to the Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA) standards for protecting patient data.

• Interoperability: The system should be able to exchange data with other healthcare systems
using standards like HL7 or FHIR.

• Medical Terminology: The system must support medical terminology standards such as ICD-
10 for diagnoses and CPT codes for procedures.

How to Document:
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• Regulatory Guidelines: Detailed descriptions of compliance requirements.

• Standards Integration: Specifications for data exchange formats and protocols.

• Terminology Specifications: Documentation of supported medical terms and codes.

Example 2: Financial Services

Scenario: Creating a trading platform for stock market transactions.

Domain Requirements:

• Regulatory Compliance: The system must comply with financial regulations such as MiFID II
(Markets in Financial Instruments Directive) or SEC regulations.

• Real-Time Processing: The system should handle real-time stock market data and execute
trades with minimal latency.

• Risk Management: The system must include features for risk assessment and management,
such as stop-loss orders and margin calculations.

How to Document:

• Regulatory Compliance: Documentation of applicable regulations and compliance measures.

• Performance Metrics: Specifications for real-time data processing and trade execution times.

• Risk Features: Detailed requirements for risk management functionalities.

Example 3: Education Sector

Scenario: Developing an online learning management system (LMS).

Domain Requirements:

• Accessibility Standards: The system must comply with accessibility standards such as WCAG
(Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) to ensure usability for all students.

• Student Records Management: The system should handle student records, including grades,
attendance, and coursework, in compliance with educational standards.

• Integration with Educational Tools: The system should integrate with other educational tools
and platforms, such as virtual classrooms and online assessment tools.

How to Document:

• Accessibility Guidelines: Specifications for accessibility features and compliance.

• Records Management: Requirements for handling and protecting student information.

• Integration Requirements: Documentation of supported educational tools and integration

methods.

Example 4: Manufacturing Industry

Scenario: Implementing a factory automation system.

Domain Requirements:
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• Industry Standards Compliance: The system must comply with industry standards such as
ISA-95 for manufacturing operations management.

• Integration with Industrial Equipment: The system should integrate with existing machinery
and equipment using protocols such as OPC (OLE for Process Control).

• Real-Time Monitoring: The system must provide real-time monitoring and control of
manufacturing processes.

How to Document:

• Standards Compliance: Detailed documentation of industry standards and compliance

measures.

• Integration Specifications: Requirements for connecting and communicating with industrial

equipment.

• Monitoring Features: Specifications for real-time data monitoring and control.

2. Key Takeaways

• Domain Requirements reflect the specific needs, regulations, and practices of the industry
or field in which the software will be used.

• Compliance and Context: Ensure the software complies with industry regulations and fits the
operational context of the domain.

• Thorough Documentation: Clearly document domain requirements to guide development

and ensure the software meets industry-specific needs.

• Validation: Regularly review domain requirements to ensure they are up-to-date and
relevant to the current industry standards and practices.

By understanding and addressing domain requirements, you can develop software that is not only
functional and user-friendly but also compliant with industry-specific standards and practices.

E. User Requirement Elicitation and Analysis

Introduction: User requirement elicitation and analysis are critical steps in the software development
process that involve gathering and understanding the needs and expectations of users. This helps in
defining what the software should do and ensures that the final product meets user needs
effectively.

1. User Requirement Elicitation

Definition: Elicitation is the process of gathering information from stakeholders and users to
understand their needs, preferences, and expectations for the software system.

Techniques for Elicitation:

1. Interviews:

o Description: Conduct one-on-one or group interviews with stakeholders and users to

gather detailed information about their needs and preferences.

o Example: Interviewing healthcare professionals to understand the features needed

in a medical records system.
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2. Surveys and Questionnaires:

o Description: Distribute surveys or questionnaires to collect responses from a larger

audience.

o Example: Using online surveys to gather feedback from potential users of an e-

commerce platform about their shopping preferences.

3. Workshops and Focus Groups:

o Description: Organize collaborative sessions with stakeholders and users to discuss

and identify requirements.

o Example: Holding a workshop with teachers and students to identify features for an
online learning management system.

4. Observation:

o Description: Observe users in their natural environment to understand their

workflow, pain points, and needs.

o Example: Observing warehouse staff to identify requirements for a new inventory

management system.

5. Prototyping:

o Description: Create early models or prototypes of the software to gather feedback

and refine requirements.

o Example: Developing a prototype of a mobile app to gather user feedback on its

design and functionality.

6. Document Analysis:

o Description: Review existing documentation, such as business processes, user

manuals, and standards, to extract relevant requirements.

o Example: Analyzing documentation from a legacy system to understand

requirements for its replacement.

Key Considerations:

• Stakeholder Identification: Identify and engage all relevant stakeholders to ensure

comprehensive requirement gathering.

• Clear Communication: Use clear and unambiguous language to avoid misunderstandings.

• Iterative Process: Elicitation is often iterative; gather initial requirements and refine them
through feedback and discussions.
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2. Analysis of Requirements

Definition: Analysis involves examining the gathered requirements to ensure they are clear,
complete, and feasible. This process helps in defining and documenting the software’s functional and
non-functional requirements.

Steps in Requirement Analysis:

1. Requirement Classification:

o Description: Categorize requirements into functional, non-functional, and domain-

specific requirements.

o Example: Classify requirements for an HR management system into employee

management (functional), system performance (non-functional), and compliance
with labor laws (domain-specific).

2. Requirement Prioritization:

o Description: Determine the importance and urgency of each requirement to

prioritize development efforts.

o Example: Prioritize core features like employee payroll processing over secondary
features like customization of reports.

3. Requirement Validation:

o Description: Ensure that requirements are correct, complete, and feasible through
reviews and validation sessions with stakeholders.

o Example: Conduct validation sessions with end-users to verify that the requirements
for an online banking system meet their needs.

4. Requirement Specification:

o Description: Document the requirements in a clear and detailed manner, typically

using requirement specification documents or user stories.

o Example: Create a detailed requirements document for a customer relationship

management (CRM) system, outlining all functionalities and constraints.

5. Requirement Modeling:

o Description: Use models and diagrams, such as use case diagrams, flowcharts, and
data models, to represent and analyze requirements visually.

o Example: Develop use case diagrams for a ticket booking system to illustrate how
users will interact with the system.

6. Requirement Traceability:

o Description: Establish a traceability matrix to ensure that each requirement is

addressed throughout the development process.

o Example: Create a traceability matrix for a healthcare application to track which

requirements are implemented in each software module.
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Key Considerations:

• Clarity and Precision: Ensure requirements are clear, unambiguous, and detailed to avoid
misinterpretations.

• Feasibility: Assess the feasibility of requirements in terms of technical, financial, and time
constraints.

• Consistency: Ensure that requirements are consistent and do not conflict with each other.

3. Key Takeaways

• User Requirement Elicitation involves gathering information from stakeholders and users
using various techniques such as interviews, surveys, and observations.

• Requirement Analysis involves classifying, prioritizing, validating, specifying, modeling, and

tracing requirements to ensure they are clear, complete, and feasible.

• Iterative Process: Both elicitation and analysis are iterative processes that involve continuous
feedback and refinement.

• Documentation: Proper documentation and communication of requirements are essential

for guiding the development process and ensuring that the final product meets user needs.

By effectively eliciting and analyzing user requirements, you can ensure that the software you
develop is well-aligned with user needs, industry standards, and project constraints.

F. Overview of Requirement Elicitation Techniques

Requirement elicitation is a critical phase in software development, where various techniques are
employed to gather the necessary information from stakeholders and users. Each technique has its
strengths and is suitable for different contexts. Here’s an overview of common requirement
elicitation techniques:

1. Interviews

Description: Conducting one-on-one or group interviews with stakeholders and users to gather
detailed information about their needs and expectations.

Strengths:

• Provides in-depth insights and detailed information.

• Allows for immediate clarification of doubts and follow-up questions.

Weaknesses:

• Time-consuming and may require multiple sessions.

• The quality of information depends on the interviewer’s skill.

When to Use:

• When detailed understanding of user needs is required.

• For gathering insights from key stakeholders.

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Example: Interviewing medical staff to understand the functionalities needed in a new electronic
health record system.

2. Surveys and Questionnaires

Description: Distributing structured forms to a larger audience to gather quantitative and qualitative
data about their needs and preferences.

Strengths:

• Can reach a large number of respondents quickly.

• Useful for collecting quantitative data and identifying trends.

Weaknesses:

• Responses may lack depth.

• Limited ability to probe for detailed explanations.

When to Use:

• When needing feedback from a broad user base.

• For gathering opinions on features or priorities.

Example: Sending out a survey to potential users of a new project management tool to gather input
on desired features.

3. Workshops and Focus Groups

Description: Organizing collaborative sessions with stakeholders and users to discuss and identify
requirements collectively.

Strengths:

• Encourages brainstorming and idea sharing.

• Provides diverse perspectives and insights.

Weaknesses:

• May be challenging to manage group dynamics.

• Can be time-consuming to coordinate and conduct.

When to Use:

• When seeking collective input and consensus.

• For discussing and prioritizing requirements with multiple stakeholders.

Example: Holding a focus group with teachers, students, and administrators to define requirements
for a new learning management system.
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4. Observation

Description: Observing users in their natural environment to understand their workflows, pain
points, and needs.

Strengths:

• Provides real-world insights into user behavior and interactions.

• Helps identify issues that users may not explicitly express.

Weaknesses:

• Observer presence may influence user behavior.

• Can be time-consuming and may require multiple observations.

When to Use:

• To understand actual user workflows and identify hidden requirements.

• When developing systems that involve complex user interactions.

Example: Observing warehouse staff to determine how a new inventory management system should
handle stock tracking and order processing.

5. Prototyping

Description: Creating early models or prototypes of the software to gather feedback and refine
requirements.

Strengths:

• Provides a tangible representation of requirements.

• Allows users to interact with and provide feedback on the prototype.

Weaknesses:

• Can be resource-intensive to develop prototypes.

• May lead to a focus on minor details rather than core requirements.

When to Use:

• When visualizing complex features or user interactions.

• To gather feedback on design and functionality early in the development process.

Example: Developing a prototype of a mobile app to test its usability and gather user feedback on its
design and functionality.

6. Document Analysis

Description: Reviewing existing documentation, such as business processes, user manuals, and
standards, to extract relevant requirements.

Strengths:

• Utilizes existing knowledge and documentation.

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• Helps ensure alignment with established processes and standards.

Weaknesses:

• Documents may be outdated or incomplete.

• Requires careful interpretation and validation of information.

When to Use:

• When integrating or replacing existing systems.

• To understand established procedures and constraints.

Example: Analyzing documentation from a legacy financial system to identify requirements for its
replacement.

7. Brainstorming

Description: Generating a wide range of ideas and solutions through collaborative group sessions.

Strengths:

• Encourages creativity and diverse ideas.

• Helps in identifying innovative solutions and requirements.

Weaknesses:

• Ideas may be unstructured and require further refinement.

• Can be influenced by dominant voices in the group.

When to Use:

• When exploring new features or solutions.

• To generate a broad range of potential requirements.

Example: Brainstorming session with product managers and users to identify new features for a
customer relationship management (CRM) system.

8. Storyboarding

Description: Creating visual sequences or stories to illustrate how users will interact with the system.

Strengths:

• Provides a visual representation of user interactions and scenarios.

• Helps in understanding and communicating user experiences.

Weaknesses:

• May not capture all functional aspects.

• Requires visual design skills and tools.

When to Use:

• When illustrating user workflows and interactions.

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• To communicate user scenarios to stakeholders.

Example: Creating a storyboard to show the steps a user takes to complete a transaction in an online
shopping platform.

Key Takeaways

• Diverse Techniques: Use a combination of techniques to gather comprehensive

requirements and address different aspects of user needs.

• Contextual Suitability: Choose the most appropriate technique based on the project context,
stakeholder needs, and available resources.

• Iterative Process: Requirement elicitation is iterative; gather initial requirements, refine

through feedback, and adjust as needed.

By employing these techniques effectively, you can ensure that the requirements gathered are
accurate, complete, and aligned with user needs and project goals.

G. Viewpoints in Software Requirements Engineering

Overview: In software requirements engineering, viewpoints are perspectives or angles from which
the requirements of a system are analyzed and understood. They help ensure that the system is
designed and developed to meet various stakeholder needs, addressing different concerns and
aspects of the system. Viewpoints provide a structured way to capture and organize requirements
from diverse perspectives.

1. Stakeholder Viewpoint

Description: Focuses on the needs, goals, and expectations of different stakeholders involved in the
project, such as users, clients, managers, and regulatory bodies.

Key Considerations:

• User Needs: What do the end-users require from the system?

• Client Expectations: What are the client's goals and constraints?

• Regulatory Requirements: What compliance or legal standards must be met?

Example: For a hospital management system, the stakeholder viewpoint would consider doctors'
needs for patient data access, nurses' needs for scheduling, administrators' needs for billing, and
compliance with healthcare regulations.

How to Document:

• Stakeholder Profiles: Detailed descriptions of each stakeholder's needs and expectations.

• Use Cases: Scenarios depicting how different stakeholders interact with the system.

2. Functional Viewpoint

Description: Focuses on the specific functions and capabilities that the system must provide. It
details what the system should do to fulfill the requirements.

Key Considerations:

• Functional Requirements: What are the core functionalities of the system?

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• System Behavior: How should the system respond to different inputs and actions?

Example: For an online booking system, the functional viewpoint includes features like user account
management, search and booking capabilities, payment processing, and confirmation notifications.

How to Document:

• Functional Specifications: Detailed descriptions of system functions and operations.

• Use Case Diagrams: Visual representations of system interactions and functionalities.

3. Non-Functional Viewpoint

Description: Focuses on the quality attributes and performance characteristics of the system, such as
usability, reliability, performance, and security.

Key Considerations:

• Performance Requirements: What are the system's performance benchmarks (e.g., response
time, throughput)?

• Usability Requirements: How should the system be designed to ensure ease of use?

• Security Requirements: What measures must be in place to protect data and ensure secure
access?

Example: For a financial trading platform, the non-functional viewpoint includes requirements for
high availability, quick transaction processing times, secure encryption, and user-friendly interfaces.

How to Document:

• Non-Functional Specifications: Descriptions of quality attributes and performance criteria.

• Performance Metrics: Benchmarks and standards for evaluating system performance.

4. Technical Viewpoint

Description: Focuses on the technical aspects of the system, including architecture, infrastructure,
and integration with other systems.

Key Considerations:

• System Architecture: What is the overall structure of the system?

• Technology Stack: What technologies and tools will be used?

• Integration: How will the system interface with other systems or components?

Example: For a content management system (CMS), the technical viewpoint includes the choice of
database technology, server architecture, integration with web services, and support for different
content formats.

How to Document:

• Architecture Diagrams: Visual representations of system components and their interactions.

• Technical Specifications: Detailed descriptions of technology choices and integration points.

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5. Business Viewpoint

Description: Focuses on the business goals and objectives that the system should support. It aligns
the system's functionality with business processes and strategies.

Key Considerations:

• Business Goals: How does the system contribute to achieving business objectives?

• Process Alignment: How does the system fit into existing business processes?

Example: For a customer relationship management (CRM) system, the business viewpoint includes
requirements for tracking sales leads, managing customer interactions, and generating reports to
support sales and marketing strategies.

How to Document:

• Business Process Models: Diagrams and descriptions of how the system supports business
processes.

• Business Requirements Document: Detailed account of how the system aligns with business
goals and objectives.

6. User Experience (UX) Viewpoint

Description: Focuses on the design and usability aspects of the system, ensuring that it provides a
positive and efficient experience for users.

Key Considerations:

• User Interface Design: How should the system be designed to ensure an intuitive user
interface?

• User Interaction: How do users interact with the system and perform tasks?

Example: For a mobile banking app, the UX viewpoint includes requirements for a clean, intuitive
interface, easy navigation, and responsive design to ensure a smooth user experience on different
devices.

How to Document:

• Wireframes and Mockups: Visual representations of the user interface design.

• Usability Testing Reports: Feedback and results from testing the system with actual users.

Key Takeaways

• Multiple Perspectives: Use various viewpoints to capture a comprehensive set of

requirements that address different aspects of the system.

• Documentation: Clearly document requirements from each viewpoint to ensure that all
concerns are addressed and aligned with project goals.

• Integration: Ensure that requirements from different viewpoints are consistent and
integrated to provide a cohesive system design.

By considering these viewpoints, you can ensure that the software system meets the diverse needs
of stakeholders, adheres to quality standards, and aligns with business objectives.
UNIT-2

H. Interviewing for Requirements Elicitation

Overview: Interviewing is a fundamental technique for gathering requirements in software

development. It involves direct communication with stakeholders to understand their needs,
expectations, and constraints. Interviews can be conducted one-on-one or in groups and are useful
for obtaining detailed and specific information.

1. Types of Interviews

1.1. Structured Interviews

Description: Predefined set of questions are asked in a specific order. This approach ensures
consistency and comparability of responses.

Strengths:

• Ensures uniformity in the information gathered.

• Easier to analyze and compare responses.

Weaknesses:

• Limited flexibility; may not explore new topics in depth.

• May not capture detailed insights beyond predefined questions.

When to Use:

• When you need consistent information across multiple interviews.

• For topics with well-defined scope and clear objectives.

Example: Interviewing users about their specific needs for a new inventory management system
using a set list of questions about features and functionalities.

1.2. Unstructured Interviews

Description: Open-ended and flexible, allowing for a free-flowing conversation. Questions are not
strictly predefined and can evolve based on the discussion.

Strengths:

• Provides deep insights and detailed understanding.

• Allows for exploration of new and unforeseen topics.

Weaknesses:

• Can be time-consuming and harder to analyze.

• May lead to varied responses that are difficult to compare.

When to Use:

• When exploring complex or unfamiliar topics.

• For understanding user experiences and gathering qualitative data.

UNIT-2

Example: Interviewing stakeholders about their vision and goals for a new e-commerce platform,
allowing the conversation to evolve based on their responses and insights.

1.3. Semi-Structured Interviews

Description: Combines structured and unstructured approaches. A set of predefined questions

guides the interview, but there is flexibility to explore topics in more depth.

Strengths:

• Balances consistency with flexibility.

• Allows for detailed exploration while maintaining focus.

Weaknesses:

• Requires skilled interviewers to balance structure and flexibility.

• Analysis can be more complex than structured interviews.

When to Use:

• When you need a structured approach but also want to explore specific areas in detail.

• For gathering both quantitative and qualitative information.

Example: Interviewing users of a project management tool with a mix of predefined questions about
features and open-ended questions about their overall experience and suggestions.

2. Preparing for the Interview

2.1. Define Objectives

Description: Clearly outline the purpose of the interview and what information you aim to gather.

Key Considerations:

• Identify the specific goals and topics to be covered.

• Prepare questions that align with these objectives.

Example: For a user interview about a new healthcare app, define objectives such as understanding
user needs for appointment scheduling, medication tracking, and data privacy concerns.

2.2. Identify Stakeholders

Description: Determine who will be interviewed based on their role and relevance to the project.

Key Considerations:

• Include a diverse range of stakeholders to gather comprehensive requirements.

• Consider roles such as end-users, managers, and technical staff.

Example: Interviewing doctors, nurses, and administrative staff for a hospital management system to
capture different perspectives and requirements.

2.3. Develop Questions

Description: Create questions that align with the interview objectives and cover key topics.
UNIT-2

Key Considerations:

• Use a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions.

• Ensure questions are clear, unbiased, and relevant.

Example: For a new financial software, questions might include: "What features do you find most
valuable in your current system?" and "How do you handle transaction errors?"

3. Conducting the Interview

3.1. Build Rapport

Description: Establish a comfortable and trusting environment to encourage open and honest
responses.

Key Considerations:

• Start with small talk to ease into the interview.

• Show appreciation for the participant's time and input.

Example: Begin a user interview for a new CRM system by discussing the participant's current role
and experiences with customer management before diving into specific questions.

3.2. Ask Questions

Description: Follow the prepared questions, but be flexible to explore new topics that arise during
the conversation.

Key Considerations:

• Listen actively and ask follow-up questions as needed.

• Avoid leading questions that may bias responses.

Example: During an interview for a new online learning platform, ask: "Can you describe a challenge
you face with your current system?" and probe further based on their response.

3.3. Record and Document

Description: Take notes or record the interview (with permission) to capture responses accurately.

Key Considerations:

• Ensure recording equipment is working properly.

• Document key points and insights promptly after the interview.

Example: Use a voice recorder to capture an interview with a project manager about their needs for
a project tracking tool, and take notes on key requirements and suggestions.

4. Analyzing Interview Results

4.1. Review and Transcribe

Description: Review recorded interviews and transcribe key points and insights.
UNIT-2

Key Considerations:

• Transcribe recordings accurately and comprehensively.

• Highlight important information and recurring themes.

Example: Transcribe an interview with a healthcare professional and extract key requirements for
patient data management and user interface preferences.

4.2. Analyze Responses

Description: Analyze the collected data to identify common themes, requirements, and insights.

Key Considerations:

• Categorize and group responses based on topics.

• Identify patterns and prioritize requirements based on stakeholder needs.

Example: Analyze feedback from multiple interviews to determine common requirements for a new
customer support system, such as chat features, ticket tracking, and integration with existing tools.

4.3. Document Findings

Description: Summarize and document the findings from the interviews in a clear and structured
format.

Key Considerations:

• Create a comprehensive report or summary of the requirements gathered.

• Include both qualitative and quantitative insights.

Example: Prepare a requirements document for a new inventory system, summarizing key features
and functionalities based on interviews with warehouse staff and managers.

Key Takeaways

• Effective Interviewing: Use a combination of structured, unstructured, and semi-structured

interviews based on the objectives and context of the project.

• Preparation: Clearly define objectives, identify stakeholders, and develop relevant questions
to ensure a productive interview process.

• Analysis: Review, transcribe, analyze, and document interview findings to capture accurate
and actionable requirements.

By conducting thorough and well-planned interviews, you can gather valuable insights and
requirements that will guide the development of a software system that meets user needs and
expectations.

I. Requirement Validation

Overview: Requirement validation is the process of ensuring that the requirements gathered for a
software system are correct, complete, and aligned with the needs and expectations of stakeholders.
This process helps confirm that the requirements will result in a product that meets user needs,
complies with regulations, and aligns with business goals.
UNIT-2

1. Objectives of Requirement Validation

1.1. Ensure Correctness

Description: Verify that the requirements accurately reflect the needs and expectations of
stakeholders.

Key Considerations:

• Requirements should be free from errors and misunderstandings.

• They must correctly capture what stakeholders need from the system.

Example: Validating that the requirement for a banking system to handle transactions securely aligns
with stakeholder expectations for data encryption and fraud prevention.

1.2. Confirm Completeness

Description: Ensure that all necessary requirements have been captured and nothing essential is
missing.

Key Considerations:

• All functional and non-functional requirements should be included.

• Requirements should cover all user interactions and system functionalities.

Example: Checking that all features of a new online learning platform, such as course management,
user profiles, and assessment tools, are included and fully described.

1.3. Validate Consistency

Description: Ensure that the requirements do not conflict with each other and are consistent
throughout the documentation.

Key Considerations:

• Requirements should be harmonized with no contradictions.

• Ensure alignment between different requirements and system constraints.

Example: Validating that the requirement for fast data processing does not conflict with constraints
related to system performance and hardware limitations.

1.4. Align with Business Objectives

Description: Confirm that the requirements support the strategic goals and business objectives of
the organization.

Key Considerations:

• Requirements should align with business goals and provide value to the organization.

• Ensure that the system will help achieve desired business outcomes.

Example: Ensuring that a new CRM system’s features, such as automated lead tracking and customer
segmentation, align with the company’s goal of improving sales efficiency.
UNIT-2

2. Techniques for Requirement Validation

2.1. Review and Inspection

Description: Conduct reviews of requirement documents with stakeholders, subject matter experts,
and team members to identify errors, omissions, and inconsistencies.

Key Considerations:

• Perform formal and informal reviews.

• Engage individuals with diverse perspectives to ensure comprehensive validation.

Example: Organizing a review meeting with project managers, developers, and users to inspect the
requirements for a new project management tool.

2.2. Prototyping

Description: Create prototypes or mock-ups of the system to validate requirements through user
interaction and feedback.

Key Considerations:

• Prototypes should represent the key functionalities and user interfaces.

• Use feedback to refine and adjust requirements.

Example: Developing a prototype of a new mobile app to gather user feedback on design and
functionality, ensuring that requirements are accurately represented and meet user needs.

2.3. Requirements Walkthroughs

Description: Conduct walkthrough sessions where requirements are presented and discussed in
detail with stakeholders to confirm their accuracy and completeness.

Key Considerations:

• Ensure active participation from stakeholders.

• Address questions and concerns during the walkthrough.

Example: Walking through the requirements for a new hospital management system with doctors,
nurses, and administrators to ensure that all critical functionalities are included and correctly
described.

2.4. Use Cases and Scenarios

Description: Develop use cases and scenarios to validate requirements by simulating real-world
interactions and checking if the requirements support these scenarios.

Key Considerations:

• Use cases should cover a range of scenarios, including normal and edge cases.

• Scenarios should reflect actual user interactions and system responses.

Example: Creating use cases for a new e-commerce website to validate that requirements cover user
actions such as browsing, adding items to the cart, and completing a purchase.
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2.5. Testing and Verification

Description: Perform testing and verification activities to ensure that the requirements are feasible,
and that the system meets the specified requirements.

Key Considerations:

• Develop test cases based on requirements.

• Conduct various types of testing, such as unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.

Example: Creating test cases to verify that a new inventory management system correctly tracks
stock levels and generates reports as per the requirements.

3. Challenges in Requirement Validation

3.1. Incomplete or Ambiguous Requirements

Description: Requirements that are incomplete or ambiguous can lead to misunderstandings and
incorrect system implementation.

Mitigation:

• Seek clarification from stakeholders.

• Ensure requirements are detailed and clear.

3.2. Changing Requirements

Description: Requirements may evolve over time, impacting the validation process.

Mitigation:

• Implement change management processes.

• Regularly review and update requirements as needed.

3.3. Stakeholder Conflicts

Description: Conflicting interests or requirements from different stakeholders can pose challenges.

Mitigation:

• Facilitate discussions to resolve conflicts.

• Prioritize requirements based on business goals and user needs.

4. Key Takeaways

• Thorough Validation: Use various techniques to ensure that requirements are correct,
complete, consistent, and aligned with business objectives.

• Stakeholder Engagement: Involve stakeholders actively in the validation process to gather

feedback and confirm requirements.

• Documentation and Review: Maintain clear and comprehensive documentation and conduct
regular reviews to address any issues and ensure accurate requirements.
UNIT-2

Effective requirement validation helps ensure that the software system will meet the needs of users
and stakeholders, reducing the risk of errors and project failure.

J. Requirement Specification

Overview: Requirement specification is the process of documenting and detailing the requirements
of a software system in a clear, organized, and precise manner. It provides a formal and
comprehensive description of what the system should do, how it should perform, and the constraints
under which it must operate. This document serves as a foundation for design, development, and
testing activities.

1. Purpose of Requirement Specification

1.1. Clear Communication

Description: Ensures that all stakeholders have a common understanding of the system’s
requirements, reducing ambiguity and misunderstandings.

Key Considerations:

• Use clear and precise language.

• Define technical terms and jargon.

Example: Specifying that the system should provide "real-time processing of transactions within 2
seconds" instead of vague terms like "fast processing."

1.2. Basis for Design and Development

Description: Provides a foundation for system design and development, ensuring that the final
product meets the specified requirements.

Key Considerations:

• Requirements should be detailed enough to guide design decisions.

• Include constraints and assumptions that affect design and implementation.

Example: Documenting requirements for a web application to be compatible with major browsers
and screen sizes.

1.3. Validation and Verification

Description: Enables validation and verification activities to ensure that the system meets the
specified requirements and functions as intended.

Key Considerations:

• Define measurable criteria for each requirement.

• Use requirements as a basis for test case development.

Example: Specifying performance requirements such as "the system should support 500 concurrent
users without degradation in response time."
UNIT-2

2. Components of Requirement Specification

2.1. Introduction

Description: Provides an overview of the project, including its purpose, scope, and objectives.

Key Considerations:

• Project background and goals.

• Scope of the requirements document.

Example: An introduction for a customer management system might outline the purpose of
improving customer service and tracking interactions.

2.2. Functional Requirements

Description: Details the specific functions and capabilities that the system must provide.

Key Considerations:

• Clearly define each function and its expected behavior.

• Use use cases or user stories to illustrate functionality.

Example:

• Requirement: The system should allow users to search for products by name, category, and
price range.

• Use Case: A user searches for "laptops" and filters results by price range "$500-$1000."

2.3. Non-Functional Requirements

Description: Specifies the quality attributes and performance characteristics of the system.

Key Considerations:

• Address performance, usability, reliability, and security aspects.

• Define measurable criteria for each attribute.

Example:

• Performance Requirement: The system should have a maximum response time of 1 second
for all user actions.

• Security Requirement: The system must use AES-256 encryption for sensitive data.

2.4. Constraints

Description: Lists the limitations and constraints within which the system must operate.

Key Considerations:

• Hardware and software limitations.

• Regulatory and compliance constraints.

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Example:

• Hardware Constraint: The system must run on standard office PCs with Windows 10.

• Compliance Constraint: The system must comply with GDPR regulations for data privacy.

2.5. Assumptions

Description: States any assumptions made during the requirements gathering process.

Key Considerations:

• Include assumptions about the environment, technology, and user behavior.

• Address how assumptions might impact the project.

Example:

• Assumption: Users will have access to high-speed internet for web-based applications.

• Assumption: The system will integrate with existing company databases.

2.6. Glossary

Description: Defines key terms and acronyms used in the requirements document.

Key Considerations:

• Include definitions for technical terms and domain-specific jargon.

• Ensure consistency in terminology throughout the document.

Example:

• Term: "API" – Application Programming Interface, a set of functions allowing applications to

communicate with each other.

3. Writing Effective Requirements

3.1. Use Clear and Precise Language

Description: Write requirements in a clear, concise, and unambiguous manner.

Key Considerations:

• Avoid vague terms and jargon.

• Be specific about what the system should do.

Example: Instead of saying "The system should be user-friendly," specify "The system should provide
a help section accessible from all screens."

3.2. Ensure Requirements are Testable

Description: Requirements should be written in a way that allows them to be tested and verified.

Key Considerations:

• Include measurable criteria and conditions for success.

• Define how each requirement will be validated.

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Example:

• Requirement: The system should generate monthly sales reports.

• Testable Criterion: Verify that the system produces a report with correct data for each
month upon request.

3.3. Prioritize Requirements

Description: Assign priorities to requirements based on their importance and impact.

Key Considerations:

• Use a prioritization method such as MoSCoW (Must have, Should have, Could have, Won't
have).

• Address high-priority requirements first.

Example:

• Must Have: User authentication for accessing the system.

• Should Have: Customizable user dashboards.

• Could Have: Integration with third-party analytics tools.

3.4. Review and Validate

Description: Conduct reviews and validation sessions with stakeholders to ensure accuracy and
completeness.

Key Considerations:

• Engage stakeholders in reviewing the requirements document.

• Address feedback and make necessary adjustments.

Example: Review the requirements for a new payroll system with HR staff and payroll administrators
to ensure all necessary features are included and accurately described.

4. Key Takeaways

• Documentation: Clearly document all aspects of the requirements, including functional and
non-functional requirements, constraints, and assumptions.

• Clarity and Precision: Use clear, precise language and ensure that requirements are testable
and measurable.

• Stakeholder Involvement: Engage stakeholders in the review and validation process to

ensure that the requirements meet their needs and expectations.

A well-structured requirement specification document is crucial for guiding the design, development,
and testing of a software system, ensuring that the final product aligns with stakeholder needs and
project goals.
UNIT-2

K. Software Requirements Specification (SRS) Structure and Contents

Overview: A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document provides a comprehensive

description of the software system to be developed. It outlines what the system should do, how it
should perform, and the constraints it must operate under. The SRS serves as a reference for design,
development, and testing phases.

Typical Structure and Contents of an SRS Document:

1. Introduction

1.1. Purpose

Description: Defines the purpose of the SRS document and its intended audience.

Contents:

• Objectives of the document.

• Scope of the software system.

• Intended audience (e.g., developers, testers, project managers).

Example: "The purpose of this SRS is to specify the requirements for the XYZ Inventory Management
System. This document is intended for use by the development team, QA testers, and project
stakeholders."

1.2. Scope

Description: Describes the boundaries of the software system and what it will achieve.

Contents:

• Overview of the system's functionalities.

• Major features and capabilities.

• Limitations and exclusions.

Example: "The XYZ Inventory Management System will track inventory levels, manage stock orders,
and generate reports. The system will not handle financial transactions or customer orders."

1.3. Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

Description: Defines key terms, acronyms, and abbreviations used in the document.

Contents:

• Glossary of terms.

• Definitions of technical and domain-specific jargon.

Example:

• API: Application Programming Interface.

• UI: User Interface.

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1.4. References

Description: Lists documents, standards, and other references relevant to the SRS.

Contents:

• Related documents (e.g., business requirements, design documents).

• Standards and guidelines followed.

Example:

• "IEEE Std 830-1998, IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications."

1.5. Overview

Description: Provides a brief overview of the SRS document's structure and contents.

Contents:

• Summary of sections included.

• High-level description of the SRS organization.

Example: "This document is organized into sections covering the system's overall description,
functional and non-functional requirements, and appendices."

2. Overall Description

2.1. Product Perspective

Description: Describes the context and environment in which the software will operate.

Contents:

• System interfaces (e.g., hardware, software).

• User interfaces and interactions.

• External interfaces and dependencies.

Example: "The XYZ Inventory Management System will integrate with existing ERP systems and
provide a web-based user interface accessible via standard web browsers."

2.2. Product Functions

Description: Summarizes the major functionalities of the system.

Contents:

• High-level description of key functions.

• Functional goals and objectives.

Example: "The system will provide functionalities such as inventory tracking, order management, and
reporting."

2.3. User Characteristics

Description: Defines the target users of the system and their characteristics.
UNIT-2

Contents:

• User profiles and roles.

• User skills and experience levels.

Example: "Users include warehouse staff, inventory managers, and administrators, with varying
levels of technical expertise."

2.4. Constraints

Description: Lists any constraints and limitations that affect the system.

Contents:

• Hardware and software limitations.

• Regulatory and compliance constraints.

Example: "The system must operate on Windows 10 and comply with GDPR regulations for data
privacy."

2.5. Assumptions and Dependencies

Description: States any assumptions made during requirements gathering and any dependencies on
external factors.

Contents:

• Assumptions about the operating environment.

• Dependencies on third-party systems or technologies.

Example: "Assumes that users will have high-speed internet access and that the system will integrate
with existing barcode scanners."

3. Specific Requirements

3.1. Functional Requirements

Description: Details the specific functions and features that the system must provide.

Contents:

• Use cases or user stories.

• Detailed descriptions of each function.

Example:

• Requirement: The system must allow users to add, update, and delete inventory items.

• Use Case: "As an inventory manager, I want to update the stock quantity of an item so that I
can keep the inventory accurate."

3.2. Non-Functional Requirements

Description: Specifies the quality attributes and performance criteria of the system.
UNIT-2

Contents:

• Performance requirements (e.g., response time, throughput).

• Usability requirements (e.g., ease of use, accessibility).

• Reliability and security requirements.

Example:

• Performance: "The system should handle up to 500 concurrent users without performance
degradation."

• Security: "The system must encrypt sensitive data using AES-256."

3.3. External Interface Requirements

Description: Defines how the system will interact with external systems, hardware, and users.

Contents:

• User interfaces (e.g., web, mobile).

• Hardware interfaces.

• Software interfaces and APIs.

Example:

• User Interface: "The system will provide a web-based interface accessible via modern
browsers."

• Hardware Interface: "The system will connect to barcode scanners via USB."

3.4. System Features

Description: Provides detailed descriptions of individual system features.

Contents:

• Functional capabilities and how they will be implemented.

• Detailed behavior of each feature.

Example:

• Feature: "Inventory Tracking"

• Description: "The system will track inventory levels and update them in real-time as
transactions occur."

4. Appendices

4.1. Appendices

Description: Includes additional information that supports the SRS but is not part of the main body.

Contents:

• Diagrams and models (e.g., use case diagrams, flowcharts).

UNIT-2

• Data dictionaries.

• Sample input/output data.

Example:

• Use Case Diagram: "Includes diagrams illustrating user interactions with the system."

• Data Dictionary: "Defines data elements and their formats used in the system."

Key Takeaways

• Structured Documentation: Use a clear and organized structure for the SRS to ensure
comprehensiveness and clarity.

• Detailed Specifications: Include detailed functional and non-functional requirements,

constraints, and assumptions.

• Stakeholder Involvement: Engage stakeholders in reviewing the SRS to validate

requirements and ensure alignment with their needs.

A well-structured SRS document provides a solid foundation for designing, developing, and testing
the software system, helping ensure that the final product meets the intended goals and
requirements.

L. Software Requirements Specification (SRS) Format

The format of an SRS document typically follows a structured approach to ensure all critical aspects
of the system are covered. Below is a common format for an SRS document, organized into sections
with brief descriptions of what each section should contain.

1. Introduction

1.1. Purpose

• Description: Define the purpose of the SRS and specify its intended audience.

• Contents: Objectives of the document, target readers.

1.2. Scope

• Description: Outline the boundaries and objectives of the software system.

• Contents: Overview of the system, major functionalities, limitations.

1.3. Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

• Description: Provide definitions for terms used in the SRS.

• Contents: Glossary of terms, acronyms, and abbreviations.

1.4. References

• Description: List related documents and standards.

• Contents: Documents, standards, guidelines referenced.

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1.5. Overview

• Description: Summarize the structure of the SRS document.

• Contents: Description of sections and their contents.

2. Overall Description

2.1. Product Perspective

• Description: Describe the context in which the software will operate.

• Contents: System interfaces, user interfaces, external interfaces, dependencies.

2.2. Product Functions

• Description: Summarize the main functionalities of the system.

• Contents: Key functions and their goals.

2.3. User Characteristics

• Description: Define the target users and their characteristics.

• Contents: User profiles, roles, skill levels.

2.4. Constraints

• Description: List any constraints that affect the system.

• Contents: Hardware/software limitations, regulatory constraints.

2.5. Assumptions and Dependencies

• Description: State assumptions made and dependencies on external factors.

• Contents: Assumptions about environment and technology, dependencies.

3. Specific Requirements

3.1. Functional Requirements

• Description: Detail the specific functions and features of the system.

• Contents: Use cases or user stories, detailed functional descriptions.

3.2. Non-Functional Requirements

• Description: Specify quality attributes and performance criteria.

• Contents: Performance, usability, reliability, security requirements.

3.3. External Interface Requirements

• Description: Define how the system interacts with external entities.

• Contents: User interfaces, hardware interfaces, software interfaces.

3.4. System Features

• Description: Provide detailed descriptions of system features.

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• Contents: Functional capabilities and implementation details.

4. Appendices

4.1. Appendices

• Description: Include supplementary information that supports the SRS.

• Contents: Diagrams, data dictionaries, sample data.

Example SRS Format

1. Introduction

1.1. Purpose

• The purpose of this SRS is to outline the requirements for the XYZ Inventory Management
System. This document is intended for the development team, quality assurance testers, and
project stakeholders.

1.2. Scope

• The XYZ Inventory Management System will track inventory levels, manage stock orders, and
generate reports. The system will not handle financial transactions or customer orders.

1.3. Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

• API: Application Programming Interface

• UI: User Interface

1.4. References

• IEEE Std 830-1998, IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications

1.5. Overview

• This document includes an overview of the system, functional and non-functional

requirements, and appendices with supporting information.

2. Overall Description

2.1. Product Perspective

• The XYZ Inventory Management System will integrate with existing ERP systems and provide
a web-based interface accessible via standard web browsers.

2.2. Product Functions

• The system will manage inventory levels, process stock orders, and generate inventory
reports.

2.3. User Characteristics

• Users include warehouse staff, inventory managers, and administrators, with varying levels of
technical expertise.
UNIT-2

2.4. Constraints

• The system must operate on Windows 10 and comply with GDPR regulations for data privacy.

2.5. Assumptions and Dependencies

• Assumes users will have high-speed internet access. The system will integrate with existing
barcode scanners.

3. Specific Requirements

3.1. Functional Requirements

• Requirement: The system must allow users to add, update, and delete inventory items.

• Use Case: As an inventory manager, I want to update the stock quantity of an item.

3.2. Non-Functional Requirements

• Performance: The system should handle up to 500 concurrent users without performance
degradation.

• Security: The system must encrypt sensitive data using AES-256.

3.3. External Interface Requirements

• User Interface: The system will provide a web-based interface accessible via modern
browsers.

• Hardware Interface: The system will connect to barcode scanners via USB.

3.4. System Features

• Feature: Inventory Tracking

• Description: The system will track inventory levels and update them in real-time.

4. Appendices

4.1. Appendices

• Use Case Diagram: Includes diagrams illustrating user interactions with the system.

• Data Dictionary: Defines data elements and formats used in the system.

Key Takeaways

• Organized Structure: Follow a clear and organized format to ensure completeness and
clarity.

• Detailed Specifications: Include detailed descriptions for both functional and non-functional
requirements.

• Supporting Information: Use appendices to provide supplementary information that

supports the main content of the SRS.

This structured format ensures that all critical aspects of the software requirements are documented
and easily accessible for stakeholders involved in the software development process.