1. What are the automation tools and scripting languages you have used?
Answer:
• Scripting Languages: Shell (Bash), Python (basic for automation tasks), and YAML (for CI/CD).
• Automation Tools:
o Cron jobs for task scheduling on Linux.
o Ansible (learning phase) for configuration management.
o AWS Lambda for automating tasks like notifications and cleanup.
o Postman + Newman for API testing automation.
2. What is an Incident and what are different types?
Answer:
• An Incident is an unplanned interruption or reduction in the quality of an IT service.
Types of Incidents:
1. P1 (Critical): Entire application/server down, requires immediate fix.
2. P2 (High): Major feature not working but system is up.
3. P3 (Medium): Minor issue, no significant user impact.
4. P4 (Low): Informational or cosmetic issues.
3. Do you use Java-based applications? Name some.
Answer:
Yes, I support multiple Java-based applications such as:
• Broadcom API Gateway
• Apache Tomcat based applications
• Spring Boot applications running on WebLogic or Tomcat servers
• Java APIs integrated with backend services and databases
4. What is Heap? What is its structure, where is it stored, and how to implement it?
Answer:
• Heap is a memory area in the JVM used for dynamic memory allocation of Java objects.
• Structure:
o Young Generation (Eden + Survivor Space)
o Old Generation (Tenured)
o Metaspace (for class metadata)
Stored in: RAM, managed by JVM.
Implementation: Automatically managed, but tuning via -Xms and -Xmx options in Java.
bash
java -Xms512m -Xmx1024m MyApp
5. What is SSL Certificate and how to implement it?
Answer:
• SSL Certificate secures communication over HTTPS by encrypting data.
• Implementation:
1. Generate CSR using OpenSSL or Java keytool.
2. Purchase or get a certificate from a CA.
3. Install it in the web server (Tomcat, Apache, etc.)
4. Restart services.
6. What is Certificate Chain? Give Example with Use Case.
Answer:
A certificate chain is a hierarchy of certificates:
1. Leaf certificate (issued to domain)
2. Intermediate CA
3. Root CA
Example:
• www.example.com → Intermediate CA → Root CA
Use Case: When a browser connects, it checks the entire chain for trust. If intermediate is missing,
SSL error occurs.
7. What is SSL Handshake? How to fix Handshake Errors?
Answer:
Handshake Process:
1. Client sends "Hello".
2. Server responds with cert.
3. Keys are exchanged and encrypted session starts.
Fixes for Errors:
• Ensure valid certificate chain.
• Update Java truststore.
• Use compatible SSL/TLS versions.
• Verify date/time on both systems.
8. How do you check secure connectivity between two applications?
Answer:
• Use curl -v https://hostname:port to test SSL.
• Use openssl s_client -connect host:port for certificate inspection.
• Check logs for SSL handshake issues.
• Confirm firewall and NSG rules allow access.
9. What is Azure Blob Storage?
Answer:
Azure Blob is object storage for unstructured data like images, videos, and backups.
Types:
• Block Blob
• Append Blob
• Page Blob
Use Cases:
• Store application logs
• Backup/restore data
• Static website hosting
10. How is DR (Disaster Recovery) implemented in Azure?
Answer:
• Geo-redundant storage (GRS)
• Azure Site Recovery (ASR) for VM replication.
• Traffic Manager to failover between regions.
• Regular backup policies using Azure Backup service.
11. What is Load Balancer and its components? Give Use Cases.
Answer:
Azure/AWS Load Balancer distributes traffic to backend services.
Components:
• Frontend IP
• Backend Pool
• Health Probe
• Load Balancing Rules
Use Case:
• Distribute user traffic to 3 Tomcat servers running a Java app.
12. What is NSG and AKS?
Answer:
• NSG (Network Security Group): Firewall for Azure resources; controls inbound/outbound
traffic.
• AKS (Azure Kubernetes Service): Managed Kubernetes cluster to run containerized apps.
13. What are different models in Cloud?
Answer:
1. IaaS: Infra as a Service – EC2, Azure VM
2. PaaS: Platform – Elastic Beanstalk, Azure App Services
3. SaaS: Software – Gmail, Salesforce
14. What are different storage tiers in AWS?
Answer:
1. S3 Standard
2. S3 Intelligent Tiering
3. S3 Standard-IA (Infrequent Access)
4. S3 Glacier / Glacier Deep Archive
Each tier differs in cost, access time, and durability.
15. How do you achieve High Availability (HA)? Any Downtime?
Answer:
• Deploy app across multiple AZs or Regions
• Use Load Balancer + Auto Scaling
• Use Active-Passive failover for DB
Downtime: If configured properly, minimal to zero downtime during failover.
16. How to configure High Availability?
Answer:
• Web Tier: Deploy on multiple AZs, behind a Load Balancer.
• App Tier: Use clustering and session replication.
• DB Tier: Use Multi-AZ RDS or Geo-replication.
17. Difference between Multi-region and Multi-set?
Answer:
• Multi-region: App is deployed in different geographical areas for global HA.
• Multi-set (AZ): Multiple availability zones in same region for fault tolerance.
18. What is Concatenation in Shell Scripting vs Java? Give Examples.
Answer:
Shell Script
a="Hello"
b="World"
echo "$a $b"
Java:
java
String a = "Hello";
String b = "World";
System.out.println(a + " " + b);
Difference: In Shell, variables use $; in Java, use + operator.
