INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Molecules are held together by intermolecular forces (IMF).
Single
Molecule of
Water
Intermolecular Forces
(IMF) are the attractive
and repulsive forces
between molecules of
compound.
• The strength of these forces determines the state of the substance –
solid, liquid, gas – at room temperature.
• Liquids and solids have strong intermolecular forces (high melting and
boiling points)
• Gases have weak intermolecular forces (low melting and boiling points)
Four types of intermolecular forces exist between molecules.
These are:
Ion-Dipole forces (NaCl)
Hydrogen Bonding (𝑯𝟐 𝑶, 𝑯𝑭, 𝑵𝑯𝟑 )
Van der Waals Dipole-Dipole Forces (𝑺𝑶𝟐 , 𝑯𝑪𝒍, 𝑯𝟐 𝑺)
Dispersion Forces (London Forces) (𝑯𝟐 , 𝑭𝟐 , 𝑪𝒍𝟐 , 𝑶𝟐 )
WHAT IS DIPOLE?
- A polarized molecule having a Partially Positive and Negative Poles.
Example: HF
Shares 1 pair of Fluorine is more electronegative
Electrons than Hydrogen.
COVALENT BOND
2 Poles
+ pole
- pole
2 is “di” (DIPOLE)
Ion – Dipole Forces
- an ion and a polar molecule (a dipole) attract each other. the
Resulting force of attraction is very strong, because ionic and covalent
bonding uses electrostatic attractions between areas of full charge.
Example: Salt in Water (NaCl – H20)
▪ Slightly negative Oxygen
is attracted to 𝑁𝑎 +
▪ Slightly positive Hydrogens
are attracted to 𝐶𝑙−
The water molecules keep the ions apart and so they dissolve in the
water. (Example: dissolving any ionic compound in water)
Hydrogen Bonding
Covalent Bond
(nm – nm)
Share 1 pair of
electrons
4.0 – 2.1 = 1.9 This attractive force
Large Difference in between these molecules
Electronegativity
HIGHLY POLARIZED
HYDROGEN BONDING
Intermolecular Force
Does Hydrogen Bond exist in all Hydrogen Compound?
𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 𝑪 𝟑 𝑯𝟖
Methane Ethene Propane
No!
No Hydrogen Bonding because Carbon is less electronegative.
NONPOLAR
What are the compounds in which Hydrogen Bonding
exist?
Example: 𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝑭
Dipole – Dipole Forces
Example:
DIPOLE DIPOLE
𝛿+ 𝛿− 𝛿+ 𝛿−
𝐻 – 𝐶𝑙 𝐻 – 𝐶𝑙
Dipole – Dipole Force
Dipole – Dipole Force exist only in Polar Molecules
Smaller ∆EN, therefore, interaction are weaker.
Examples: 𝑯𝑪𝒍, 𝑺𝑶𝟐 , 𝑯𝟐 𝑺, acetone in acetone, triethyl
amine in acetone
London Dispersion Forces
Temporary Dipole?
TEMPORARY
Nucleus DIPOLE
There will
be a time when…
TEMPORARY DIPOLE is a dipole when an
electronic cloud is distorted for a time being.
London Dispersion Forces
Induced Dipole?
London Dispersion Forces
London Dispersion Forces, also called Van der Waals Forces, is very
weak and temporary intermolecular forces between particles.
Where are LDFs exist?
LDFs exist in everything.
Polar Molecules
Nonpolar Molecules (𝑯𝟐 , 𝑭𝟐 , 𝑪𝒍𝟐 , 𝑶𝟐 , 𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐳𝐞𝐧𝐞)
The strength of molecular forces are as follows:
Ion-dipole forces > H Bonding > dipole-dipole
forces > London Dispersion Forces
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND THE
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
What makes it possible for a needle to
float on water? Or for an insect such as
a water strider to float on it?
1. Surface Tension
This is the amount of energy required
to stretch the surface area of liquids
(e.g. 1𝑐𝑚2 )
The greater the intermolecular forces,
the greater the surface tension; the
lesser it is, the smaller is the surface
tension.
Example: Oil in Water, needle float in
water, water strider float in water
Walking on water: Small insects such as
the water strider can walk on water
because their weight is not enough to
penetrate the surface.
2. Capillarity
The ability of liquids to rise in a
narrow tube or to draw a liquid
upward against the force of
gravity.
2. Boiling Point and Melting Point
The melting point is the temperature at which
molecules in a solid can move past each other and form
a liquid.
The boiling point, on the other hand, involves liquids
and gases. As liquid molecules are moving around,
some molecules at the surface of the liquid are
escaping.
4. Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance to flow
(the molecules are held together
more tightly). This is exhibited by
both gases and liquids. Liquids
with strong intermolecular forces
have higher viscosities.
Examples: syrup
5. Solubility
- the ability of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to dissolve
in a given substance (solid, liquid, or gas). The amount of
any substance dissolved in a solvent (the substance that
dissolves another substance) depends on the types of
interaction among molecules, pressure, and temperature.
Examples: Water is considered as a universal solvent
because of its ability to dissolve almost everything. Water
is highly polar and has the ability to form H-bonds with
polar substances.
Crystalline Solids
- Have a well-defined shape
due to the orderly
arrangement of their
atoms, molecules or ions.
The kinds of forces that
hold the particles together
also affect the structure
and properties of crystals
such as melting point,
density, and hardness.
Amorphous Solids
- These are the noncrystalline solids with a disorganized
structure.
Examples: rubber, charcoal, and glass
