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Class 9th Maths: Chapter 2 - Polynomials

1. Introduction to Polynomials
An algebraic expression in which the variables have only whole number powers (non-negative
integer exponents) is called a polynomial.
Examples:
●​ 2x + 5
●​ 3y^2 - 4y + 1
●​ 7x^3 - 2x^2 + x - 9
Non-examples of Polynomials (Why?):
●​ x + \frac{1}{x} = x + x^{-1} (exponent -1 is not a whole number)
●​ \sqrt{x} + 3 = x^{1/2} + 3 (exponent 1/2 is not a whole number)
●​ \frac{1}{x-2} (variable in the denominator)

Terms, Coefficients, and Constant Term

In a polynomial, each part separated by a '+' or '-' sign is called a term.

●​ Terms: In 5x^2 - 3x + 7, the terms are 5x^2, -3x, and 7.
●​ Coefficient: The numerical factor of a term is called its coefficient.
○​ In 5x^2, the coefficient of x^2 is 5.
○​ In -3x, the coefficient of x is -3.
●​ Constant Term: A term without any variable (like 7 in the example above) is called a
constant term.

Polynomials in One Variable

A polynomial with only one type of variable is called a polynomial in one variable. Examples:
●​ x^2 - 5x + 6 (polynomial in variable x)
●​ 4y^3 + 2y - 1 (polynomial in variable y)

2. Degree of a Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial.
Examples:
●​ 5x - 7: Degree is 1 (highest power of x is 1).
●​ 4y^2 + 3y - 2: Degree is 2 (highest power of y is 2).
●​ 6x^3 - x^2 + 8: Degree is 3 (highest power of x is 3).
●​ 9: Degree is 0 (this is a constant polynomial, as 9 = 9x^0).
●​ 0: This is called the zero polynomial. Its degree is not defined or is sometimes
considered as -\infty.

3. Types of Polynomials
Based on the number of terms:

●​ Monomial: A polynomial with only one term.

○​ Examples: 5x, 7y^2, -3
●​ Binomial: A polynomial with two terms.
○​ Examples: 2x + 3, y^2 - 4, x^{35} + 1
●​ Trinomial: A polynomial with three terms.
○​ Examples: x^2 + 2x - 1, 3y^3 - y + 5

Based on the degree:

●​ Constant Polynomial: A polynomial of degree 0.

○​ Examples: 7, -2, \pi
●​ Linear Polynomial: A polynomial of degree 1. Its general form is ax + b, where a \neq 0.
○​ Examples: 3x - 1, y + 5, -2z
●​ Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree 2. Its general form is ax^2 + bx + c,
where a \neq 0.
○​ Examples: x^2 - 5x + 6, 2y^2 + 3
●​ Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree 3. Its general form is ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d,
where a \neq 0.
○​ Examples: x^3 + 2x^2 - 5x + 1, 4y^3 - 7

4. Zeroes of a Polynomial
A zero (or root) of a polynomial p(x) is a value of x for which the value of p(x) is 0.
How to find zeroes: To find the zero of a polynomial p(x), set p(x) = 0 and solve for x.
Examples:
1.​ Find the zero of the polynomial p(x) = x - 5. Set p(x) = 0: x - 5 = 0 x = 5 So, 5 is the
zero of the polynomial p(x) = x - 5.
2.​ Check if 2 and -2 are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x^2 - 4.
○​ For x = 2: p(2) = (2)^2 - 4 = 4 - 4 = 0. Since p(2) = 0, 2 is a zero of the polynomial.
○​ For x = -2: p(-2) = (-2)^2 - 4 = 4 - 4 = 0. Since p(-2) = 0, -2 is a zero of the
polynomial.
Important points about zeroes:
●​ A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero. (e.g., p(x) = 5, p(x) will never be 0).
●​ Every linear polynomial has a unique zero.
●​ A polynomial can have more than one zero.
●​ The number of zeroes a polynomial can have is at most equal to its degree.

5. Remainder Theorem
The Remainder Theorem states that if a polynomial p(x) is divided by a linear polynomial x - a,
then the remainder is p(a).
Example: Find the remainder when p(x) = x^3 + x^2 + x + 1 is divided by x + 1. Here, the
divisor is x + 1. Comparing it with x - a, we have a = -1. According to the Remainder Theorem,
the remainder is p(-1). p(-1) = (-1)^3 + (-1)^2 + (-1) + 1 p(-1) = -1 + 1 - 1 + 1 p(-1) = 0 So, the
remainder is 0.
6. Factor Theorem
The Factor Theorem is a special case of the Remainder Theorem. It states that:
●​ x - a is a factor of the polynomial p(x) if and only if p(a) = 0.
●​ If p(a) = 0, then (x - a) is a factor of p(x).
●​ If (x - a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
Example: Check whether x + 2 is a factor of p(x) = x^3 + 3x^2 + 3x + 2. If x + 2 is a factor,
then p(-2) should be 0. (Here x - a = x - (-2), so a = -2). p(-2) = (-2)^3 + 3(-2)^2 + 3(-2) + 2 p(-2)
= -8 + 3(4) - 6 + 2 p(-2) = -8 + 12 - 6 + 2 p(-2) = 4 - 6 + 2 p(-2) = -2 + 2 p(-2) = 0 Since p(-2) = 0,
x + 2 is a factor of p(x).

7. Factorisation of Polynomials
Factorisation is the process of expressing a polynomial as a product of two or more polynomials
of lower degree.

Methods of Factorisation:

●​ By taking out common factors: Example: Factorise 5x^2 + 10x. 5x^2 + 10x = 5x(x + 2)
●​ By splitting the middle term (for quadratic polynomials): For a quadratic polynomial
ax^2 + bx + c, we find two numbers p and q such that p + q = b and p \times q = ac. Then,
rewrite the middle term bx as px + qx.Example: Factorise x^2 + 5x + 6. Here, a = 1, b = 5,
c = 6. We need two numbers whose sum is 5 and product is 1 \times 6 = 6. The numbers
are 2 and 3 (2 + 3 = 5, 2 \times 3 = 6). x^2 + 5x + 6 = x^2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = x(x + 2) + 3(x +
2) = (x + 2)(x + 3)
●​ Using Algebraic Identities: You've learned several algebraic identities in previous
classes. These are crucial for factorisation.
○​ (a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
○​ (a - b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2
○​ a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)
○​ (x + a)(x + b) = x^2 + (a + b)x + ab
New Identities for Class 9:
○​ (x + y + z)^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
○​ (x + y)^3 = x^3 + y^3 + 3xy(x + y) = x^3 + y^3 + 3x^2y + 3xy^2
○​ (x - y)^3 = x^3 - y^3 - 3xy(x - y) = x^3 - y^3 - 3x^2y + 3xy^2
○​ x^3 + y^3 = (x + y)(x^2 - xy + y^2)
○​ x^3 - y^3 = (x - y)(x^2 + xy + y^2)
○​ x^3 + y^3 + z^3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - xy - yz - zx)
○​ If x + y + z = 0, then x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3xyz.
Examples using Identities:
1.​ Expand (2x + 3y + z)^2 using identity. Using (a + b + c)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2ab +
2bc + 2ca: Here, a = 2x, b = 3y, c = z. (2x + 3y + z)^2 = (2x)^2 + (3y)^2 + (z)^2 + 2(2x)(3y)
+ 2(3y)(z) + 2(z)(2x) = 4x^2 + 9y^2 + z^2 + 12xy + 6yz + 4zx
2.​ Factorise 8x^3 + 27y^3. This is in the form of a^3 + b^3 = (a + b)(a^2 - ab + b^2). Here,
a = 2x (since (2x)^3 = 8x^3) and b = 3y (since (3y)^3 = 27y^3). 8x^3 + 27y^3 = (2x +
3y)((2x)^2 - (2x)(3y) + (3y)^2) = (2x + 3y)(4x^2 - 6xy + 9y^2)
3.​ Evaluate 103^3 using an identity. We can write 103 = 100 + 3. Using (a + b)^3 = a^3 +
 b^3 + 3ab(a + b): 103^3 = (100 + 3)^3 = (100)^3 + (3)^3 + 3(100)(3)(100 + 3) = 1000000 +
27 + 900(103) = 1000000 + 27 + 92700 = 1092727
4.​ Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of (-12)^3 + (7)^3 + (5)^3. Let x
= -12, y = 7, z = 5. Check if x + y + z = 0: -12 + 7 + 5 = -12 + 12 = 0. Since x + y + z = 0,
we can use the identity x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3xyz. (-12)^3 + (7)^3 + (5)^3 = 3(-12)(7)(5) =
3(-12)(35) = 3(-420) = -1260
This covers the key concepts and examples for Class 9 Maths Chapter 2 - Polynomials.
Remember to practice a variety of problems from your textbook and other resources to solidify
your understanding.