EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The study was conducted at barangay Mantalang-Talang, Aroroy in the

province of Masbate with the objective of Identify and determine the Seagrass

species, composition and seagrass cover. Determine the Physico-Chemical

Parameters of water as to Dissolve Oxygen, Salinity, turbidity, Total Dissolved

solid (TDS), color and temperature. Determine the level of awareness and

assess the attitude and practices of the community relative to the ecological

services provided by the forest ecosystem particularly provisioning, regulating,

supporting and cultural service.

The methods used in the study is the protocol of DENR-EMB, 2017,

thus a structured questionnaire was used to gathered the awareness and

other ecological importance of seagrass in the community.

There were six (6) seagrass species identified at the four (4) transects,

which include Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium,

Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis, and Thalassia hemprichii, where

the seagrass cover of Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate is 32.5%, which

belongs to moderate or less healthy.

The result of the Physico-chemical parameters in Barangay Mantalang-

Talang, Aroroy, Masbate, is within the range of the needed requirements for

the growth and survival of the Seagrass.

The local community of Barangay Matalang-talang, Aroroy province of

Masbate are aware of the importance and benefits of Seagrass in terms of

provisioning and regulating services, however, the community needs more

1
comprehensive understanding of the other benefits provided by seagrass

especially on its cultural services.

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Seagrasses, marine flowering plants, provide a wide range of

ecosystem services (Nordlund et al., 2018). Seagrass beds are among the

most productive coastal habitats and constantly provide important ecosystem

goods and services to the fishing communities of many maritime nations.

Ecologically, seagrass beds have high primary productivity that supports

numerous diverse grazing and detritus-based food chains and associated

ecosystems such as mangal forests and coral reefs, of which seagrass beds

are regarded as ecotones (Reyes et al, 2023, as cited in Fortes, 2013).

Seagrasses cover only 0.1% of the ocean floor yet support thousands

of species as shelter and food, ranging from fish and shellfish to threatened,

endangered, and charismatic animals like dugongs, seahorses, and sea

turtles. Although occupying just 0.1% of the ocean floor, the meadows are

very effective sinks for carbon, holding up to 18% of the world's oceanic

carbon (UNEP, 2020). Additionally, according to the Bureau of Fisheries and

Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Seagrass and seaweed beds retard water

currents, lower sediment load in water to the advantage of nearby coral reefs,

give wave protection to coastal areas, and stabilize the seabed, thereby

avoiding coastal erosion.

Seagrasses are widespread, found in 159 countries across six

continents, covering an area exceeding 300,000 km². These underwater

meadows are incredibly diverse and productive, and ecologically rich

environments (UNEP, 2020). The Philippines, with its remarkable seagrass

2
diversity, ranks second globally, featuring 13 species distributed over an

estimated 22,000 square kilometers, as determined by remote sensing

(Reyes et al, 2023, as cited in Mckenzie, 2007). In a 2011 assessment of

Buenavista, Legazpi City, Sta. Cruz documented seagrass populations using

the transect line method across three sampling sites. The study recorded 146

seagrasses collected in the area, reflecting their presence within the surveyed

habitats.

A new study, ‘The Planetary Role of Seagrass Conservation’ by

Unsworth, R. et al. (2022), shows the importance of seagrass for achieving

UN Sustainable Development Goals. Scientists from Project Seagrass and

Swansea University recently published a new study demonstrating how

conserving and restoring seagrass meadows contributes to achieving 16 out

of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 1. No poverty, 2.

Zero hunger, 3. Good health and well-being, 4. Quality education, 5. Gender

equality, 6. Clean water and sanitation, 7. Affordable and clean energy, 8.

Decent work and economic growth, 9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure,

10. Reduced inequalities, 11. Sustainable cities and communities, 14. Life

below water, 15. Life on land, 12. Responsible consumption and production,

13. Climate action, and 17. Partnerships for the goals. Seagrass ecosystems

support sustainable fisheries, food security, water quality, and fish nutrition to

support human well-being. They provide education and empowerment of

women through restoration and renewable energy creating green jobs. Thus,

seagrass conservation contributes to climate mitigation and sustainable

marine resource management through enhanced biodiversity, carbon

sequestration, and coastal protection. Inclusive cross-sector collaboration

3
ensures social equity and eco-resilient economic development; thus, seagrass

indeed becomes fundamental to sustainable coastal communities.

However, seagrass ecosystems have experienced significant decline

globally since the 1930s, with recent studies revealing an alarming annual

loss rate of 7%, equivalent to losing a football field-sized area every 30

minutes. These vital marine habitats are among the least safeguarded coastal

ecosystems, with only 26% of seagrass meadows located within marine

protected areas (UNEP, 2020). During the last decades, losses in seagrass

meadows have been documented worldwide, especially in quiet, and poorly

flushed estuaries where nutrient loads are intense and frequent (Viana et al,

2020, as cited in Burkholder et al, 2007).

In the Philippines, a significant portion of the coastal habitat is at high

risk of being lost in the next decade (Periarce, 2018, as cited in Fortes, 2004).

Moreover, due to global warming, the climate threatens the marine

ecosystems. Storms, earthquakes, and tsunamis can rip up seagrass fields

and fill the water with mud and debris (Salvante, 2018, as cited in Fortes,

2010).

Furthermore, globally, there seems to be little knowledge by the public

of seagrasses in general and the benefits they provide (Nordlund et al., 2018).

The municipality of Aroroy, Masbate, intensifies the protection and

conservation effort in regards with the coastal marine resources, due to the

changing climate, intense heat index, flooding, and drought that affect the

lives of its constituents and other neighboring municipalities. Moreover, the

MLGU opens its door to profile the existing marine resources like mangrove,

4
corals, and seagrasses in their jurisdiction especially in Barangay Mantalang-

talang, Aroroy, Masbate.

Statement of the Problem

Barangay Mantalang-talang in the province of Masbate is rich in marine

resources. One of the coastal barangays with diverse resources, specifically

the seagrasses, their distribution composition, richness, and diversity are in

threat due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the

quality of water and the percentage cover of algae and epiphytes that also

present in the seagrass bed. Their occurrence defines the condition and state

of the seagrass ecosystem in Barangay Mantalang-Talang, Aroroy, Masbate.

Given this, the following problems are addressed by the study:

1. What are the species of seagrass present in the barangay species

composition and seagrass cover?

2. Correlation of Physico-Chemical Parameters of water as to Dissolved

Oxygen, Salinity, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), color, and

temperature to their abundance.

3. Determine the level of awareness and assess the attitude and practices of

the community relative to the ecological services provided by the forest

ecosystem, particularly provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural

services

5
Objectives of the Study

To effectively assess and understand the seagrass ecosystem in

Barangay Mantalang-Talang, Aroroy, Masbate. The study aims to achieve

following objectives:

1. Identify and determine the Seagrass species, composition and

seagrass cover.

2. Determine the Physico-Chemical Parameters of water as to Dissolve

Oxygen, Salinity, turbidity, Total Dissolved solid (TDS), color and

temperature.

3. Determine the level of awareness and assess the attitude and

practices of the community relative to the ecological services provided

by the seagrass ecosystem particularly provisioning, regulating,

supporting and cultural service

Significance of the Study

As this study assesses the seagrass diversity in Barangay

Mantalang-talang, Masbate. The result of this study will be beneficial to the

following:

Province of Masbate, the result of the study will help the Province of

Masbate by providing comprehensive data about the Seagrass ecosystem in

regards with the management plan, policy making, and conservation efforts.

Department of Environment of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR), the result of this study will serve as baseline information

in regards of policy making and guidelines that support in protecting the

seagrass ecosystem.

6
 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), the result of

the study will help the BFAR by providing information about the distribution

and abundance of seagrass species in the area. The study equips BFAR to

support sustainable fisheries management, habitat conservation and to

protect the seagrass ecosystem.

Future Researchers/Educators, the result of the study will serve as

basis for future researchers as their basis to conduct a deeper study related to

the seagrass ecosystem.

Scope and limitation of the Study

The study will focus on identification and assessing the Seagrass

species, density, seagrass cover, evenness, richness, diversity indices and

determining the Physico-Chemical Parameters in Salvacion, Libmanan,

Camarines Sur. It examines the level of Dissolve Oxygen, Salinity, turbidity,

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and Physical Parameters such as color and

temperature. Additionally, it will also evaluate and identify the percentage

cover of algae and epiphytes on seagrasses in the area and the condition of

seagrass ecosystem in the area. The Data collection will involve field surveys,

species identification, and quantitative sampling methods such as transect

Quadrat sampling. The participants in the study are the researchers, with data

gathered directly from the natural environment.

The study is limited in geographic area in barangay Mantalang-talang,

Aroroy, Masbate and the findings may not be applicable to other localities.

Additionally, the study will focus on the specific objectives and other variables

will not be covered.

Conceptual Framework

7
 The Conceptual framework of the study is illustrated in figure 1 using

the Input-Process-Output method of presentation. The input consists of Biotic

and Abiotic factors. Biotic factors will focus on the species composition,

seagrass cover, and estimate percent cover of algae and epiphytes. While,

abiotic will focus on the water quality parameters which is the salinity,

temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and total dissolved solid. Additionally,

the threats in seagrass species are included in the input.

As to the process, the study considered the data collection with the

use of transect line and quadrats to identify the seagrass species in the area.

In addition, the conduct of water quality parameters is included.

The output of the study aimed to determine the diversity of the

seagrass species identified in the study area. Furthermore, to know the

condition of seagrass ecosystem in the study area.

PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT
 Data Collection  Seagrass Diversity
 Biotic factors
-100 m Transect  Condition of
-Species
Composition laid perpendicular Seagrass
-Species cover, shore with Ecosystem
Seagrass cover quadrats
-Percent cover  Data Analysis
estimates of -Species Percent
Algae and Cover
epiphytes  Conducting
 Abiotic Factors Physico- Chemical
-Water Quality Parameters
Parameters -Salinity
 Ecological -Temperature
Importance of -Dissolved
seagrass in the Oxygen
barangay -Turbidity
-Total Dissolved
Solid
 Criteria of
condition of
Seagrass8based
on DENR-BMB
 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Seagrass Diversity Assessment

Definition of terms

Algae. Microscopic organisms that live in aquatic environments and

use photosynthesis to produce energy from sunlight.

Abundance. The sum of total individual from a given species within a

given area.

Dissolved Oxygen. The level of free, non-compound oxygen presents

in the water.

Epiphytes. Any plants that grow upon another plant or object merely

for physical support.

Richness. The number of different species represented in an

ecological community, landscape or region.

Salinity. Salinity is the dissolved salt content of a body of water.

Temperature. A physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the

attribute of hotness and coldness.

9
 Turbidity. A measure of the degree to which is the water loses its

transparency due to the presence of suspended particles.

Total Dissolved Solid. A measure of the mass of solid material

dissolved in each volume of water and is measured in grams per liter.

CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the study area, materials, data collection,

analysis and the methods in this study. The materials and methods of this

study are combinations of methodologies from previous studies conducted by

past researchers.

Area of the Study

The study was conducted at Barangay Mantalang-Talang, Aroroy,

Masbate (Figure 2). Matalangtalang is situated at approximately 12.5017,

123.3364, in the island of Masbate. Elevation at these coordinates is

estimated at 110.5 meters or 362.5 feet above mean sea level (PhilAtlas,

2025)

Research Design

10
 The study will utilize the Quantitative-Descriptive Research Design in

assessing the seagrass diversity in Barangay Salvacion, Libmanan,

Camarines Sur. Quantitative descriptive research methods are used to

systematically collect and analyze numerical data to describe or summarize a

population or phenomenon. It focuses on the objective measurement and

statistical analysis of data to provide a clear and concise summary of the

research topic (Unimrkt, 2023). Quantitative Research Design will be used to

quantify the seagrass distribution, richness, abundance, diversity indices,

percentage cover of algae

11
 Figure 2. Map of Mantalang-talang, Aroroy, Masbate

and epiphytes and the Physico-Chemical Parameters. Descriptive Research

Design will be utilized to describe the data or the result of the assessment

Research Method

The seagrass diversity assessment was conducted using the transect-

quadrat technique method (Seagrass Watch/ DENR-EMB, 2017) to determine

the diversity of Seagrass, where the transect line will be laid out perpendicular

to the shoreline (Figure 3). At a fixed interval along each transect, .5 m x .5 m

quadrats will be placed with 5m intervals between each quadrat to record the

12
presence of seagrass species and the percentage cover of algae and

epiphytes. The seagrass species were identified with distance from the

shoreline. At the same time, Seagrass composition and seagrass cover

percentage were determined within each replicate. (Figure 4).

The Identification of seagrass species will be based on the field guide

of Seagrass watch Philippines (n.d.), and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic

Resources field guide (n.d.) while percent cover will be assess using the

guidelines attached in the protocol. The Physico-Chemical Parameters such

as Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid and turbidity

will be recorded at each sampling point. The data analysis involved

calculating the seagrass composition and seagrass cover. Additionally, the

threats in seagrass species will be observed while conducting the study and

the condition of seagrass will be

5m 5m 5m 5m 5m

P
E
R
P
E
N
D
10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m
I
C
U 13
L
A
R
 100 m
Transect

40 m

(PARALLEL) SHORELINE

Figure 3. Sampling Layout

.5 m x .5 m Qudrat

14
 Figure 4. Quadrat with 25 cells

assessed using a standardized method that involves visual observations, data

collection and analysis.

Data Gathering Procedures

The study will used different methods and materials to gather a reliable

and accurate data.

Materials

The following are the important materials to be used in the study with

their specific function:

15
 Standard 0.5m x 0.5m quadrat with 25 cell. PVC Hose quadrat will

be used in seagrass assessment and to determine the percentage cover of

algae or epiphytes.

Nylon Rope will be used as a transect line that will serve as a basis

for quadrat setting.

Fins, Snorkel and Goggles will be used to identify the seagrass that

submerged during the conduct of the study.

Seagrass Identification guide will be used to identify the seagrass

species using the field guide from Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

(BFAR).

Magic Slate and pencils will be used to record the data.

Underwater Camera will be used for documentation during the

conduct of the study.

Dissolved Oxygen meter will be used to determine the total dissolved

oxygen present in the water.

Salinity Refractometer will be used to determine the salt

concentration in the water.

Thermometer will be used to determine the temperature of the water.

Turbidity meter will be used to determine the measurement of turbidity

in the water.

TDS meter will be used to measure the Total dissolved solid in bodies

of water.

Data Collection and Identification

16
 Ocular inspection will be conducted before the conduct of the study.

The study will be conducted during the spring tide, where the level of water is

on its lowest. A 50m transect line will be placed parallel to the shoreline and

the 100m nylon rope will be placed perpendicular to the shoreline. The

quadrats will be placing every 5 meters along each quadrat. The percentage

cover of algae and epiphytes will be estimated within the cell of each quadrat

by assessing seagrass species.

Physical Parameters

Color will be observe using the naked eyes. Color referred as apparent

color and true color based on the type of solid material present in it. Apparent

color is the color of the whole water sample and consists of color due to both

(Libretext, 2024)dissolved and suspended components. True color is

measured by filtering the water sample to remove all suspended material, and

measuring the color of the filtered water, which represents color due to

dissolved components (State Water Resources Control Board, n.d).

Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in

terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius (Britanica,

2025).

The temperature will be measured using thermometer. The

thermometer will be dipped into the water surface for a minute. This process

will be repeated three times (3x).

The readings from the three sets of measurements will be added

together and divided by three (3) to get the average. The result will be

recorded on the data sheet.

17
 Turbidity refers to the haziness of water. High turbid conditions are

caused by suspended solids or tiny particles (AtlasScientific, 2024)

Chemical Parameters

Salinity represents the number of dissolved salts in water. It plays a

major role in determining the water’s conductivity and affects many chemical

characteristics and biological processes in natural water bodies. (EPA, 2025).

The Salinity of water sample will be determined using a Salinity

refractometer. The Refractometer will be held horizontally and open the

daylight plate to expose the main prism.

Dissolved Oxygen meter is the amount of oxygen that is present in

water. Water bodies receive oxygen from the atmosphere and from aquatic

plants (EPA, 2025).

Statistical Treatment of Data

The study used the formula stated in the bureau of fisheries and

aquatic resources and align with the Biodiversity Management Bureau of

DENR. (LibreTextbiology, 2023). The formula as follows.

Species Cover

Species percentage cover represents overall ground cover occupied by

all species, whereas percentage cover of each species represents its

abundance (Mahajan et. al., 2014).

% Species cover¿ ( ∑ Species Intercept length

Total transect length ) x 100

18
 CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter, the results and discussion of the study about the

seagrass species in Barangay Mantalang-talang, Aroroy, Masbate. Seagrass

varies across different areas of the marine ecosystem. These groups of

marine flora thrive in coastal shores if the basic requirements for growth and

19
development are available (Lagriada, 2016). MantalangTalang has a seagrass

bed with a muddy to sandy-coraline substrate as it goes deeper.

Species composition

A visual observation of the seagrass bed at Matalangtalang, Aroroy,

Masbate, revealed the presence of (6) six seagrass species identified at the 4

transects presented in Table 1, which include Enhalus acoroides, Halodule

pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis,

and Thalassia hemprichii (Figure 2&3). This conforms with the study of

Castillejos J, et.al (2018) that the identified seagrass species is a common

species in the Philippines, as characterized in existing seagrass manuals.

Data also reveals that Halodule uninervis, Cymodocea rotundata, and

Syringodium isoetifolium are present in all sampling transects as stated in the

research study of Castillejos et. al (2018). This seagrass species is a

companion species; H. uninervis is commonly distributed in tropical localities

with its companion species, C. rotundata, and S. isoetifolium on sandy to

muddy substrates. This species is characterized by fast growth and the ability

to recolonize areas if removed rapidly.

Table 1: Seagrass species diversity in Matalang-talang, Aroroy, Masbate last Month?

20
(+) present; (-) absent

Figure 2. Images of the six (6) seagrass species found within the four transects in
Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate (a) Enhalus acoroides, (b) Cymodocea rotundata,
(c) Thalassia hemprichii, (d) Halodule pinifolia, (e) Halodule uninervis, (f)
Syringodium isoetifolium.

21
Figure 3. Images of the two (2) seagrass species found outside the four transects in
Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate, through opportunistic observation (a) Halophila
ovalis, (b) Halophila minor.

Data also reveals that Thalassia hemprichii is present in sampling

transects 3 and 4, while the include Enhalus acoroides is present in transects

1 and 2. The findings of the study can be due to the sediments present in the

two sampling transects, where transects 3 and 4 have sandy coraline, while

transects 1 and 2 have muddy substrates. Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus

acoroides generally thrive in sandy and muddy sediments. T. hemprichii

particularly favors coarse sand, which can indirectly enhance photosynthesis

by reducing sulfide intrusion, according to Jiang et al. (2022). E. acoroides

can be found in a wider range of substrates, including muddy, sandy, and

even reef flats, according to a study on sediment characteristics and seagrass

success.

On the other hand, Halodule pinifolia is present only in sampling

transect 4; this species is commonly found in shallow waters near the shoreline

at depths of less than 3 meters. Their adaptability allows them to establish and

thrive in areas with moderate environmental fluctuations, making them

prevalent in disturbed or transitional habitats (Khairunnisa, 2025).

Halodule pinifolia exhibit

intermediate traits
between persistent and
colo These medium-sized seagrasses are well-adapted to dynamic
coastal environments and are

22
 According to Ortho. Et al,Their coverage was 67%, indicating a healthy

condition dominated by H. uninervis. It is also noted that a species of

Halophila ovalis and Halophila minor was observed using the data from

opportunistic observations.

Seagrass Percent Cover

The study investigated the percent cover and relative abundance of

seagrass species within the four transects of the sampling site and presented

in Table 2.

The results revealed that the seagrass cover of Matalangtalang,

Aroroy, Masbate is 32.5%, which belongs to moderate or less healthy based

on seagrass watch by DENR-EMB, 2017. The study's findings may be

attributed to sedimentation due to the adjacent settlement and mining and

agricultural activities in the nearby barangay and boat anchoring activities in

the area, which affect the growth and survival of the seagrass. This conforms

with the study of Okudan et. Al., that Anchors and anchor chains move

seagrasses that have weak rhizomes away from the substrate during both

anchor clinging and bottom dredging. In addition, Terrestrial sediment load,

one of the major sources of coastal turbidity, has increased due to human

activities such as intensified agriculture and forestry, which make the land

surface more prone to soil erosion (Hernandez et al., 2012; White, 1996).

Increase in rainfall and episodic atmospheric events by climate change may

further accelerate sediment load to the coastal area (Zhou et al., 2017; Zhu et

al., 2008).

23
 Mining activity has an impact on the seagrass ecosystem. In the article

by Mindanews (2018), it is reported that Runoff sediments from mines

threaten marine life in Surigao Sur. Mining activity in the adjacent barangay of

Mantalang Talang affects the seagrass bed, and it is evident in the findings of

the study.

Table 2: Identified species and percent cover of seagrasses in the four transect areas of
Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate.

Relative Abundance

The findings from the survey indicate that C. rotundata is the most

dominant seagrass species in the region, exhibiting an average coverage of

10.63% and a corresponding relative abundance of 32.7%. Following closely

is H. uninervis, which shows an average coverage of 6.52% and a relative

abundance of 20.2%. These two species are not only the most prominent

within the seagrass population at Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate, but they

are also consistently present across all transects established in the study. This

consistent presence shows their ecological significance in the local marine

environment.

On the other hand, H. pinifolia has been identified as the least

abundant species, with an average coverage of just 1.25% and a relative

abundance of only 3.8%. Its scarcity is further highlighted by its occurrence in

24
only one of the transects surveyed, suggesting that it may be more sensitive

to environmental disturbances or that its habitat requirements are not being

met in this area. Boat anchoring and sedimentation affect the growth and

survival of these species,

The survey also revealed that several quadrats reported seagrass

coverage ranging from 0% to 5%. This reduction in coverage can be attributed

to anthropogenic activities in the area, particularly the use of the site as boat

ports and regular routes by the local fisherfolk. Such disturbances pose

significant threats to seagrass health, highlighting the need for careful

management practices to mitigate their impact.

Despite these challenges, the overall assessment deems the seagrass

ecosystem in Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate to be in a moderate state.

While several threats and issues are present, the diversity of species remains

relatively robust, suggesting that the ecosystem still supports a variety of

marine life.

Table 3: Identified species, relative abundance of seagrasses in the four transect areas
of Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate.

Physico-Chemical Parameter

25
 This chapter discuss the findings on physico-chemical parameter in

barangay Mantalang-talang, Aroroy, Masbate where it gathers in situ using

different laboratory apparatus.

Physical Parameter

Temperature

The temperature in barangay mantalang-talang was recorded with the

average of 28.95 C which is considered warm and is slightly above the

threshold for hot temperatures. This can be attributed to the sedimentation

and time of the conduct of the study which is 11:00 am where the intense heat

of the sun where being experience, thus sedimentation enhance the

temperature of the sea floor, High temperatures can result from high total

suspended solids and make gases less available as these are rendered less

soluble in water (Fondriest Environmental 2014).

The findings of the study reveals that the temperature in the study area

is favorable in E. acoroides, H. pinifolia, H. uninerves, H. minor, and H. ovalis

and it can be an indicator of some seagrass species where it can thrive in

warm water, this conforms with the study of brazal et. Al (2022),

Table 4. Physico-Chemical Characteristic in Barangay

MantalangTalang, Aroroy, Masbate

Physical 1st reading 2nd reading Average

Temperature C 28.57 29.33 28.95

Chemical Parameter

Salinity 35.1 36.2 35.65

Ph 8.37 8.54 8.46

DO 8.5 15.8 12.15

26
Source: On site gathering of Physico-Chemical Parameter

This means that E. acoroides, H. pinifolia, H. uninerves, H. minor, and H.

ovalis are species that can be designated as indicators of warmer waters

(Menez et al. 1983).

Chemical Parameters

Salinity

Salinity is taken using a refractometer in situ. data shows that the

salinity in the area during the conduct of the study was 35.65 ppt, it indicates

high for open ocean conditions. in typical ocean salinity, ranges from 33 to 37

parts per thousand (NOAA, 2024). Furthermore, most of the seagrass species

can survive in a salinity range from 5 to 45 psu (short et.al, 2016).

Hydrogen-ion Concentration (pH)

The seawater in Barangay Mantalang-Talang, Aroroy, Masbate, had a

pH of 8.46 during the activity, indicating an alkaline solution or base (USGS,

2019). The alkalinity of seawater can be attributed to the photosynthesis and

respiration of seagrass, which can affect the pH of the seawater (Bergstrom,

2019). Thus, the ideal pH for seagrass growth falls within the range of 7.5-8.5

(Umar et.al,2017), where the findings of the study are within the range.

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.)

27
 Seagrass, like all living organisms, requires dissolved oxygen (DO) for

respiration, but it also produces oxygen through photosynthesis. Data shows

that the dissolved oxygen in the area of study was 12.15 mg/L, which falls to

the favorable range for seagrass, which is above 5mg/L (Koopmans et.al.,

2018). Furthermore, the result of the study can be attributed to the presence

of seagrass in the are where it affects the dissolved oxygen by the

photosynthesis activity of the seagrass (Umar et.al, 2017). Thus, the changing

of tides during the study also affects the reading of dissolved oxygen, where it

fluctuates higher than the 1st reading with 15.8 mg/L, according to Gardner

(1984), Tides influence water circulation, mixing, and nutrient distribution, all

of which impact dissolved concentrations.

The result of the physico-chemical parameters in Barangay Mantalang-

Talang, Aroroy, Masbate, is within the range of the required requirements for

the growth and survival of seagrass. Thus, anthropogenic activities such as

mining, agriculture, and the like can affect these parameters and also the

marine environment.

Level of Awareness and Assessment of the Attitude and Practices of the

Community Relative to the Ecological Services Provided by the
Seagrass Ecosystem

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The majority of the thirty (30) respondents are female (66.7%), while

male comprises 33.3 %. The accessibility or willingness to participate reflects

the active role of women in household, community, or environmental decision-

making in Aroroy, Masbate. Or logically, with the time given for the interview,

more women are respondents than men since most men are still busy at

work. Likewise, these observations are probably important in understanding

28
how gender shapes environmental interaction and resource use (Wolfram, et.

al 2023).

Figure 4: Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The age distribution shows that a significant portion of respondents

(66.6%) are 40 years old and above, with the majority being in the senior age

brackets. This implies that many of the participants likely have long-standing

ties to the area and possibly have direct experience with changes in local

ecosystems over time. On the other hand, results might also reflect a lower

engagement of the youth, which has negative implications for future

environmental stewardship and intergenerational involvement (Sithole, et. al

2024).

In the area of residence survey response, locals living in the Coastal

Zone (over 65%), indicating that the community is heavily reliant on coastal

29
ecosystems, likely for fishing, aquaculture, and other marine resources. This

implies why environmental and resource-related questions are relevant to

marine and coastal conservation. Only a small number are from upland or

river zones, suggesting that forest or freshwater resource issues may be

underrepresented in this survey.

On the civil status item, nearly half of the respondents are married

(48.3%), and a notable portion (over 27%) are widowed, which might

indicate an aging population among participants. Civil status can influence

economic stability, resource use patterns (e.g., household size or

dependency), and even vulnerability to environmental changes. For instance,

widowed individuals may rely more on nearby, accessible natural resources

for survival (Zhou, et. al 2025).

Almost all respondents have lived in Aroroy for over a decade, which

suggests a deep familiarity with the local environment, long-term exposure

to natural resource use, and somehow with direct experience of ecological

and socio-economic changes. The team perceives that this might

strengthen the reliability of their perceptions and insights in questions on e.g.,

sustainability, ecosystem changes.

The response with regards on environment interaction - the majority of

respondents interact with the environment every day. This underscores a

strong dependency on natural resources for daily needs—likely food,

livelihood, and cultural activities. It also means, however, that these

individuals might be highly sensitive to environmental degradation (as much

as they feel the effects of environmental changes e.g., climate change),

30
making them key stakeholders in conservation or sustainability initiatives

(Calculli et. al 2021).

A majority of respondents are fisherfolks (63.3%), followed by farmers

(20.7%) since some of local officials (27.6%) interviewed are also farmers.

This aligns with the earlier demographic showing most live-in coastal zones,

confirming that marine and coastal ecosystems are central to local livelihoods.

The small representation from other sectors indicates that this community is

primarily resource-based, making them somehow particularly vulnerable to

overfishing, marine pollution, or climate-induced changes. The economic

reliance on fishing indicates potential risks of overexploitation and the

importance of the role of LGUs of Aroroy, Masbate to educate/train thoroughly

the community of sustainable fishery practices, marine protection, and most

alternative livelihoods to prevent depletion of marine and coastal ecosystem

services.

31
Figure 5 : Continuation of Demographic Profile

Mostly respondents have below average of Php 10,000.00 as monthly

income. The team expectations with this item equates the survey result since

most families are dependent on marine and coastal ecosystems for a living.

Slightly over half of the respondents are engaged in farming (not as to

produce crops to supply the community but rather simply for family

consumption), while the rest are not. This suggests that although fishing

remains dominant, farming still plays a complementary or supplementary

role in livelihood and food security for a significant portion of the community.

Among those who engage in farming, the majority grow root crops

(e.g., cassava, sweet potato), which are resilient and staple foods, particularly

important and mostly observed in rural food security. The also grow

vegetables for both household consumption and small-scale selling. Fewer

engage in fruit-tree farming, likely due to space, time, or input limitations. This

points to a subsistence-based or low-input farming system that supports day-

to-day living rather than commercial agriculture.

Most farming is done in backyards, which confirms its subsistence

and home-scale nature. The small number with access to owned or rented

farmland highlights limited land tenure or agricultural expansion capacity.

This has implications for food production, income generation, and potential

32
climate adaptation (e.g., lack of space for crop diversification or agroforestry)

(Coulibaly, et. al. 2020; Ren & Liu, 2019)

Figure 6: Continuation of Demographic Profile

Almost 70% of respondents are fishers, reinforcing the earlier result

that fishing is the primary economic activity in the area. Ninety-five percent

(95.7%) are engaged in open sea fishing. And the rest in river fishing. This

heavy reliance on marine resources further emphasizes the critical

importance of sustainable fishing practices and protecting fish habitats.

Since, most fishers engage in coastal fishing, which generally

requires fewer resources and smaller boats but often exerts more intense

33
pressure on nearshore ecosystems like coral reefs, seagrass beds, and

mangroves. Only a quarter go into deep sea fishing, which may require more

equipment or limited by access and capital.

Figure 7: Continuation of Demographic Profile

ECOLOGICAL SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEM

TO THE COMMUNITY

Provisioning Services

34
Figure 8. Provisioning services of Seagrass ecosystem

In terms of the provisioning services, 80% of the respondents Strongly

agree that seagrass meadows provide fish and shellfish for food. Seagrass

meadows are vital habitats and food sources for numerous marine species

including dugongs, sea turtles, the greater-blue-ringed octopus, razor fishes,

seahorses and sea snake. (Unsworth et al. 2018) In the journal article of

Amone-Mabuto et al. 2023, Fishermen identified support to fisheries

production as crucial services provided by seagrasses to coastal

communities. The findings indicated that for the majority of fishermen,

seagrasses were the most significant fishing habitats. Seagrass-associated

fish species represent a significant source of protein in the area and were the

most economically significant and often caught species. Additionally, sea

urchins that are obtained from seagrass are a significant addition to the diets

of the local population. The results show that seagrasses support the food

35
security and well-being of coastal residents in southwest Madagascar by

generating income and sustaining them. (Wallner-Hahn et al., 2021)

Many civilizations have historically used seagrass in traditional

medicine, especially in coastal places. Fever, skin conditions, stomach issues,

wounds, muscle aches, and stings are just a few of the conditions it has been

used to cure. Additionally, it is thought that certain seagrass species have

anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant qualities, indicating

the possibility of pharmaceutical uses. (Rengasamy et al., 2013).

In Naro (northern Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands), leaves (possibly E.

acoroides) are used as a traditional medication to relieve the pain from a fish

sting (Iyengar, 2018). However, 43% of the respondents stand neutral while

37% of the respondents strongly disagree that seagrass can be used for

traditional medicines or materials. On the other hand, only 6% of the

respondents believed that seagrass can be used as traditional medicine. The

lack of awareness that seagrass can be used for traditional medicine is one

factor why majority of the respondents are neutral while some of the

respondents strongly disagree.

In addition to their biological significance, seagrass beds are becoming

more widely acknowledged for their contribution to tourism and leisure

activities. These underwater meadows draw tourists and boost local

economies by providing exceptional chances for pursuits like diving,

snorkeling, and nature observation. To maintain the sustainability of seagrass

ecosystems and avoid adverse effects, it is imperative to control these

activities. (Lukman et al., 2023) On the other hand, 53% of the respondents

were neutral regarding the idea that seagrass meadows support tourism and

36
recreation activities. While 17% of the respondents Strongly agree and stands

agree that seagrass supports tourism and recreation activities. The neutral

response of the respondents can be associated to their uncertainty if the

seagrass meadows support tourism and recreation.

Moreover, seagrass, a coastal plant that is frequently disregarded, has

a lot of promise as a raw material for regional crafts and building projects, with

advantages for the economy and the environment. It can be used to weave

mats and baskets and to make insulation boards and other building products.

Moreover, it is a sustainable resource due to its quick growth and capacity to

absorb Carbon dioxide. Seagrass has been used globally throughout history

as a fiber/raw material, in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands,

Roviana villagers use dried Enhalus acoroides leaves as fiber for stuffing

pillows and assembling fishing lures (Lauer and Aswani, 2010). Due to its high

nitrogen and phosphorus content, seagrass is used as an agri-fertilizer in

several Pacific countries. In Lau Lagoon, North Mailita (Solomon

Islands), watermelons are an important agricultural commodity and farmers

collect seagrass wrack on the beach, and use it to improve the soil fertility of

their gardens; not only producing bigger, but also the sweetest melons in the

country. (McKenzie et al., 2021) However, 53% of the respondents strongly

disagree that seagrass meadows can provide raw materials for local crafts or

construction. While 30% of the respondents are neutral, and only 6% believed

that it can provide raw material for crafts or construction. Majority of the

respondents do not directly used seagrass meadows for local crafts which

leads to their unawareness that in other countries seagrass meadows can be

a source of raw materials.

37
 Although seagrass are underrated for its uses, 80% of the respondents

strongly agree that seagrass are important for local livelihoods such as fishing

and aquaculture. Available evidence indicates the seagrass habitat is

explicitly targeted as a fishing ground due to its high fish and invertebrate

abundance as well as it's accessibility (Nordlund et al., 2018). Seagrass

ecosystems provide nursery areas for juveniles of fish and prawns/shrimps,

feeding grounds for coral reef fish at night, and habitat/shelter for

invertebrates gleaned at low tide throughout the wider Indo-Pacific

region. (McKenzie et al., 2021)

Regulating Services

In terms of the regulating services, 76% of the respondents believed

that seagrass meadows helped to protect the coastline from erosion.

However, 10% of the respondents strongly disagree that seagrass help to

protect the coastline. Seagrass stabilizes sediment, attenuates waves, and

lessens the effect of currents, all of which are vital in preventing erosion along

coastlines. While their leaves serve to absorb silt and reduce wave energy,

their roots and rhizomes serve as anchors, keeping the seabed in place. In

the face of storms that are getting stronger and sea levels that are rising due

to climate change, this natural defensive system is especially crucial.

(Amone-Mabuto et al. 2023).

38
Figure 9. Regulating services of Seagrass ecosystem

Moreover, seagrasses play a crucial role in improving water quality by

filtering pollutants and excess nutrients. They act as natural filters, trapping

sediment, organic matter, and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. This

helps to reduce turbidity, prevent harmful algal blooms, and create a healthier

coastal environment. (Lincoln et al., 2020) Majority of the respondents

strongly agree that seagrass improve water quality by filtering pollutants. It

was supported by 13% of the respondents which also agree that it improves

the water quality. However, 10% of the respondents strongly disagree.

Additionally, seagrass meadows act as natural buffers against coastal

storms by reducing wave energy and attenuating storm surges, thus

protecting shorelines and coastal communities. The major biological plant

properties of seagrasses that influence coastal protection are biomass

density, leaf length, and morphology but seagrasses are unable to offer

protection in all locations and conditions, and their performance varies

depending on the physical characteristics of the marine environment,

39
specifically wave energy and water depth (Ondiviela et al. 2014). Majority or

76% of the respondents believed that seagrass meadows help to reduce

wave action and protect coastal areas from storms. While 10% of the

respondents also agree and 13% of the respondents are neutral.

On the other hand, almost 70% of the respondents believes neutral

that seagrass play a role in carbon sequestration which helps on storing

carbon in the ocean. While 13% of the respondents strongly agree and stands

agree that it helps on storing carbon in the ocean. Seagrasses are important

for sequestering carbon because they are "blue carbon" ecosystems that

absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and ocean in their

biomass and sediments. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and seawater

can be sequestered by these submerged blooming plants, which then store it

as organic carbon in the sediment and aboveground and belowground

biomass. Since the sediment in seagrass meadows stores a significant

amount of its carbon supply, they are regarded as essential natural carbon

sinks. (Mazarrasa et al., 2018)

On the other hand, 87% or majority of the respondents believed that

seagrass are important for maintaining the health of the surrounding

ecosystem. Seagrasses are essential to the wellbeing of coastal ecosystems

because they help to mitigate climate change, preserve water quality, and

promote biodiversity. Many marine animals use them as nursery, shorelines

are stabilized, and they may even lessen the consequences of climate

change. (Valdez et al., 2020)

Cultural Services

40
 In terms of the cultural services, Seagrass meadows are essential to

coastal towns' culture because they provide recreational and cultural value in

addition to ecological advantages like protecting the coast and supporting

fisheries. Many communities' livelihoods, customs, and even religious beliefs

are intricately entwined with them, especially in the Philippines, where they

contribute to the rich biodiversity of the Coral Triangle (Amone-Mabuto et al.

2023). However, 53% of the respondents strongly disagree that seagrass

meadows are important for local culture, 40% of the respondents are neutral

and only 7% of the respondents are strongly agree. This is an indication that

the role and importance of seagrass in the culture is poorly understand.

Moreover, 57% of the respondents strongly disagree that seagrass

ecosystem are a source of inspiration or has spiritual significance, 3% are

also disagree, 37% are neutral and only 3% of the respondents strongly agree

that seagrass holds spiritual significance. Seagrass, while not traditionally

considered a direct source of spiritual significance in the same way as some

religious symbols, holds a unique position as a source of inspiration and a

powerful symbol of interconnectedness within the marine ecosystem and

beyond. Its ecological importance and resilience, coupled with its historical

and cultural uses, can evoke a sense of wonder and respect, making it a

potent symbol for those who appreciate nature's intricate systems. (Foster et

al., 2025)

41
 III. Cultural Services
5 - Strongly Agree 4 - Agree 3 - Neutral
2 - Disagree 1 - Strong Disagree
30

20

10

Figure 10. Cultural services of Seagrass ecosystem

On the other hand, 30% of the respondents are neutral in the idea that

seagrass are important for recreation and leisure activities while 20% of the

respondents are strongly agree and 23% are strongly disagree. Although

majority of the respondents does not see the importance of seagrass in their

tradition and local culture, 47% of the respondents believed that seagrass is

important for the local community’s sense of place and identity. Majority agree

that seagrass is one of the main reasons why their island is known for.

On the other hand, majority or 80% of the respondents believed that

seagrass meadows are important for education and learning about the

environment, 13% of the respondents also answered agree but 7% of the

respondents strongly disagree. The seagrass ecosystem has an important

role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems, including as a habitat

for various marine species and supporting the global carbon cycle. However,

seagrass meadows are threatened by uncontrolled human activities, pollution,

and climate change. Through descriptive methods and a community service

42
approach, this research succeeded in increasing the knowledge of coastal

children, as evidenced by the significant increase in participants' post-test

scores after participating in the educational program. The majority of

participants experienced an increase in knowledge, with the average score

increasing from 5.1 on the pre-test to 7.45 on the post-test. These results

show the effectiveness of the program in increasing environmental awareness

among coastal children. However, there was variation in the level of

knowledge improvement among participants, indicating the need for more

adaptive and interactive learning methods. The success of this program

emphasizes the importance of environmental education from an early age in

forming a generation that cares and plays an active role in ecosystem

conservation, especially seagrass beds in the coastal area of Teluk Bakau.

(Samnuzulsari et al., 2024)

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

43
 The seagrass cover of Matalangtalang, Aroroy, Masbate is 32.5%,

which is classified as moderate or less healthy. The six (6) seagrass species

that were found at the four (4) transects are Enhalus acoroides, Halodule

pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis,

and Thalassia hemprichii.

The physico-chemical parameters in Barangay Mantalang-Talang,

Aroroy, Masbate, fall within the range of what is required for the seagrass to

grow and survive.

In terms of the level of awareness and the practices of the community

relative to the ecological services provided by the seagrass ecosystem, the

survey results clearly show that provisioning services of seagrass ecosystems

are highly valued, particularly in terms of food production and support for local

livelihoods, such as fishing and aquaculture. These two services with high

responses suggest that the community has a strong dependence on healthy

seagrass meadows for economic and food security but not for sustainability.

Responses are limited on awareness or use of seagrass for traditional

medicine, tourism, or craft materials which indicate that either not culturally

significant, not practiced locally, or are overlooked due to a lack of information

or access. The dominance of neutral or negative responses in these areas

shows that the perceived value of seagrass is narrowly focused on tangible,

day-to-day benefits.

Moreover, the residents of Brgy. Matalang-talang strongly value the

regulating services provided by seagrass meadows, which indicates a strong

understanding of the ecological functions of seagrasses especially - coastal

protection, wave buffering, erosion control, and maintaining ecosystem health.

The responses indicate a deep local knowledge of how seagrasses help

44
defend the coast and support marine biodiversity. However, water quality

improvement is also fairly appreciated and carbon sequestration is not widely

understood, as seen in the high neutral responses. This highlights a

knowledge gap that could be addressed through environmental education and

climate change awareness efforts

In seagrasses cultural services, the community were more varied and

generally less positives. They strongly valued the aspect on - Education and

environmental awareness. While - Community identity and sense of place is

moderately acknowledged. Recreation and leisure, and poorly recognized or

not culturally integrated - the Cultural traditions, and Spiritual or inspirational

value of seagrasses in locality. This suggests that while the tangible and

educational roles of seagrass are well understood, the symbolic or traditional

connections are largely absent or underdeveloped in the local context. This

suggests that cultural connections to seagrass ecosystems are either

underdeveloped or overshadowed by more tangible benefits, such as food

provision and livelihood support.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings of this study, the researchers come up with the

following recommendations:

● The Local Government Unit of Masbate should intensify their

collaboration with the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources for the conservation of seagrass ecosystem.

● The LGU of Masbate should conduct Information, Education and

Communication (IEC) to the local community of Brgy. Matalng-talang

45
 regarding the benefits and importance of seagrass to increase their

level of awareness and understanding.

● Outreach programs and trainings on seagrasses on diverse uses of

seagrass ecosystem (e.g. crafts, and alternative medicine

● Involve local elders in trainings to incorporate their local knowledge in

seagrasses.

● Incorporate into Brgy Matalang-Talang initiatives, plans and activities,

the environmental campaign on seagrasses role in mitigating climate

change (blue carbon)

● Adoption of the community as extension services of nearest SUCs in

Aroroy or within Masbate main island.

● Public awareness campaigns of the municipality of Aroroy through

coordination with schools, DENR satellite in the area among others.

● Investigate or conduct historical or traditional uses of seagrasses that

has been overlooked or forgotten.

● Integrate seagrasses into local festivals.

● Local schools and cultural institutions could explore creative ways e.g.

storytelling to children, music and arts.

● Conduct further study regarding the historical or traditional uses of

seagrasses that has been overlooked or forgotten.

46
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oceanica (L.) Delile) in Fethiye-Göcek Sp

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