Analysis qualifying exam, complex analysis part

Spring 2023

Name:

JHED:

Requirements:
Books, notes, calculators, computers, discussion and collaboration are not
allowed.
Simplify all answers as far as possible.
Solutions without proper justification will receive no credit.

Problem Points Your score

1
2
3
4
 Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on
a new page.
Problem 1.

∞
sin2 x
Z
Evaluate dx.
0 x2

Problem 2.

a). Let R(z) = p(z)

q(z) where p and q are polynomials (thus holomorphic).
Let f be holomorphic on C \ {p1 , ..., pk } and suppose that f has a pole at
each of the points {p1 , ..., pk }. If |f (z)| ≤ |R(z)| for all z at which f (z) and
R(z) are defined, prove that f is a rational function.

b). Find all the isolated singularities on C ∪ {∞} and calculate their
(z 2 −1)2
residues for the functions f (z) = z 2 (z−α)(z−β) , αβ = 1, α 6= β.

Problem 3.

a). Let f : U = {z : 0 < |z| < 1} → C be holomorphic and nonconstant.

If there exists a sequence {zn } ⊂ U which converges to 0 and satisfies that
f (zn ) = 0, then prove that 0 is an essential singularity of f .

b). Find all entire functions f such that lim|z|→∞ f (z) = ∞.

Problem 4. Assume that f is holomorphic on 0 < r < |z−a| < R < +∞

and continuous on r ≤ |z − a| ≤ R. If f (z) = 0 at |z − a| = R, prove that
f (z) ≡ 0.
 Analysis qualifying exam, complex analysis part
Spring 2023

Name:

JHED:

Requirements:
Books, notes, calculators, computers, discussion and collaboration are not
allowed.
Simplify all answers as far as possible.
Solutions without proper justification will receive no credit.

Problem Points Your score

1
2
3
4
 Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on
a new page.
Problem 1.

∞
sin2 x
Z
Evaluate dx.
0 x2

Problem 2.

a). Let R(z) = p(z)

q(z) where p and q are polynomials (thus holomorphic).
Let f be holomorphic on C \ {p1 , ..., pk } and suppose that f has a pole at
each of the points {p1 , ..., pk }. If |f (z)| ≤ |R(z)| for all z at which f (z) and
R(z) are defined, prove that f is a rational function.

b). Find all the isolated singularities on C ∪ {∞} and calculate their
(z 2 −1)2
residues for the functions f (z) = z 2 (z−α)(z−β) , αβ = 1, α 6= β.

Problem 3.

a). Let f : U = {z : 0 < |z| < 1} → C be holomorphic and nonconstant.

If there exists a sequence {zn } ⊂ U which converges to 0 and satisfies that
f (zn ) = 0, then prove that 0 is an essential singularity of f .

b). Find all entire functions f such that lim|z|→∞ f (z) = ∞.

Problem 4. Assume that f is holomorphic on 0 < r < |z−a| < R < +∞

and continuous on r ≤ |z − a| ≤ R. If f (z) = 0 at |z − a| = R, prove that
f (z) ≡ 0.
 Qualifying Exam in Analysis, Fall 2022, August 30, 12-3pm

Part I: Real Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Problem 1. Prove or disprove that if {fn }∞n=1 is a sequence of Lebesgue integrable

functions fn : [0, 1] → R such that limn→∞ fn L1 → 0, then for at least one value
x ∈ [0, 1], we have limn→∞ fn (x) = 0.

Problem 2. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and f ∈ Lp (R). Show that

 ∞
|f (t)|
2
dt < ∞.
−∞ 1 + t

Problem 3. Let f ∈ L1 (Rn ), and let |{x ∈ Rn : |f (x)| ≥ λ}| denote the Lebesgue
measure of the set where |f | ≥ λ. Prove that
 ∞
f L1 = |{x : |f (x)| ≥ λ}| dλ.
0

Problem 4. Let f ∈ L1 (Rn ). Evaluate


lim |f (x + y) − f (x)| dx.
y→∞ Rn
Note that the limit is NOT as y → 0.

1
 2

Part II: Complex Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Problem 1. For −1 < a < 0, evaluate

 ∞
xa
dx
0 1+x
by residue theory.

Problem 2. Let f be holomorphic and one-to-one on an open set Ω ⊂ C. Show that

f  (z) = 0 for all z ∈ Ω.

Problem 3. Let f : D(0, 1) → C be a non-constant holomorphic function which satisfies

Ref (z) ≥ 0 for all z ∈ D(0, 1). Here D(0, 1) = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} is the unit disk.
(1) Show that Ref (z) > 0 for all z ∈ D(0, 1).
(2) If f (0) = a ∈ R+ , show that
1 − |z| 1 + |z|
a ≤ |f (z)| ≤ a .
1 + |z| 1 − |z|

Problem 4. Let D(0, 1) ⊂ C be the unit disk and f be continuous on ∂D(0, 1). Show
that
⎧  2π
⎨ 1 1 − |z|2
f (eiθ ) dθ for z ∈ D(0, 1)
u(z) = 2π 0 |z − eiθ |2
⎩
f (z) for z ∈ ∂D(0, 1)
is harmonic on D(0, 1) and continuous up to the boundary ∂D(0, 1).
 Qualifying Exam in Analysis, May 10, 2022, 12-3pm

Part I: Real Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Q1. Suppose f : R → R is continuous. Show that the graph of f is a Lebesgue measurable subset of
R2 of measure zero.

Q2. Suppose that the sequence fn ∈ L3 (R3 ) converges almost everywhere to f . Suppose further that
kfn kL3 (R3 ) ≤ 3.
3 3
Prove that f ∈ L (R ) and that
kf kL3 (R3 ) ≤ 3.

Q3. Let f ∈ L1 (R) and let g be a bounded measurable function on R. Recall that the convolution of
f and g is the function f ∗ g defined by
Z
(f ∗ g)(x) = f (x − y) g(y) dy.
R
Prove that the convolution f ∗ g is well-defined, bounded and uniformly continuous on R.

Q4. Let f ∈ L1 (Rd ). Prove that for every ε > 0 there is a δ > 0 so that
Z
f (y) dy < ε
E
whenever m(E) < δ.

1
2

Part II: Complex Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Q1. Using residue theory, evaluate

Z ∞ 1
x2
2
dx.
0 x +x+1

Q2. Let f be holomorphic on D(0, 1) and continuous on D(0, 1). Suppose |f (z)| = 1 for |z| = 1. Prove
that f must be a rational function.

Q3. Let f : D(0, 1) → D(0, 1) be a holomorphic function satisfying

f (0) = f 0 (0) = · · · = f (n−1) (0) = 0.
Show that
1) |f (z)| ≤ |z|n for z ∈ D(0, 1);
2) If either there is some P ∈ D(0, 1)\{0} such that |f (P )| = |P |n or |f (n) (0)| = n!, then
f (z) = eiθ z n for some θ ∈ R.

Q4.
1) Let f be a non-negative harmonic function on a neighborhood of D(P, R). Show that
R − |z − P | R + |z − P |
f (P ) ≤ f (z) ≤ f (P ) ∀z ∈ D(P, R).
R + |z − P | R − |z − P |
2) By using the Harnack inequality in 1), prove the following Liouville theorem:
Let f be harmonic on all of C. If f is bounded from below, then f must be a constant.
 Qualifying Exam in Analysis, September 8, 2021, 12-3pm

Part I: Real Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Problem 1. Let {fn } be a sequence of Lebesgue measurable functions fn : [0, 2π] → C,

n = 1, 2, . . . . Suppose there exists f ∈ L2 ([0, 2π]) such that fn → f in L2 , i.e.,
Z
|fn (x) − f (x)|2 dx → 0.
[0,2π]

a) Show that fn → f in measure, that is,

lim {x ∈ [0, 2π] : |fn (x) − f (x)| ≥ ε} = 0
n→∞
for all ε > 0, with |A| denoting the Lebesgue measure of a set A.
b) Show that there is a subsequence fnk such that fnk (x) → f (x) almost everywhere
in [0, 2π]. (Do not just quote a theorem.)

Problem 2. For f ∈ L2 (R) let

Z
f (x)
I(f ) = dx.
R x1/3 (1 + |x|)2/3
Is I(f ) always finite? Give a proof or counterexample.

Problem 3. Suppose ϕ ∈ L1 (R) with ϕ(x) dx = a and for δ > 0 define

R
Z
Aδ f (x) = f (x − y) δ −1 ϕ(y/δ) dy.

a) Prove that
kAδ f kL1 ≤ kϕkL1 kf kL1
for each δ > 0.
b) Prove that Aδ f → a · f in L1 (R) as δ & 0.

Problem 4. Let f ∈ L2 (R). If

Z
f (x) dx = 0
[a,b]

for all rational numbers a and b with a < b, prove that f (x) = 0 almost everywhere.

1
 2

Part II: Complex Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Problem 1. Show that there does not exist a solution to

∆u = u3
on Rd that is positive everywhere and satisfies u(x) → 0 as |x| → ∞.

Problem 2. Prove that for 0 < Re(z) < 1,

π
Γ(z)Γ(1 − z) = ,
sin(πz)
when Z ∞
Γ(z) = tz−1 e−t dt.
0

x2
Problem 3. Let f (x) = e− 2 . Compute the Fourier transform
Z
ˆ 1
f (ξ) = √ f (x)e−ixξ dx.
2π

Problem 4. Describe all the fractional linear transformations that map R ∪ {∞} to
R ∪ {∞}.
 Qualifying Exam in Analysis, May 12, 2021, 12-3pm

Part I: Real Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Problem 1. Let f ∈ L1 (R). Show that the series

∞ √
X 1
√ f (x + k)
k=1
k
converges absolutely for almost every x ∈ R.

Problem 2. For f ∈ C0∞ (R3 ) define

Z
sin t|ξ|
u(x, t) = e2πix·ξ f (ξ) dξ, x ∈ R3 , t > 0.
R 3 |ξ|
Show that limt→∞ ku( · , t)kL2 (R3 ) = ∞ for a set of f that is dense in L2 (Rn ).

Problem 3. Consider the function on R defined by

(
1 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
ϕ(x) =
0, x ∈ / [0, 1],
and for δ > 0 set ϕδ (x) = δ −1 ϕ(x/δ). Prove that if f ∈ L1 (R) then
(ϕδ ∗ f )(x) → 12 f (x) for almost every x ∈ R,
if ϕδ ∗ f denotes convolution.

Problem 4. Suppose that {φk } is an orthonormal system of continuous functions in

L2 ([0, 1]) and let S denote the closure of the span of {φk }. If
kf kL∞ ([0,1])
sup
f ∈S \ {0} kf kL2 ([0,1])

is finite, prove that S is finite dimensional.

1
 2

Part II: Complex Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

Problem 1. Suppose U ⊂ C is an open set. Suppose f and g are functions holomorphic

on U ⊂ C. Show that if
|f (z)|4 + |g(z)|4
attains a maximum for some z0 ∈ U , then f and g are constant on U .

Problem 2. Suppose f is holomorphic on {z : 0 < |z| < 1}, and that

1 1
|f (z)| ≤ (log )80 in {z : |z| ≤ }.
|z| 2
Show that f has a removable singularity at z = 0.

Problem 3. Let f (x) = x21+1 . Use a contour integral consisting of the interval [−R, R] ⊂
R and a semicircle of radius R to compute the Fourier transform
Z
1
fˆ(ξ) = √ f (x)e−ixξ dx.
2π

Problem 4. Let D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} and f : D → D be a holomorphic function.

Prove
|f (z)| − |z| |f (0)| + |z|
≤ |f (z)| ≤ .
1 − |f (0)||z| 1 − |f (0)||z|
 Johns Hopkins University, Department of Mathematics
Real and Complex analysis, 2020 Fall

Name: Date:

Problem 1

Let f ∈ Lp (Rd ). Prove that

lim kf (· − h) − f (·)kLp = 0.
h→0

Problem 2

1. Prove the existence of a nonnegative function ϕ from R into R such that ϕ ∈ C ∞ (R) with compact
support and Z
ϕ=1
R
.
2. Let ϕ be the function constructed previously. Define ϕε (x) = 1ε ϕ( xε ), ε > 0. Prove that if f ∈ L2 (R)
then the convolution f ∗ ϕε is well-defined and belongs to L2 (R). Furthermore, show that f ∗ ϕε is in
L2 uniformly in ε.
1 1
3. Prove Young’s inequality: Lp ∗ Lq ⊂ Lr if 1 + r = p + 1q .

Problem 3

Prove that if f ∈ L1 (Rd ) then its Fourier transform fˆ(ξ) is such that fˆ(ξ) → 0 as |ξ| → ∞. Use this result
to show that there is no unit element in L1 (Rd ) for the operation defined by convolution; i.e there is no
h ∈ L1 (Rd ) such that for all f ∈ L1 (Rd ), we have f ∗ h = f .

Problem 4

Compute I the integrals

1 ez
1) dz, where γ is the negatively oriented triangle with vertices 1 ± i and −3.
2πi γ z(z + 2)2
Z ∞ ix
e
2) p.v. dx.
−∞ x

Problem 5
Z 1 r
1 x
1). Evaluate 2+4
dx.
0 x 1 − x
1 P∞ 1
2). Let f (z) = ez+ z . Prove that Resf (0) = k=0 k!(k+1)! .

Problem 6
1
Let f (z) be an entire function satisfying |f (z)| ≤ |f (z 2 )| for all z. Show that f (z) is bounded and is an entire
function, unless f (z) ≡ 0.

1
 Johns Hopkins University, Department of Mathematics
Real and Complex analysis, 2020 Spring

Name: Date:

Problem 1
Let I = [0, 1] and for n ∈ N, consider 0 ≤ j ≤ 2n − 1. Define
Inj = [j2−n , (j + 1)2−n ].
Let f ∈ L1 (I) and define
n
2X −1  Z 
En (f )(x) = 2n f dt χInj (x).
j=0 Inj

Prove that limn→∞ En (f )(x) = f (x) a.e. in I.

Problem 2
2 2 d
Let L = L (R )R be the real Hilbert space endowed with its natural norm k.k derived from the real inner
product (f, g) = f g dm (where dm is Lebesgue measure on Rd ). We say that {fn } ⊂ L2 converges weakly
to f if (fn , g) → (f, g) for every g ∈ L2 .
• Prove that if fn converges weakly to f and kfn k → kf k then fn converges to f in the strong topology.
• Prove that there exists a sequence of bounded functions in L2 which is not converging in L2 but weakly
converging up to a subsequence possibly. What do you conclude on the unit ball of L2 endowed with
the strong topology ?
Problem 3
Let f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] be a continuous function and φ : R → R be a C 1 function with φ(0) = 0. Show that
Z 1 Z
φ ◦ f dx = | {x ∈ [0, 1] : f (x) > t} |φ0 (t) dt
0 R
Problem 4
Compute the integrals
∞ ∞
x4
Z Z
x+2
a) dx; b) p.v. dx.
−∞ x10 + 1 −∞ x4 + 3x3 + x2 + 3x
Problem 5
Show that if f : C → C is an entire function such that f (C) ∩ {ix : x ∈ R, x ≥ 0} = ∅, then f is a constant.
Problem 6
Let U be a simply connected domain in C. Let un be a sequence of holomorphic functions on U such that
Z
|un (z) − u(z)|dz → 0.
U
Prove that u is a holomorphic function on U .

1
 Qualifying Exam in Analysis, September 4, 2019, 9am-12noon.

Part I: Real Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.

1. Assume that f1 , f2 , . . . is a sequence of positive continuous functions defined on [0, 1]

with
f (x) = lim fn (x) for every x ∈ [0, 1]
n→∞
and Z 1
fn (x)dx = 1.
0
R1
(a) Is it always true that 0 f (x)dx ≤ 1? Provide a proof if it is true or provide a counter
example if it is false.
R1
(b) Is it always true that 0 f (x)dx ≥ 1? Provide a proof if it is true or provide a counter
example if it is false.

2. Prove that if a sequence f1 , f2 , . . . of functions in L1 (R) converges to f in L1 (R), then

there exists a subsequence fn1 , fn2 , . . . that converges a.e. to f .

3. Define Z ∞
f ∗ g(x) := f (y)g(x − y) dy.
−∞
Prove that if f, g ∈ L2 (R), then f ∗ g is a continuous function on R.

4. Prove that every closed convex subset of a Hilbert space has a unique element of minimal
norm.

1
2

Part II. Complex Analysis

Choose three of four problems and show all work with each problem on a new page.
R∞ x
1. Evaluate 0 xlog
2 +2 dx by contour integration using the positively oriented contour from

−R to R on the real axis (indented at the origin) and the positively oriented semicircle
|z| = R, Imz > 0. Choose an appropriate branch of logarithm.

2. Let f (z) be an entire function such that

max |f (z)| ≤ ARk + B,
|z|=R

for positive constants A, B and all R > 1000. Show that f is a polynomial of degree at
most k.

3a. Define what is meant by a normal family of holomorphic functions on an open (possibly
unbounded) domain U .
b. Suppose F is a normal family of holomorphic functions on the open unit disk D. Show
that the family
F 0 = {f 0 : f ∈ F}
is also a normal family on D.

4. Let f be a holomorphic function in the punctured disk {z : 0 < |z| < 2} satisfying
1
|f (z)| ≤ (log )100 in {|z| ≤ 1/2},
|z|
|f (z)| = 1 on |z| = 1.
a. Show that f has a removable singularity at the origin.
b. Show that if f (z) 6= 0 in |z| < 1, then f is constant.
c. (Extra credit) True or false, explain.
f = αz n for α ∈ C, |α| = 1 and an integer n ≥ 0.
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM: SPRING 2019

Please answer three questions from the real analysis section and three questions from
the complex analysis section.

1. R EAL A NALYSIS
Question 1.1. Suppose that fj ∈ L2 (Rd ), j = 1, 2, . . . , and f ∈ L2 (Rd ) satisfy
Z Z
lim fj g = fg
j→∞ Rd Rd
for all g ∈ L (R ). That is, fj converges to f weakly in L2 . Suppose that the sequence
2 d

satisfies the uniform bound

(A) sup (1 + |x|)d |fj (x)| ≤ M < ∞.
x∈Rd

Show that kfj k2 → kf k2 and conclude that kfj − f k2 → 0. That is fj converges to f

strongly in L2 (Rd ). Show by example that condition (A) is necessary.
Question 1.2. Fix a measurable function f : R2 → R and, for every x, y ∈ R, let
fx : R → R and fy : R → R
be given by fx (z) = f (x, z) and fy (z) = f (z, y). Show that there exists such an f so that
fx ∈ L1 (R) for a.e. x and fy ∈ L1 (R) for a.e. y but
Z Z  Z Z 
fx (y)dy dx 6= fy (x)dx dy.
R R R R
What does Fubini’s theorem imply about such f ? What about Tonelli’s theorem?
Question 1.3. Let fi : [0, 1] → R, i = 1, 2, . . ., be an increasing sequence of continuous
functions that is uniformly bounded, i.e., for all x ∈ [0, 1] and i ≥ 1, fi (x) ≤ fi+1 (x) ≤
M < ∞ for some fixed M . Show that limi→∞ fi (x) = g(x) is continuous if and only if
the fi converge uniformly to g.
Rt
Question 1.4. Show that limt→∞ 1 sin(x) x dx exists. Does f (x) =
sin(x)
x belong to
1
L ((1, ∞))?

2. C OMPLEX A NALYSIS
Question 2.1. Determine all holomorphic automorphisms of the upper half plane U =
{z : Imz > 0}.

Question 2.2. Let f (z) be holomorphic on C\R and continuous on C. Show that f extends
to an entire analytic function.
R ∞ −1
Question 2.3. Evaluate 0 x1+x3 dx.

Question 2.4. Show that the punctured unit disk {z : 0 < |z| < 1} and the annulus
{z : 1 < |z| < 2} cannot be conformally equivalent.
 Johns Hopkins University, Department of Mathematics
Real and Complex analsyis

Name: Date:

Problem 1

Let I = [0, 1] and for n ∈ N, consider 0 ≤ j ≤ 2n − 1. Define

Inj = [j2−n , (j + 1)2−n ].

Let f ∈ L1 (I) and define

n
2X −1  Z 
n
En (f )(x) = 2 f dt χInj (x).
j=0 Inj

Prove that limn→∞ En (f )(x) = f (x) a.e. in I.

Problem 2

Prove that the unit ball of L2 endowed with its natural strong topology is not compact.

Problem 3

Prove that a normed vector space (X, k.k) is Banach if and only if every normally (sometimes called also
absolutely) convergent series is convergent.

1
 Problem 4

Suppose that f, g are entire functions with |f (z)| ≤ |g(z)| for all z ∈ C. Prove that there is a constant c ∈ C
such that f = cg.
Problem 5
This problem is about the integral Z ∞
sin x
I= dx.
−∞ x
• Show directly that I is a convergent improper Riemann integral.
• Use a contour integral to evaluate I.

Problem 6

Let f and g be functions holomorphic defined on a domain U ⊆ C. Set ϕ(z) = |f (z)| + |g(z)| for z ∈ U . If
ϕ assumes a maximum value on U , show that both f and g are constants on U .

Problem 7

Let U ⊆ C be an open set and

Z
2
A (U ) = {f homolorphic on U : |f (z)|2 dxdy < ∞}.
U

Define Z
(f, g) = f (z)g(z)dxdy, ∀f, g ∈ A2 (U ).
U

Prove that A2 (U ) is a Hilbert space when equipped with this inner product.

2
 Johns Hopkins University, Department of Mathematics
Real and Complex analysis

Name: Date:

Problem 1
Let I = [0, 1] and for n ∈ N, consider 0 ≤ j ≤ 2n − 1. Define
Inj = [j2−n , (j + 1)2−n ].
Let f ∈ L1 (I) and define
n
2X −1  Z 
n
En (f )(x) = 2 f dt χInj (x).
j=0 Inj

Prove that limn→∞ En (f )(x) = f (x) a.e. in I.

Problem 2
2 2 d
Let L = L (R )R be the real Hilbert space endowed with its natural norm k.k derived from the real inner
product (f, g) = f g dm (where dm is Lebesgue measure on Rd ). We say that fn ∈ L2 converges weakly to
f if (fn , g) → (f, g) for every g ∈ L2 .
• Prove that if fn converges weakly to f and kfn k → kf k then fn converges to f in the strong topology.
• Prove that there exists a sequence of bounded functions in L2 which is not converging in L2 but weakly
converging up to a subsequence possibly. What do you conclude on the unit ball of L2 endowed with
the strong topology ?
Problem 3
R 1/p
p
Let I = [0, 1] and denote k.kp the p-norm kf kp = I
|f | for 1 ≤ p < ∞ (we admit this is a norm) and
kf k∞ = ess sup |f |.
• Show that the space of continuous functions on I endowed with the norm k.kp for 1 ≤ p < ∞ is not a
Banach space.
• Prove that the space of (Lebesgue) measurable functions on I such that their p-norm is finite is a
Banach space for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.
• Prove that there is no smooth function h such that f ∗ h = f for every f ∈ L1 (I).
• Prove the Hölder inequality: for p, q ≥ 1 such that p1 + 1q = 1
Z
f g ≤ kf kp kgkq
I
ap aq
One can use the inequality ab ≤ p + q for any a, b ≥ 0.
1 1 1
• Deduce the Young inequality: Lp ∗ Lq ⊂ Lr for p + q =1+ r

1
 Problem 4

Let f be an entire function. Suppose that for each z0 ∈ C, the power series expansion
∞
X
f (z) = cn (z − z0 )n
n=0

has at least one coefficient cn = 0. Show that f is a polynomial.

Problem 5

Let U be an open subset of C. Let z0 be a point in U , and suppose that f is a meromorphic function on U
with a pole at z0 . Prove that there is no holomorphic function g : U r {z0 } → C such that eg(z) = f (z) for
all z ∈ U r {z0 }.

Problem 6

Suppose f is holomorphic in an annulus r < |z| < R, and there exists a sequence of holomorphic polynomials
pn converging to f uniformly on compact subset of the annulus. Show that f can be extended to the disc
{|z| < R} as a holomorphic function.

Problem 7

Let U be an open subset of C. We use the notion

Z 1/2
2
kf kL2 (U ) = |f | dxdy .
U

• Let f : U → C be a holomorphic function. Show that for any compact set K ⊂ U , there is a constant
CK , such that
sup |f (z)| ≤ CK kf kL2 (U ) .
z∈K

• Prove that {f is holomorphic on U : kf kL2 (U ) ≤ 1} is a normal family.

• Suppose U is the punctured disc D(0, 1) − {0}. If f is holomorphic on U and kf kL2 (U ) < ∞, prove
that z = 0 is a removable singularity of f .

2
 Qualifying Exam - Analysis-Fall 2017

12:30-3:30pm, Sept 8, 2017

1. Let fn be a sequence of continuous functions on R satisfying 0 ≤ fn ≤ fn+1 ≤ 1 for all x ∈ R

and n ∈ Z+ . Let f (x) = limn→∞ fn (x). Show that if f is continuous at x, then for any  > 0 there
exist δ and N such that |fn (y) − fn (x)| <  whenever |y − x| < δ and n > N .

2. Let f ∈ Lp (Rn ). Show that

lim kf (x − h) − f (x)kLp = 0.
h→0

3. For a Radon measurePµ, with Rn dµ = C. Prove that for all  > 0, there exists a set E ⊂ Rn
R

s.t. M1 (E ) := inf E ⊂∪Bi { i diamBi } < 10 and for any x ∈
/ E , r > 0
Z
Cr
dµ ≤ .
Br (x) 
(Hint: use Vitali covering lemma.)

4. Let f (z) be a holomorphic function on D := {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}, |f (z)| < 1, f (α) = 0 for some
|α| < 1. Show that for z ∈ D
z−α
|f (z)| ≤ | |.
1 − ᾱz
5. Let f be an entire function |Re(f (z))| ≤ C(1 + |z|)p for some p > 0, C > 0. Show that f is
a polynomial.

6. Let u be a subharmonic function defined on C. Let M (r) := max|z|=r u(z). Prove that

log r2 − log |z| log |z| − log r1

u(z) ≤ M (r1 ) + M (r2 )
log r2 − log r1 log r2 − log r1

for 0 < r1 ≤ |z| ≤ r2 .

1
 Qualifying Exam - Analysis - Spring 2017
Justify your answers to all problems.

1. Let f : R → [0, ∞) be a measurable function and ϕ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) be a monotonic,

absolutely continuous function on [0, T ] for every T < ∞. Assume ϕ(0) = 0. Prove
Z Z ∞
ϕ ◦ f dx = m({x : f (x) > t})ϕ0 (t) dt.
R 0
1
2. Let H be a Hilbert space equipped with an inner product (·, ·) and a norm || · || = (·, ·) 2 .
Recall the following: A sequence {fk } ⊂ H is said converge to f ∈ H if ||fk − f || → 0. A
sequence {fk } ⊂ H is said converge weakly to f ∈ H if (fk , g) → (f, g) for any g ∈ H. Prove
the following statements:

(a) {fk } converges to f if and only if ||fk || → ||f || and {fk } converges weakly to f .

(b) If H is a finite dimensional Hilbert space, then the weak convergence implies conver-
gence. Give a counter example to show that weak convergence does not necessarily imply
convergence in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space.

(c) If a sequence {fk } converges weakly to f , then there exists a subsequence {fkn } such
that
fk1 + · · · + fkn
n
converges to f . (You may use the fact that a weakly convergent sequence is a bounded
sequence.)

3. Let {Ek } be a sequence of (Lebesgue) measurable sets in Rk such that

X∞
m(Ek ) < ∞.
k=1
k
Prove that almost every x ∈ R lie in at most finitely many sets Ek .

4. Let U ⊂ C be an open set, D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} and F be the set of all holomorphic
functions f : U → D. Given z0 ∈ U , show that there exists f0 ∈ F such that
|f000 (z0 )| = sup |f 00 (z0 )|.
f ∈F

5. Describe all holomorphic functions on C\{0} with the property that

1
|f (z)| ≤ |z|2 + 1 , ∀z ∈ C\{0}.
|z| 2
6. Let f : U → C be a non-constant holomorphic function where U ⊂ C is an open set
containing the closure D of the unit disk D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}. If |f (z)| = 1 for all z ∈ ∂D,
then prove that D ⊂ f (D).
 Qualifying Exam - Analysis - Fall 2016
Justify your answers to all problems.

1. Assume f, fj ⊂ L2 ([0, 1]) for j = 1, 2, . . . and ||fj − f ||L2 → 0. Prove there exists a
subsequence {fj 0 } ⊂ {fj } such that fj 0 → f a.e.

2. Suppose A is a Lebesgue measurable set inSR with m(A) > 0. Does there exists a
∞
sequence {xn }∞
n=1 such that the complement of n=1 (A + xn ) in R has measure 0? Justify
your answer. (We define A + xn = {a + xn ∈ R : a ∈ A}.)

3. Let H be an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. Determine if the following statements are
true or false. If true, provide a proof. If false, provide a counter example.

(a) A sequence {fn } in H with ||fn || = 1 for all n has a subsequence that converges in
H.

(b) A sequence {fn } in H with ||fn || = 1 for all n has a subsequence that converges weakly
in H.

4. Prove that if a sequence of harmonic functions on the open disk converges uniformly
on compact subset of the disk, then the limit is harmonic.

5. Let f be a one-to-one analytic function definedpon the unit disk D centered at the
origin and f (0) = 0. Show that the function g(z) = f (z 2 ) has a single-valued branch and
is also one-to-one.

6. Let U ⊂ C be an open set containing the closure D of a unit disk. If a sequence

{fn : U → C} of holomorphic functions converges uniformly to f on compact subsets of U ,
then show that there exists an integer N such that f and fn have the same number of zeros
in D for n ≥ N .

1
 QUALIFYING EXAM SPRING 2016 - ANALYSIS

1. Prove the absolute continuity of the Lebesgue integral; in other words, prove that if f
is integrable on Rd , then for every  > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that
Z
|f | <  whenever m(E) < δ.
E
2. Prove that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function f ∗ for an integrable function f
satisfies
3d
m({x ∈ Rd : f ∗ (x) > α} ≤ ||f ||L1 (Rd )
α
where α > 0. Recall that
Z
∗ 1
f (x) = sup |f (y)|dy, x ∈ Rd
x∈B m(B) B
where the supremum is taken over all balls containing the point x. You may assume the
Vitali 3-times Covering Lemma. State it clearly if you use it.

3. Let f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] be a continuous function and φ : R → R be a C 1 function with

φ(0) = 0. Prove
Z 1 Z
φ ◦ f dx = m({x ∈ [0, 1] : f (x) > t})φ0 (t)dt
0
4. Let U ⊂ C be an open set and
Z
2
A (U ) = {f holomorphic on U : |f (z)|2 dxdy < ∞}.
U
Define Z
< f, g >= f (z)g(z)dxdy, ∀f, g ∈ A2 (U ).
U
Prove that A2 (U ) is a Hilbert space when equipped with this inner product.

5. Let f : D → D be a holomorphic function where D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} is the unit disk.

Prove that if f has at least 2 fixed points then f is the identity map. (Note: A point a is
said to be a fixed point of f if f (a) = a.)

6. Assume that f : C → C is an entire function, not identically equal to 0 and the let
Z = {z ∈ C : f (z) = 0}. Prove that if Z is unbounded, then f has an essential singularity
at ∞.

7. Determine the number of zeroes of the polynomial

2z 5 − 6z 2 + z + 1 = 0
in the annulus 1 ≤ |z| ≤ 2.

1
 QUALIFYING EXAM - ANALYSIS - FALL 2015

Justify your answers to all problems.

Notation: R is the real line, C is the complex plane and D(P, r) ⊂ C is the disk of
radius r centered at point P .

1. Suppose {fn }∞ 2 2
n=1 ⊂ L (R) is a sequence that converges to 0 in the L norm; in
other words,
Z ∞  12
2
||fn ||L2 (R) = |fn | dx → 0.
−∞
Prove that there exists a subsequence {fnk } such that fnk → 0 almost everywhere.

2. Determine whether the following statements are true and false. If true, pro-
vide a proof. If false, prove a counter example.

(a) If f (x) is a increasing, continuous function on the interval [0, 1] such that
f (0) = 0 and f (1) = 1, then there exists a set E ⊂ [0, 1] of positive measure
such that f 0 (x) > 0.

(b) If f (x) is a strictly increasing, absolutely continuous function on the inter-

val [0, 1] with f (0) = 0 and f (1) = 1, then the set f −1 (E) ∩ {x ∈ [0, 1] : f 0 (x) > 0}
is measurable for any measurable set E ⊂ [0, 1].

3. Let {ϕk }∞ 2 d
k=1 be an orthonormal basis for L (R ) and define ϕk,j (x, y) = ϕk (x)ϕj (y).
∞
Prove that {ϕk,j }k,j=1 is an orthonormal basis of L2 (Rd × Rd ).

4. Let U ⊂ C be an open set containing D(P, r). Prove that if f : U → C is

a holomorphic function such that f is nowhere zero on ∂D(P, r) and g : U → C
is a holomorphic function sufficiently uniformly close to f on ∂D(P, r), then the
number of zeros of f in D(P, r) equals the number of zeros of g in D(P, r) (counting
multiplicity).

5. If f = u + iv is an entire function with the property that u(z) ≤ 0 for all

z ∈ C, what can you say about f ?

6. If D(0, 1) → C is a function such that f 2 and f 3 are both holomorphic, prove f

is holomorphic.

7. Compute the integral

∞
(log x)2
Z
dx.
0 1 + x2

1
 Qualifying Exam - Analysis - Spring 2015
Justify your answers to all problems.
R R
1.
R Assume f, fj ⊂ L2 (Rn ) for j = 1, 2, . . . , fj → f a.e. and fj2 dx → f 2 dx. Prove
|fj − f |2 dx → 0.

2. Let ϕ : R → R be a non-negative, C ∞ function with compact support such that

Z
ϕ(x)dx = 1.
R
Define Z
x −1
ϕσ (x) = σ ϕ( ) and uσ (x) = ϕσ (x − y)u(y)dy.
σ
For u ∈ L2 (R), prove Z Z
|uσ (x)|2 dx ≤ |u(x)|2 dx.
R R

3. Assume f : [0, 1] → R is uniformly continuous, increasing and convex. Prove f is

differentiable almost everywhere and
Z 1
f (1) − f (0) = f 0 (x)dx.
0

4. Assume f : [0, 1] → R is a measurable function such that f g ∈ L1 ([0, 1]) for all
g ∈ L2 ([0, 1]). Prove f ∈ L2 ([0, 1]).

5. Let U ⊂ C be an open set. Assume f, g : U → C are holomorphic function such that f¯g
is holomorphic. Prove either f is constant or g is identically equal to 0.

6. Assume f : C → C is a non-constant entire function. Prove f (C) is dense in C.

7. Prove that z 5 + 3z 3 + 7 has all its zeros in the disk D(0, 2) = {z ∈ C : |z| < 2}.

8. Let D(0, r) = {z ∈ C : |z| < r}. Assume r > 1 and f : D(0, r)\D(0, 1) → C is a
continuous function, holomorphic on D(0, r)\D(0, 1) that satisfies
max |f (z)| = 1 and max |f (z)| = R.
∂D(0,1) ∂D(0,r)

log R
Prove log |f (z)| ≤ log |z|.
log r

1
 Qualifying Exam - Analysis - Fall 2014
Justify your answers to all problems.

1. Let Q be the unit square in R2 . Consider functions fn ∈ L1 (Q) such that

Z Z
fn → f almost everywhere in Q and |fn | → |f | < ∞.
Q Q
R R
(a) Prove that A |fn | → A |f | for every measurable subset A of Q.
(b) Prove that fn → f in L1 .

2. Let f ∈ L1 (Rd ) and Mf denote the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function of

f ; in other words,
Z
1
Mf (x) = sup |f (y)|dy, x ∈ Rd
B m(B) B
where the supremum is taken over all balls containing the point x. Prove that

A
m {x : Mf (x) > α} ≤ ||f ||L1 (Rd ) , ∀α > 0
α R
where A is a constant depending only on d and ||f ||L1 (Rd ) = Rd |f (x)|dx.

3. Let X and Y be Hilbert spaces and L : X → Y be a bounded linear op-

erator. Prove that the following two conditions are equivalent:

(a) The image L(B) of the unit ball in X has compact closure in Y .
(b) There is a sequence of bounded linear operators {Ln : X → Y } such that the
image of Ln (X) is finite dimensional and such that ||Ln − L|| → 0. (Here, || · ||
is the operator norm.)

4. Let Ω ⊂ C be a bounded region and {fn } be a sequence of continuous functions

on Ω which are holomorphic in Ω. If {fn } converges uniformly on the boundary
of Ω, then prove that fn converges uniformly on Ω.

5. Compute
∞
π(a + 1)e−a
Z
cos ax
dx = , a > 0.
0 (1 + x2 )2 4
6. Assume that f and g are entire functions and that g never vanishes. If
|f (z)| ≤ |g(z)| for all z ∈ C, then prove that there is a constant C such that
f (z) = Cg(z).

7. Let D ⊂ C be the unit disk. Prove that every one-to-one conformal map-
ping of D to D is given by a linear fractional transformation.
 QUALIFYING EXAM - ANALYSIS - SPRING 2014

1. Prove the following statement without using Ergoroff’s Theorem: Suppose

{fk }∞
k=1 is a sequence of measurable functions defined on a measurable set E,
fk → f a.e. on E and there exists g ∈ L1 (E) such that |fk | ≤ g for all k. Given
 > 0, there exists a closed set A such that m(E\A ) <  and fk → f uniformly
on A .

2. Let f ∈ L1 (R) and define Eα = {x : |f (x)| > α}. Prove that

Z Z ∞
|f (x)|dx = m(Eα )dα.
R 0

3. Let f : R → R be a measurable function. Prove the following statement: There

exists M > 0 such that |f (x) − f (y)| ≤ M |x − y| for all x, y ∈ R if and only if f is
absolutely continuous and |f 0 | ≤ M .

4. (a) Prove that the operator T : L2 ([0, 1]) → L2 ([0, 1]) defined by setting
T [f ](x) = xf (x) is continuous and symmetric (self-adjoint).

(b) Prove that T is not compact.

5. Let D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} and f : D → D be a holomorphic function.

Prove
|f (0)| − |z| |f (0)| + |z|
≤ |f (z)| ≤ , ∀z ∈ D.
1 + |f (0)||z| 1 − |f (0)||z|
6. For t ∈ R, compute
Z A
sin x ixt
lim e dx.
A→∞ −A x

7. Let U ⊂ C be an open set, f : U → C be a holomorphic function and z0 ∈ U .

Prove that if f 0 (z0 ) = 0, then f is not one-to-one in any neighborhood of z0 .

8. Prove that if f is an entire function and |f (z)| ≤ a + b|z|k for all z ∈ C

where a, b and k are positive real numbers, then f is a polynomial.

1
 QUALIFYING EXAM - ANALYSIS - FALL 2013

Justify your answers to all problems.

R1
1. Let I denote the interval (0, 1). Suppose that f : I → R with 0
|f (t)| dt < +∞.
Define g : I → R by Z 1
f (t)
g(x) = dt.
x t
Show that g ∈ L1 (I).

2. Does there exist a nonempty measurable set E ⊂ R satisfying the following

two properties:
(a) given x, y ∈ E, there exists z ∈
/ E that lies between x and y;

(b) E has no isolated points?

3. Prove that smooth compactly supported functions are dense in L2 (Rn ).

4. Determine whether there is a nonzero smooth compactly supported function

on R whose Fourier transform is also compactly supported?

5. This problem is about the integral

Z ∞
cos u du
I= .
0 u4 + 1
(a) Show directly that I is a convergent improper Riemann integral.

(b) Is Z
cos u
4+1
dµ(u)
[0,∞) u
a well-defined Lebesgue integral, where µ denotes the Lebesgue measure on
R?

(c) (main part) Evaluate the integral in (a).

6. Determine the number of distinct solutions of the equation

2
ez = 5z 5
in the unit disk {z ∈ C : |z| ≤ 1}.

7. Determine all entire functions f (i.e., f (z) is holomorphic on the whole z-plane)
that satisfy the inequality
|f (z)| ≤ |z|2 |Im z|2
for |z| sufficiently large.

1
 Qualifying Exam - Analysis
May, 2013
All problems are equally weighted. Show all your work. In each solution, state any theorems you
are applying and verify that the hypotheses are satisfied.

Problem 1 Let U ⊂ C be an open set and let f be a continuous function on U . If f 2 is holomorphic

on U , prove that f is holomorphic on U .

Problem 2 Prove that there is only one solution in the unit disc {z : |z| < 1} and there are three
solutions on the annulus {z : 1 < |z| < 2} (counting multiplicities) for the equation z 4 − 6z + 3 = 0.

Problem 3 Let f be a holomorphic function on the unit disc {z : |z| < 1} satisfying f (0) = 0 and
Ref (z) ≤ A for some positive number A > 0. Prove:
2A|z|
|f (z)| ≤ .
1 − |z|

Problem 4 Calculate the following integral:

1
Z ∞
x2
dx.
0 4 + x2

Problem 5 Suppose that E and F are Lebesgue measurable sets of R, and their Lebesgue measures
m(E) > 0, m(F ) > 0. Prove that

E + F = {x + y : x ∈ E, y ∈ F }
contains a nonempty open interval.

Problem 6(a) Prove the Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma: if f ∈ L1 (Rd ), then the Fourier transform of f ,
Z
fˆ(ξ) = f (x)e−2πix·ξ dx → 0, as |ξ| → ∞.
Rd

(b) Use part (a) to justify whether there exists a function h ∈ L1 (Rd ) such that

f ∗ h = f for all f ∈ L1 (Rd ).

Here f ∗ h is the convolution of f and h defined by
Z
(f ∗ h)(x) = f (x − y)h(y)dx.
Rd

Problem 7 If the sequence of Lebesgue measurable functions {fn }∞ d

n=1 on R satisfying that
Z
lim |fn (x)|2 dx = 0,
n→∞ Rd
show that there exists a subsequence of functions {fnj }∞
j=1 such that

fnj (x) → 0 a.e. x.

1
2

Problem 8 Recall that the inner product on L2 (Rd ) is given by

Z
(f, g) = f (x)g(x)dx, for f, g ∈ L2 (Rd ),
Rd
which induces the L2 -norm

kf kL2 = (f, f )1/2 .

(a) If the sequence of functions {fn }∞ 2 d
n=1 in L (R ) satisfy that kfn kL2 = 1, show that there exists a
∞
subsequence of functions {fnj }j=1 such that fnj converges weakly to some function f in L2 (Rd ), i.e.,

(fnj , g) → (f, g) for all g ∈ L2 (Rd ).

(b) If fn → f weakly in L2 (Rd ) and kfn kL2 → kf kL2 as n → ∞, show that kfn − f kL2 → 0 as
n → ∞.
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM, FALL 2012

Part I. Complex Analysis.

1. How many zeros does the polynomial

z 9 + z 6 + 30 z 5 − 3 z + 2

have in the annulus {1 ≤ |z| ≤ 3}. Justify your answer.

1
2. Let f (x) = x2 +1
. Use residues to compute the Fourier transform
Z +∞
fb(t) = f (x)e−itx dx .
−∞

3. Let D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} denote the unit disk.

What is the maximum possible value of |f 0 ( 21 )| for a holomorphic function f : D → D
with f ( 12 ) = 43 ? Find all such functions f that attain this maximum value.

4. Let I = {t ∈ R : 0 ≤ t ≤ 1} ⊂ C. Suppose that f : C → C is a continuous function

such that f is holomorphic on C r I. Prove that f is an entire function (i.e., f is
holomorphic on all of C).

1
 Part II. Real Analysis.

5. For each natural number n, let fn : [0, 1] → R be a sequence of absolutely integrable

functions, and let f : [0, 1] → R be another absolutely integrable function such that
Z 1
fn (x) − f (x) dx → 0, as n → ∞.
0

(a) Show that there exists a subsequence fnj of fn which converges to f pointwise
almost everywhere.
(b) Give a counterexample to show that the assertion fails if ”pointwise almost every-
where” is replaced by ”uniformly”.

6. For this problem, consider just Lebesgue measurable functions f : [0, 1] → R. together
with the Lebesgue measure.
(a) State Fatou’s lemma (no proof required).
(b) State and prove the Dominated Convergence Theorem.
R +∞
(c) Give an example where fn (x) → 0 a.e., but −∞ fn (x)dx → 1.

7. Let Z +∞
f ∗ g(x) := f (y)g(x − y)dy
−∞

denote the convolution of f and g.

(a) Let f, g ∈ L2 (R) be two square-integrable functions on R (with the usual Lebesgue
measure). Show that the convolution f ∗ g bounded continuous function on R.
(b) Instead let h ∈ L1 (R) be fixed. Show that A(f ) = f ∗ h is a bounded operator
L1 (R) → L1 (R).

8. Let T be a linear transformation on C0 (R), the space of continuous functions of compact

support, that has the following two properties:

kf kL1
kT f kL∞ ≤ kf kL∞ , and {x ∈ R : |T f (x)| > λ} ≤ .
λ
(Here |A| denotes the Lebesgue measure of the set A.) Prove that
Z +∞ Z +∞
2
|T f (x)| dx ≤ C |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞

for all f ∈ C0 (R) and some fixed number C.

2
 Analysis Qualifying Exam, May 9, 2012

All problems are equally weighted. Show all your work. In

each solution, state any theorems you are applying and verify
that the hypotheses are satisfied.

Time: 3 hours

Part I. Complex Analysis

R∞ 1
1. Use residues to calculate the integral 0 (1+x2 )2
dx .

2. Suppose f is holomorphic on the open unit disc D(0, 1) and contin-

uous on D(0, 1). Assume |f (ξ)| < 1 for ξ ∈ ∂D(0, 1). Show that there
exists an unique point a ∈ D(0, 1) such that f (a) = a.

3. Suppose f is holomorphic on U := D(0, 1) \ {0}. Assume that the

real part Re(f ) is bounded from below on U . Prove that z = 0 is a
removable singularity.

4. Let U = {z ∈ C | Im(z) ≤ π2 }and f be an entire function satisfying

f (U ) ⊂ U , f (−1) = 0, f (0) = 1. Prove that f (z) = z + 1.

Part II. Real Analysis

5. Justify or give a counterexample to the following assertions:

a. If {fi } is a sequence in L2 ([0, 1]) converging weakly to f in L2 ([0, 1]),
then fi2 converges weakly to f 2 in L1 ([0, 1]).
b. If {fi } is a sequence in L2 ([0, 1]) converging strongly to f in L2 ([0, 1]),
then fi2 converges strongly to f 2 in L1 ([0, 1]).

6. Let {gk }∞ 1 n
P
k=1Pbe a sequence in L (R ) with ||gk ||L1 (Rn ) < ∞.
a. Show that ∞ g
k=1 k converges a.e. to a function g ∈ L1 (Rn ).
PN
b. Show that limN →∞ ||g − k=1 gk ||L1 (Rn ) = 0.
R
7. Let f ∈ L1 (R) and set h(x) = [x, x+1] f (t) dt .
a. Show that h(x) is absolutely continuous.
b. Show that limx→∞ h(x) = 0.

8. Let f ∈ L1 (R). Define its Fourier transform fˆ(ξ) = f (x)e−2πix·ξ dx.

R

Show that fˆ(ξ) ∈ C0 (R), that is the Fourier transform is continuous

and vanishes at infinity. You may not quote the Riemann-Lebesgue
lemma without sketching a proof.
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
SEPTEMBER 2011

All problems are equally weighted. Show all your work. In each solution, state
any theorems you are applying and verify that the hypotheses are satisfied.

Time: 3 hours.

Part I. Complex Analysis.

Notation: D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}

1. Determine the value of the integral

Z
dz
,
γ z 3 cos z

where γ is the circle {|z − 1| < 2} traversed counterclockwise.

2. Let h : C → R be a harmonic function such that h is bounded below. Prove that h is

constant.

3. Let f be a holomorphic function on D r {0}. Suppose that there exists a positive

integer n such that f −1 (w) contains at most n points for all w ∈ C. Prove that 0 is a
removable singularity or pole.

4. Suppose that U is a simply connected bounded domain in C, and let P ∈ U . Prove

that for all t ∈ R, there exists a unique holomorphic function f : U → U such that
f (P ) = P and f 0 (P ) = eit .

1
Part II. Real Analysis.
Notation: |A| denotes the Lebesgue measure of a measurable set A ⊂ Rn .

5. Give an example of a sequence of functions {fj } satisfying kfj kL2 (R) = 1 for which {fj }
has no convergent subsequence in L2 (R).

6. a) Let fj ∈ L2 (Rn ) and suppose that

Z
|fj (x) − f (x)|2 dx → 0.
Rn

If Ω ⊂ Rn has finite Lebesgue measure, i.e., |Ω| < ∞, show that the Fourier transforms
satisfy Z Z
fj (ξ) dξ →
b fb(ξ) dξ. (1)
Ω Ω

b) If |Ω| = ∞, is (1) still always valid? Give a proof or counterexample.

7. Let ω(α) = |{x : |f (x)| > α}|, α > 0, be the distribution function of a given f ∈
Lp (Rn ), where p > 0. Does αp ω(α) tend to a limit as α → 0+? Give a proof or
counterexample.

8. Show that there does not exist a function I ∈ L1 (Rn ) such that

f ∗I =f for all f ∈ L1 (Rn ).

R
(Here (f ∗ I)(x) = f (y) I(x − y) dy is the convolution of f and I.)

2
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
MAY 2011

All problems are equally weighted. Show all your work. In each solution, state
any theorems you are applying and verify that the hypotheses are satisfied.

Time: 3 hours.

Part I. Complex Analysis.

Notation: D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}

1. Find all entire functions f such that |f (z)| = 1 whenever |z| = 1. Give explicit formulas
for the functions and give a proof for your answer. (An entire function is a holomorphic
function on C.)

2. Let f : D → C be a holomorphic function with simple zeros at the points 1/3, 2/3, i/4
and no other zeros. Determine the value of the integral

f 0 (z)
Z
(z 2 − 1) ez dz ,
{|z|=1/2} f (z)

where the direction of integration is counterclockwise.

3. Let U be a bounded domain in C, and let f : U → U such that f is holomorphic. Let

P ∈ U and suppose that f (P ) = P . Prove that |f 0 (P )| ≤ 1.
Hint: Consider the sequence of iterates fn = f ◦ f ◦ · · · ◦ f (n times).

4. Suppose that u : C → R is a harmonic function such that

u(z) ≤ 10 log(|z| + 2) ,

for all z ∈ C. Prove that u is constant.

1
Part II. Real Analysis.

5. Let fn : [0, 1] → R, for n = 1, 2, . . . , be a sequence of C 1 functions such that fn (t) ≤ 5

and |fn0 (t)| ≤ 1 for all n, t. Define the functions gn : [0, 1] → R by

gn (t) = max{f1 (t), . . . , fn (t)}

for n = 1, 2, . . . . Prove that the sequence {gn } converges uniformly on [0, 1].

6. Let f ∈ L1 (S 1 ) such that fb ∈ `1 (Z). Prove that f ∈ C(S 1 ) (continuous functions on

the circle S 1 ).

7. Suppose that f ∈ L∞ ([0, 1]).

a) Prove that if 1 < p < ∞ then kf kp ≤ kf k∞ .
b) Show that kf k∞ ≤ limp→∞ kf kp and therefore conclude that limp→∞ kf kp = kf k∞ .
Hint: Given ε > 0, consider Aε = {x ∈ [0, 1] : |f (x)| > kf k∞ − ε}.

8. a) Let fj : Rn → R, for j = 1, 2, . . . , be a sequence of L2 functions. Suppose that there

is a function f ∈ L2 (Rn ) such that
Z Z
fj g → f g , ∀g ∈ L2 (Rn ).
Rn Rn

Show that
kf k2 ≤ lim inf kfj k2 .
j→∞

Also, give an example showing that strict inequality can occur.

b) Suppose also that kfj k2 → kf k2 . Show that in this case kfj − f k2 → 0 as j → ∞.

2
 Analysis Qualifying Exam Fall 2010

Instructions: Do all eight problems. Each problem will be scored out of 10 points.

1. Suppose that fj ∈ L2 (Rn ), j = 1, 2, 3, . . . and that fj → f in L2 . Suppose further

that there is a constant M < ∞ so that
Z
2
e100|x| |fj (x)|2 dx ≤ M, j = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
R 2
Is it true that e99|x| |f (x)|2 dx < ∞? Give a proof or counterexample.

2. Let E, F ⊂ R be two Lebesgue-measurable subsets of R, each of finite measure,

and let χE and χF denote their respective characteristic functions.
(a) Prove that the convolution χE ∗ χF defined by
Z
χE ∗ χF (x) = χE (y)χF (x − y) dy
R
is a continuous function of x.

(b) Show that as n → ∞,

¡ ¢
n χE ∗ χ[0,1/n] → χE
pointwise almost everywhere.
R
3. Let T f (x) = Rn K(x, y)f (y) dy, where K(x, y) is a nonnegative measurable func-
tion on Rn × Rn . Suppose that there are measurable functions p(x) > 0 and q(x) > 0 on
Rn and real numbers α, β > 0 for which
Z
K(x, y)q(y) dy ≤ αp(x),

for almost all x and Z

p(x)K(x, y) dx ≤ βq(y)
for almost all y. Show that for f ∈ L2 (Rn ) we have
p
kT f kL2 ≤ αβ kf kL2 .
(This is called Schur’s test.)

4. Define U : L2 (R) → L2 (R) by

U f (x) = f (x − 1).
Show that if f ∈ L2 satisfies U f = λf , for some λ ∈ R (i.e., f is an eigenvector of U )
then f must be the zero element, i.e., f = 0 almost everywhere.

[cont’d on other side]

1
2

5. Let γ be the closed curve in the complex plane that is given in polar coordinates
by r = 2 + 3 cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 4π, oriented in the direction of increasing θ. Let
ez sin(2z) cos(5z)
f (z) = + 2
+ .
2z − 1 (z − 2) (z + 5i)3
Z
Calculate f (z)dz.
γ

[Recall that in polar coordinates, (−r, θ) and (r, θ + π) give the same point in the plane.]

6. Let D denote the open unit disc in C. Let f : D → C be a C 1 function, and

consider the property: f has a double zero at z = n1 for all natural numbers n.

(a) Determine all holomorphic functions f with this property. [The terms “holo-
morphic” and “complex analytic” have the same meaning.]

(b) Give an example of a non-holomorphic C 1 function with this property. (You

must explain why your example has this property.)

7. Determine all entire functions f (i.e., f (z) is holomorphic and is defined for all
z ∈ C) that satisfy the inequality:
3
|f (z)| ≤ |Re z|2 + |z| 2 whenever |z| > 1.

8. Let D denote the open unit disc, as in #6. Let g : D → D be a surjective

holomorphic mapping for which g(0) = 0. Suppose that z = g(w) gives a two-sheeted
branched covering of the image with exactly one branch point at w = 0. An example of
such a function g is g(w) = w2 .

(a) Express the given conditions explicitly in terms of g and its derivatives.

(b) Show that |g(w)| ≤ |w|2 for all |w| < 1.

(c) Suppose that g(1/2) = i/4. What is the strongest statement about g(w) that
follows from the assertion in (b)? Explain.
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
MAY 2010

All problems are equally weighted. Show all your work. In each solution, state
any theorems you are applying and verify that the hypotheses are satisfied.

Time: 3 hours.

Part I. Complex Analysis.

1. Let f be a holomorphic function on the punctured disk

U := {z ∈ C : 0 < |z| < 1} .

Suppose that |f (z)| ≤ |z|−1/2 for all z ∈ U . Prove that f has a removable singularity
at 0.

2. Find all possible values of

eπz
Z
dz
γ (z − 1)(z − i)2
where γ ranges over all simple closed smooth curves contained in C r {1, i}. (A simple
closed curve is a closed curve that does not intersect itself; i.e., it is a homeomorphic
image of the circle.)
You do not need to give a proof for your answer to this problem, but show all your
work.

3. Let O(D) denote the space of holomorphic functions on the unit disk D and let
 Z 
2 2
H = O(D) ∩ L (D) = f ∈ O(D) : |f | dx dy < +∞ .
D

a) Show that for all compact sets K ⊂ D, there is a constant CK ∈ R+ such that

sup |f (z)| ≤ CK kf kL2 (D) .

z∈K

b) Show that H is a closed subspace of L2 (D) and hence is a Hilbert space.

4. Let h be a harmonic function on the domain

U := {z ∈ C : |z| > 1} .

Show that there exists a constant c ∈ R and a holomorphic function f on U such that
Ref (z) = h(z) + c log |z| for all z ∈ U .

1
 Part II. Real Analysis.

5. Let fj ∈ L2 (Rn ), and fbj denote its Fourier transform for j = 1, 2, 3 . . . . Suppose that
fj → f in L2 and that there is a finite constant M so that

kfj kH σ ≤ M, j = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
R
1/2
for some σ ∈ R, where kgkH σ = Rn (1 + |ξ|2 )σ |b g (ξ)|2 dξ denotes the H σ Sobolev
norm of g. Is it necessarily true that kf kH σ < ∞? Give a proof or counterexample.

6. Let ϕ : R → R be a continuous function with compact support.

a) Prove that if 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞ are fixed then there is a constant A such that

kf ∗ ϕkLq ≤ Akf kLp , for all f ∈ Lp .

If you use Young’s (convolution) inequality, you should prove it.

b) Show by example that such a general inequality cannot hold for p > q.

7. Suppose that
f : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → R
is continuous and has the property that for each x the map t → f (x, t)Ris differentiable
1
and that ∂f∂t
(x, t) ≤ g(x) for some measurable function statisfying 0 g(x)dx < ∞.
R1
Carefully prove that F (t) = 0 f (x, t) dx satisfies
Z 1
0 ∂f
F (t) = (x, t) dx.
0 ∂t

8. Let E be a measurable subset of the line.

a) Let χE : R → R be the characteristic function of E (i.e. χE (x) = 1 when x ∈ E
and χE (x) = 0 when x ∈
/ E). If E has finite Lebesgue measure, show that the function
f : R → R defined by Z
f (x) = χE (y)χE (y − x)dy
R
is continuous.
b) Suppose instead that E has positive Lebesgue measure 0 < |E| ≤ ∞. Using a),
show that the set E − E = {x − y : x, y ∈ E} contains an open interval (−ε, ε) for
some ε > 0.

2
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
SEPTEMBER 2009

All problems are equally weighted. Show all your work. In each solution, state
any theorems you are applying and verify that the hypotheses are satisfied.

Time: 3 hours.

Part I. Real Analysis. Do 3 out of the following 4 problems.

1. Suppose fn is a sequence of continuous functions on [0, 1] which converges to a contin-

uous function f on [0, 1]. Does it follow that fn converge uniformly? Give a proof or
provide a counterexample.

2. For which values of σ ∈ R does there exist a constant Cσ < +∞ such that
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
2 1/2
σ
(1 + |j − k|) aj bk ≤ Cσ ( |aj | ) ( |bk |2 )1/2
j,k=1 j=1 k=1

Prove your assertion.

3. Let I be the unit interval [0, 1], and for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . and 0 ≤ j ≤ 2n − 1 let

In,j = [j2−n , (j + 1)2−n ].

P2n −1 n R
For f ∈ L1 (I, dx) define En f (x) = j=0 ( 2 In,j
f dt )χIn,j (x), where χIn,j is the
1
characteristic function of In,j . Prove that if f ∈ L (I, dx) then limn→∞ En f (x) = f (x)
almost everywhere in I.

4. Let f (x) be a non-decreasing function on [0, 1]. You may assume that f is differentiable
almost everywhere. Prove that
Z 1
f 0 (x) dx ≤ f (1) − f (0).
0

1
Part II. Complex Analysis. Do 3 out of the following 4 problems.

5. Let
f (x + iy) = x3 − 3xy 2 + iy 3 .
State whether each of the following is true or false and give proofs for your answers:
a) the complex derivative f 0 (0) exists;
b) f is holomorphic in a neighborhood of 0.

6. Let
z
f (z) = for z 6= 0.
tan z

a) Prove that f has a removable singularity at 0.

b) What is the radius of convergence of the power series for f centered at 0? Justify
your answer.

7. Let f : H → D be a holomorphic map from the upper half plane

H = {z ∈ C : Im z > 0} to the unit disk D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}.
Suppose that f (i) = 1/2. Determine the maximal possible value of |f 0 (i)|.

8. Let h be a harmonic function on the punctured disk

U := {z ∈ C : 0 < |z| < 1} .

Show that there exists a constant c ∈ R and a holomorphic function f on U such that
Ref (z) = h(z) + c log |z| for all z ∈ U .

2
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
MAY 2009

Do all 8 problems. All problems are equally weighted. Show all your work. In
each solution, state any theorems you are applying and verify that the hypotheses
are satisfied.

Time: 3 hours.

1. Find all meromorphic functions f on C such that

log(2 + |z|2 )
|f (z)| ≤ for all z 6= 0 .
|z|

Give explicit formulas for the functions and give a proof for your answer.

2. How many solutions does the equation

z + e−z = 2 + i

have in the half-plane Re z > 0 ? Prove that your answer is correct.

3. Let fn : U → C, n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., be a sequence of holomorphic functions such that

fn−1 (0) = {cn }, where cn ∈ U , and U is a connected open set. Suppose that fn → f0
uniformly, where f0 is not constant.
a) Prove that f0 has at most one zero in U .
b) Can f0 have no zeros? If so, give a necessary and sufficient condition on the cn for
this to happen.
1
4. Let f (x) = . Use a contour integral consisting of the interval [−R, R] ⊂ R and
x2+1
a semicircle of radius R to compute the Fourier transform
Z
fb(1) = f (x)e−ix dx .
R

Show that the contour integral converges to your answer as R → +∞.

5. Let f, g ∈ L2 (R) be two square-integrable functions on R (with the usual Lebesgue

measure). Show that the convolution
Z
f ∗ g(x) = f (y)g(x − y) dy
R

of f and g is a bounded continuous function on R.

1
6. Let R/Z be the unit circle with the usual Lebesgue measure. For eachR n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
let Kn : R/Z → R+ be a nonnegative integrable function such that R/Z Kn (t) dt = 1
R
and limn→∞ ε≤|t|≤1/2 Kn (t) dt = 0 for every 0 < ε < 1/2, where we identify R/Z with
(−1/2, 1/2] in the usual way. (Such a sequence of Kn are called approximations to the
identity.) Let f : R/Z → R be continuous, and define the convolutions f ∗ Kn : R/Z →
R by Z
f ∗ Kn (x) = f (x − t)Kn (t) dt.
R/Z

Show that f ∗ Kn converges uniformly to f .

7. Fix 1 ≤ p < ∞ and let {fn }∞ n=1 be a sequence of Lebesgue measurable functions
fn : [0, 1] → C. Suppose there exists f ∈ Lp ([0, 1]) such that fn → f in Lp , that is,
Z
|fn (x) − f (x)|p dx → 0.
[0,1]

a) Show that fn → f in measure, that is,

lim µ({x ∈ [0, 1] : |fn (x) − f (x)| ≥ ε}) = 0

n→∞

for all ε > 0. (Here µ =Lebesgue measure.)

b) Show that there is a subsequence fnk such that fnk (x) → f (x) almost everywhere.

8. Consider [0, 1] with Lebesgue measure. Let f ∈ L∞ ([0, 1]) and define
Z
an = |f |n dx.
[0,1]

Show that
an+1
lim = kf k∞ .
n→∞ an

2
 PROBLEMS FOR ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
Fall 2008
Do all seven problems. Show all work and state any theorems you are using.
Time: 3 hours.
1) (15 points) Consider the mapping F : [0, 1] → [0, 1] given by F (s) = s2 .
Let F −j (A) be the inverse image of j iterates of F applied to a measurable subset
A ⊂ [0, 1]. That is, if F = F 1 and F j , j = 2, 3, . . . is defined inductively as F j = F j−1 ◦F ,
then F −j (A) = {x : F j x = y, some y ∈ A}.
a) Given N = 1, 2, . . . show that µN (A) = N −1 j≤N |F −j (A)| is a measure which is
P

absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure. Here |B| denotes the Lebesgue
measure of a measurable set.
b) Show that µN ([a, b]) → 0 if 0 < a < b ≤ 1.
R
c) If f is a continuous function on [0, 1] does lim [0,1]
f (s)dµN (s) tend to a limit? If
so, what is the limit?
2) (10 points) Let (X, M, µ) and (Y, N , ν) be σ-finite measure spaces and let K(x, y)
be a measurable function with respect to the product σ-algebra M × N . Assume that
there is a constant 0 < A < ∞ so that for all x ∈ X
Z
|K(x, y)| dν(y) ≤ A,
Y
and for all y ∈ Y , Z
|K(x, y)| dµ(x) ≤ A.
X
Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and for f ∈ Lp (X, M, µ) define
Z
T f (y) = f (x) K(x, y) dµ(x).
X
Prove that
kT F kLp (ν) ≤ Akf kLp (µ) .
3) (10 points) Is the Banach space `∞ of bounded complex sequences a = {an }∞
n=1
with the supremum norm kak∞ = supn |an | separable? Prove your assertion.
4) (10 points) Use residues to verify that
Z ∞
ln x π
dx = (ln 2 − 1).
0 (x2 + 4)2 32

5) (10 points) How many solutions does the equation

ez = 3z 7
have in the unit disk D = {x ∈ C : |z| < 1}? Justify your answer.
6) (10 points) Let f : C → C be an entire function. Prove that if there exists some
real number C and some positive integer k so that
|f (z)| ≤ C|z|k
for all z with |z| > 1, then f is a polynomial in z of degree at most k.
7) (10 points) Let D ⊂ C be the unit disk and Ω ⊂ C a bounded, simply connected
domain. If f1 : D → Ω and f2 : D → Ω are holomorphic bijections so that f1 (0) = f2 (0),
then how are f1 and f2 related to each other?

1
 PROBLEMS FOR ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
SPRING 2008
Do all eight problems. Show all work and state any theorems you are using. Time: 3
hours.
1) Let E, F be two Lebesgue measurable subsets of R of finite measure, and let χE , χF be their
respective characteristic functions.
a) Show that the convolution χE ∗ χF defined by
Z
χE ∗ χF (x) = χE (y)χF (x − y) dy
R
is a continuous function.
b) Show that ¡ ¢
n χE ∗ χ[0,1/n] → χE
as n → ∞ pointwise almost everywhere.
2) Consider L∞ ([0, 1]).
a) If f belongs to this space prove that
³Z 1 ´1/p
lim |f |p dx = kf k∞ .
p→∞ 0

b) Give an example showing that this is false if we replace L∞ ([0, 1]) by L∞ (R).
3) Assume that f is a continuously differentiable 2π periodic function on R. Show that the
Fourier series
X∞
fˆ(n)eint
n=−∞
R 2π
is absolutely convergent for every t (here fˆ(n) = 1
2π 0
f (t)e−int dt).
4) Let `2 be the space of all square-summable sequences of complex numbers, and let T : `2 → `2
be a linear operator. Let en be the sequence
en = (0 0 · · · 0 1 0 · · · ),
where 1 is in the n-th position. Let amn = hT em , en i be the “matrix coefficients” of T .
P∞
a) Assume that n,m=1 |amn |2 < ∞. Show that T is a bounded operator on `2 .
b) Assume instead that sup{ |amn | : 1 ≤ n, m < ∞} is finite. Must T be bounded? Explain.
5) Prove the following statement: If f and g are entire functions, g(z) 6= 0 and |f (z)| ≤ |g(z)|
for all z ∈ C, then f (z) = Cg(z) for some constant C.
6) Let D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} and P and Q be distinct points in D. Prove the following
statement: If f and g are conformal (or equivalently biholomorphic) self-maps of D, f (P ) = g(P )
and f (Q) = g(Q), then f ≡ g.
7) Let U ⊂ C be an open set, P ∈ U and f a holomorphic function defined on U so that
f (P ) = f 0 (P ) = 0. Use the Argument Principle to prove the following statement: There exists
δ > 0 so that if 0 < |Q| < δ, then f −1 (Q) contains at least two points.
8) Let U ⊂ C be an open set and P ∈ U . Let F be a family of holomorphic functions from U
into the unit disc D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} that take P to 0.
(a) Show that sup{|f 0 (P )| : f ∈ F} < ∞.
(b) Show that there exists a sequence {fn } ⊂ F and a holomorphic function f0 : U → D so that
{fn } converges uniformly to f0 on every compact subset of U and f00 (P ) = sup{|f 0 (P )| : f ∈ F}.

1
 ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
FALL 2007

(1) Is the function

f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy 2 − 3x2 y − 10 + i(y 3 + 3x2 y − 3y 2 x + 5)
complex analytic? Prove that your answer is correct.
(2) Find all entire analytic functions satisfying |f (z)| ≤ |ez | for all z ∈ C.
(3) Let A be the annulus A = {z ∈ C : 1 < |z| < 2}. Let f be a non-constant holomorphic
function in a neighborhood of A, and suppose that |f (z)| = 1 on ∂A (the boundary of A).
Prove that f has at least 2 zeros in A.
R ∞ dx
(4) Use the residue calculus to compute 0 1+x n.

(5) Give examples of functions f and g on R so that f ∈ L1 \ L2 and g ∈ L2 \ L1 .

(6) Does there exist an open dense subset of R with Lebesgue measure equal to one? Either
construct an example or prove that one does not exist.
(7) Let fn be a sequence of measurable real-valued functions on [0, 1] with
X∞ µZ 1 ¶
|fn | ≤ 1 .
n=1 0

Prove that fn converges to zero almost everywhere.

(8) Suppose that f andR g are L1 (R) functions with compact support and let h be the convolution
f ? g (i.e., h(x) = f (x − y)g(y) dy). Prove that h is uniformly continuous.
 PROBLEMS FOR ANALYSIS QUALIFYING EXAM
SPRING 2007

(1) How many zeros does the polynomial z 6 − 2z 5 + 7z 4 + z 3 − z + 1 have in the open unit disc
D = {z : |z| < 1}?
R 2π dθ
(2) Calculate the integral 0 1−2a cos θ+a2
, where 0 < a < 1.

(3) Let f : D → D be a holomorphic map of the unit disc with f (0) = 0, and suppose that f
is not a rotation (a rotation is a map rθ (z) = eiθ z). Let w ∈ D and consider the sequence
{wn } defined by wn+1 = f (wn ). Show: limn→∞ wn = 0.

(4) Does there exist a surjective holomorphic map f : D → C from the unit disc to the whole
complex plane? Prove that your answer is correct.

(5) For which p’s is the function 1/x in Lp (0, ∞)?

R
(6) Suppose that Rfn : [0, 1] → R is a sequence of L4 functions with fn4 ≤ 1 for every n and so
that limn→∞ |fn | = 0. Show that fn goes to 0 weakly in L4 .

(7) Suppose that fn is a sequence of functions in L2 (R) that converges weakly in L2 to a function
f ∈ L2 (R). Is it possible to have
lim ||fn ||L2 = ∞ ?
n→∞

R
(8) Suppose that f ∈ L1 (R) and fb(z) = R e−ixz f (x) dx. Show that f and fb cannot both have
compact support (except if f is identically zero).