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Class 12 Electrochemistry Notes

The document provides an overview of electrochemistry focusing on batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion. It distinguishes between primary batteries, which are non-rechargeable, and secondary batteries, which can be recharged, detailing their components and reactions. Additionally, it explains fuel cells, particularly hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, and discusses corrosion, its electrochemical theory, and prevention methods.

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47 views3 pages

Class 12 Electrochemistry Notes

The document provides an overview of electrochemistry focusing on batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion. It distinguishes between primary batteries, which are non-rechargeable, and secondary batteries, which can be recharged, detailing their components and reactions. Additionally, it explains fuel cells, particularly hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, and discusses corrosion, its electrochemical theory, and prevention methods.

Uploaded by

Blakk Boy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Chemistry Notes - Electrochemistry

2.6 Batteries: Primary and Secondary Batteries

What is a Battery?

A battery is an arrangement of electrochemical cells used to produce electrical energy through redox

reactions.

Primary Batteries:

- Non-rechargeable. Cannot be regenerated after use.

- Converts chemical energy into electrical energy until reactants are used up.

- Example: Dry Cell (Leclanché Cell)

- Anode: Zinc container

- Cathode: Graphite rod + MnO2 and carbon powder

- Electrolyte: NH4Cl and ZnCl2 paste

- Reactions:

- Zn -> Zn²+ + 2e-

- 2MnO2 + 2NH4+ + 2e- -> Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O

Secondary Batteries:

- Rechargeable. Products can be converted back to reactants.

- Example: Lead Storage Battery

- Anode: Spongy lead (Pb)

- Cathode: Lead dioxide (PbO2)

- Electrolyte: Dilute H2SO4

- Discharge reactions:

- Pb + SO4²- -> PbSO4 + 2e-

- PbO2 + 4H+ + SO4²- + 2e- -> PbSO4 + 2H2O

- Overall: Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 -> 2PbSO4 + 2H2O

Example: Nickel-Cadmium Battery

- Anode: Cadmium (Cd)


Class 12 Chemistry Notes - Electrochemistry

- Cathode: Nickel(III) oxide (NiO(OH))

- Electrolyte: KOH

- Reaction: Cd + 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O -> Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)2

2.7 Fuel Cells

Fuel Cell:

- Converts chemical energy of fuel and oxidant directly into electricity.

- Fuel and oxidant are continuously supplied.

Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell:

- Reactants: Hydrogen and Oxygen gases

- Electrolyte: Aqueous NaOH or KOH

- Electrodes: Graphite with Pt catalyst

- Reactions:

- Anode: H2 + 2OH- -> 2H2O + 2e-

- Cathode: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- -> 4OH-

- Net: 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O + Energy

Advantages:

- High efficiency, eco-friendly, continuous operation

Limitations:

- High cost, hydrogen storage issues

2.8 Corrosion

Corrosion:

- Gradual destruction of metals by chemical/electrochemical reaction with environment.

- Example: Rusting of iron


Class 12 Chemistry Notes - Electrochemistry

Electrochemical Theory (Rusting of Iron):

- Moisture and oxygen needed

- Anode: Fe -> Fe²+ + 2e-

- Cathode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -> 2H2O or O2 + 2H2O + 4e- -> 4OH-

- Rust: Fe²+ -> Fe³+ -> Fe2O3.xH2O (rust)

Prevention:

1. Barrier coating (paint, grease, plastic)

2. Galvanization (zinc coating)

3. Cathodic protection (connecting to Mg/Zn)

4. Alloying (stainless steel)

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