ALYSSA E. AMPER – BMLS 3D 3.

Polypeptide – a large number of amino

acids join together
PROTEINS 4. Proteins – macromolecules; may consist of
 High molecular weight organic compounds a single or more polypeptide
composed of amino acids – combined PROTEIN CLASSIFICATION
together by peptide bonds
 Fetal hemoglobin is produced in the liver  SIMPLE PROTEINS
 Factor VIII – one of the coagulation factor;  CONJUGATED PROTEINS
coagulation cascade produced in the o Mucoproteins
endothelial linings of the blood vessels
 CHON – proteins; CHO - carbohydrates TYPES OF PLASMA PROTEINS
o Carbon PREALBUMIN
o Hydrogen
o Oxygen  AKA: transthyretin
o Nitrogen  Responsible in transporting thyroxine (T4)
 Most of the hormones are made of proteins and retinol (Vit A)
 All enzymes are proteins
 Amino acids – simplest form ALBUMIN

PROTEIN DIGESTION  Most important protein in the plasma

 50% in blood
 Starts in the mouth  Oncotic pressure – major determinant in
 Proteins can be broken in the stomach the distribution of fluid between different
 PEPSIN – for smaller polypeptides compartments.
 HCl – protein denaturation  Negative acute phase reactant– It
 ENTEROPEPTIDASE – convert trypsinogen decreases in cases of inflammation
to trypsin  Acute Phase reactant (APR) - Substances
 CHYMOTRYPSIN – cleaves peptide bonds that increase during inflammation.
 Total Protein – Albumin = GLOBULIN  HYPERALBUMINEMIA
o No overproduction of albumin
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS o Not an actual disease state
 PRIMARY STRUCTURE o Albumin synthesis is constant
o Type of protein will depend on the o Most common example:
arrangement, sequence of amino Dehydration
acids in the structure.  HYPOALBUMINEMIA
 SECONDARY STRUCTURE o Pathologic conditions
 TERTIARY STRUCTURE o Eg: malnutrition, renal disease,
 QUATERNARY STRUCTURE dilution, liver disease,
malabsorption, skin loss
POLYMER OF AMINO ACIDS  Proteins should not normally be found in
urine.
1. Peptide – amino acids are linked by peptide
bonds
2. Oligopeptide – 2-20 of amino acids
GLOBULINS CERULOPLASMIN

 TPAG – total protein, albumin, and globulin  Copper containing protein

 TOTAL PROTEIN – composed of albumin  Wilson’s disease - Increased copper in the
and globulins blood; Kaiser flescher rings
 Category will depend electrophoretic
migration HAPTOGLOBIN

 Acute phase reactant

 a-1 antitrypsin
 Bound to hemoglobin
o AKA: anti-proteinase  HTR - Hemolytic transfusion reaction
o Inactivates trypsin and neutrophil
elastase B2-MICROGLOBULIN
 Neutrophil elastase -
normally release in WBC  Found on the surface of nucleated cells
to fight infections; can also  CD8 cells – immune cells; found in surface
attack normal tissues of nucleated cells
(lungs).
TRANSFERRIN
o Deficiency can cause Pulmonary
emphysema  AKA: Siderophilin
 a-1 antichymotrypsin  Transports iron
o deficient liver disease
 a-1 fetoprotein COMPLEMENT
o alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
 Immune response/inflammatory response
o abundant in the fetus
 Rheumatpoid disorders
o most abundant protein in fetal life
o after birth will gradually decrease HEMOPEXIN
o low AFP in adults, if high can be
related to hepatocarcinoma  Transports heme
o Tumor marker: substances that
FIBRINOGEN
can help detect type of cancer
 a-1 glycoprotein  Most abundant coagulation factor
o AKA: orosomucoid  Plasma lang gurl
 a-2 macroglobulin  Acute phase reactant
o 1/3 of alpha macroglobulin;
abundant in a-2 macroglobulins C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)

LIPOPROTEIN  Best markers

 Non specific - not able to identify the location
 Transports cholesterol, TAG, and of inflammation nor it will identify the cause
phospholipids of the inflammation.
 Test to differentiate bacterial vs viral
infection but presumptive only
 Sensitive than ESR
TROPONIN  Total Protein = Albumin + Globulin
 Globulin = Total Protein – Albumin
 Coronary  Aldosterone = sodium (Na) retention
 Gold standard marker for AMI o Where sodium goes sodium follows
o Best cardiac marker o Will retain water; increase level of
water in blood (dilutional effect)
BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
 NOT an overproduction of protein NOR an
 Cardiac marker actual disease state

GC GLOBULIN PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

 Group specific component globulin  Migration of charged particles in an electric

field
IMMUNOGLOBULINS  Separates proteins
 Antibodies
 IgG
 IgA
 IgM
 IgE
 IgD

MYOGLOBIN

 Cardiac marker – can also assess AMI

 Not that reliable due to short

TOTAL PROTEIN ABNORMALITIES

HYPOPROTEINEMIA

 Decrease levels of protein in the blood

due to:
o Excessive loss of proteins (renal
disease, nephritic syndrome)
o Extensive burns (3rd degree burn) –
extrusion of plasma
o Decrease intake of protein
(malnutrition&malabsorption)
o Decrease synthesis (liver diseases)

HYPERPROTEINEMIA

 CAUSES:
o Dehydration (low solvent in the
body but it is not over production of
protein) eg (dehydration): vomiting,
diarrhea