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MCA4201- FULL STACK WEB DEVELOPMENT
UNIT V-APP IMPLEMENTATION IN CLOUD
 Advanced Node JS and Database

Agenda

• Cloud providers Overview

• Virtual Private Cloud

• Scaling (Horizontal and Vertical)

• Virtual Machines

• Ethernet and Switches

• Docker Container

• Kubernetes

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 Cloud providers
Overview
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 Cloud providers Overview

Who is Cloud service providers?

● Cloud service providers (CSPs) are companies that offer cloud computing services—like servers,

storage, databases, networking, software, and more—over the internet.

● Instead of owning and maintaining physical servers and infrastructure, organizations and individuals

can use resources from these providers on a pay-as-you-go basis.

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Common Services Offered by CSPs

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Common Services Offered by CSPs

● Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Basic computing resources like virtual machines, storage, and

networks.

Example: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure VMs

● Platform as a Service (PaaS): Tools and platforms to develop, run, and manage applications.

Example: Google App Engine, Heroku

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Common Services Offered by CSPs

● Software as a Service (SaaS): Fully managed applications delivered over the internet.

Example: Gmail, Microsoft 365, Dropbox

● Function as a Service (FaaS) / Serverless: Code execution without managing servers.

Example: AWS Lambda, Azure Functions

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 Cloud providers Overview

Popular Cloud Service Providers

● Amazon Web Services (AWS)

● Microsoft Azure

● Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

● IBM Cloud

● Oracle Cloud

● Alibaba Cloud

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Virtual Private Cloud

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by clicking the symbol above.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

What is virtual private cloud (VPC) and public cloud?

Virtual private cloud (VPC) vs Public cloud:

● A virtual private cloud (VPC) is a secure, isolated private cloud hosted within a public cloud.

● VPC customers can run code, store data, host websites, and do anything else they could do in an

ordinary private cloud, but the private cloud is hosted remotely by a public cloud provider. (Not all

private clouds are hosted in this fashion.)

● VPCs combine the scalability and convenience of public cloud computing with the data isolation of

private cloud computing.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

What is virtual private cloud (VPC) and public cloud?

● Figure shows a virtual cloud lies with in the public cloud.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

What is virtual private cloud (VPC) and public cloud?

● Imagine a public cloud as a crowded restaurant, and a virtual private cloud as a reserved table in that

crowded restaurant.

● Even though the restaurant is full of people, a table with a "Reserved" sign on it can only be accessed

by the party who made the reservation.

● Similarly, a public cloud is crowded with various cloud customers accessing computing resources but a

VPC reserves some of those resources for use by only one customer.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

What is virtual private cloud (VPC) and public cloud?

● A public cloud is shared cloud infrastructure. Multiple customers of the cloud vendor access that same

infrastructure, although their data is not shared just like every person in a restaurant orders from the

same kitchen, but they get different dishes.

● Public cloud service providers include AWS, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure, among

others

● The technical term for multiple separate customers accessing the same cloud infrastructure is

"multitenancy"

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 Virtual Private Cloud

What is virtual private cloud (VPC) and public cloud?

• A private cloud, however, is single-tenant. A private cloud is a cloud service that is exclusively offered to

one organization. A virtual private cloud (VPC) is a private cloud within a public cloud; no one else

shares the VPC with the VPC customer.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

How virtual private cloud (VPC) isolated from public cloud?

• A VPC isolates computing resources from the other computing resources available in the public cloud.

The key technologies for isolating a VPC from the rest of the public cloud are:

Subnets:

A subnet is a range of IP addresses within a network that are reserved so that they're not available to

everyone within the network, essentially dividing part of the network for private use. In a VPC these are

private IP addresses that are not accessible via the public Internet, unlike typical IP addresses, which are

publicly visible

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 Virtual Private Cloud

How virtual private cloud (VPC) isolated from public cloud?

• VLAN:

A LAN is a local area network, or a group of computing devices that are all connected to each other

without the use of the Internet.

A VLAN is a virtual LAN. Like a subnet, a VLAN is a way of partitioning a network, but the partitioning

takes place at a different layer within the OSI model (layer 2 instead of layer 3).

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 Virtual Private Cloud

How virtual private cloud (VPC) isolated from public cloud?

• VPN:

A virtual private network (VPN) uses encryption to create a private network over the top of a public

network. VPN traffic passes through publicly shared Internet infrastructure routers, switches, etc. but the

traffic is scrambled and not visible to anyone. A VPC will have a dedicated subnet and VLAN that are only

accessible by the VPC customer.

This prevents anyone else within the public cloud from accessing computing resources within the VPC

effectively placing the "Reserved" sign on the table. The VPC customer connects via VPN to their VPC, so

that data passing into and out of the VPC is not visible to other public cloud users.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

How virtual private cloud (VPC) isolated from public cloud?

• Figure shows the accessing pattern of VPC

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 Virtual Private Cloud

Advantages of using a VPC

• Scalability: Because a VPC is hosted by a public cloud provider, customers can add

• more computing resources on demand.

• Easy hybrid cloud deployment: It's relatively simple to connect a VPC to a public cloud or to on-

premises infrastructure via the VPN.

• Better performance: Cloud-hosted websites and applications typically perform better than those

hosted on local on-premises servers.

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 Virtual Private Cloud

Advantages of using a VPC

• Better security: The public cloud providers that offer VPCs often have more resources for updating and

maintaining the infrastructure, especially for small and mid-market businesses. For large enterprises or

any companies that face extremely tight data security regulations, this is less of an advantage.

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Horizontal and Vertical
scaling
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What is scaling?

• The cloud has dramatically simplified these scaling problems by making it easier to scale up or down

and out or in.

• Primarily, there are two ways to scale in the cloud: horizontally or vertical.

• When you scale horizontally, you are scaling out or in, which refers to the number of provisioned

resources.

• When you scale vertically, it’s often called scaling up or down, which refers to the power and capacity

of an individual resource.

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Horizontal and Vertical scaling

• Types of scaling

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Horizontal and Vertical scaling

• Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out/In): Adding/Removing more servers or machines to distribute the

load. Or Adding more instances or nodes to a system (scale out) or removing them when demand drops

(scale in).

Merits:

• Highly scalable—just keep adding more machines.

• Better for high availability and fault tolerance.

• Ideal for cloud-native and microservice architectures.

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 Horizontal and Vertical scaling

Horizontal and Vertical scaling

Demerits:

• More complex—requires load balancing, data syncing, and distributed systems management.

• Your app needs to be designed to support this model.

Example:

• Adding more servers behind a load balancer to handle increased website traffic.

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Horizontal and Vertical scaling

• Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up/Down): Increasing or decreasing the resources (CPU, RAM, storage) of

a single server or instance.

Merits:

• Simpler to implement (no need to redesign your app).

• Good for databases or legacy apps that can't run on multiple servers.

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Horizontal and Vertical scaling

Demerits:

• There’s a limit to how much you can scale up.

• Can become expensive quickly.

• Single point of failure—if that one server goes down, you're in trouble.

Example:

• Upgrading from a 4-core CPU to a 16-core CPU, or from 16 GB RAM to 64 GB on a single server.

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Types of Cloud Scalability

Manual Scaling:

• Manual scaling is just as it sounds. It requires an engineer to manage scaling up and out or down and

in. In the cloud, both vertical and horizontal scaling can be accomplished with the push of a button, so

the actual scaling isn’t terribly difficult when compared to managing a data center.

• However, because it requires a team member9s attention, manual scaling cannot take into account all

the minute-by-minute fluctuations in demand seen by a normal application.

• This also can lead to human error. An individual might forget to scale back down, leading to extra

charges.

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 Horizontal and Vertical scaling

Types of Cloud Scalability

Scheduled Scaling:

• Scheduled scaling solves some of the problems with manual scaling. This makes it easier to tailor your

provisioning to your actual usage without requiring a team member to make the changes manually

every day.

• If you know when peak activity occurs, you can schedule scaling based on your usual demand curve.

For example, you can scale out to ten instances from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m., then back into two instances

from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m., and then back out to five instances until 5 p.m. Look for a cloud management

platform with Heat Maps that can visually identify such peaks and valleys of usage.

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Types of Cloud Scalability

Automatic Scaling:-

• Automatic scaling (also known as Auto Scaling) is when your compute, database, and storage

resources scale automatically based on predefined rules.

• For example, AWS Auto Scaling adds instances when traffic spikes and removes them when it's low.

• Use Case: E-commerce during diwali, event-driven workloads, SaaS platforms.

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Scaling & Cost

• Scaling your infrastructure means handling more load—but it also means spending more.

• The trick is finding a balance between performance and cost-efficiency.

Vertical Scaling & Cost:

Cost Model: You pay more as you upgrade to larger machines (more CPU, RAM, etc.).

Pricing Pattern: Costs grow non-linearly. A machine with 2x power might cost more than 2x the price.

When it makes sense: Short-term needs, quick fixes, or when horizontal scaling isn’t possible.

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Scaling & Cost

Horizontal Scaling & Cost

Cost Model: You pay for each additional server or instance.

Pricing Pattern: More predictable—cost scales with the number of instances.

When it makes sense: High availability, distributed apps, long-term growth.

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 Horizontal and Vertical scaling

Scaling & Cost

Auto-Scaling & Cost

Cost Model: Pay-as-you-go based on usage.

Best for: Handling traffic spikes without overpaying when demand is low.

Smart move: Set usage thresholds to control your budget.

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Scaling & Cost

• Table shows comparison of various scaling with cost.

Scaling Type Users (Low Traffic) Users (Peak Traffic) Cost Implication
Low cost, poor
No Scaling App is slow App may crash
performance
Medium cost, limited
Vertical Scaling Fast Slow or crash
power
Higher cost, better
Horizontal Scaling Fast Fast
performance

Auto-Scaling Fast Fast Cost-efficient, dynamic

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 Virtual
Machines
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Virtual Machines

• A virtual machine (VM) is a software-based computer that exists within another computer’s operating

system, often used for the purposes of testing, backing up data, or running SaaS applications.

• A virtual machine is a software-based emulation of a physical computer. It runs an operating system

(OS) and applications just like a real computer—but it’s hosted on virtualized hardware.

• One powerful physical computer (called a host) can run many VMs (called guests) at the same time,

each isolated and acting like its own independent computer.

• Each VM runs its own OS (Windows, Linux, etc.) and is completely isolated from other VMs.

• It can be classified as two types,

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Virtual Machines

• Type 1 (bare-metal): Runs directly on hardware (e.g., VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V)

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Virtual Machines

• Type 2 (hosted): Runs on top of an OS (e.g., VirtualBox, VMware Workstation)

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 Virtual Machines

Use Cases for Virtual Machines:

• Running multiple OSes on one machine.

• Testing software in different environments.

• Hosting websites or applications in the cloud.

• Isolating workloads for better security.

• Disaster recovery and backup environments.

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VMs in Cloud Computing

• Cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud offer virtual machines as a service, so you don’t

need physical hardware.

Examples:

• AWS EC2

• Azure Virtual Machines

• Google Compute Engine

• You can: Choose your OS, Select the amount of CPU, RAM, and storage, Start, stop, or scale VMs as

needed.
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 Docker Container

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 Docker Container

What is a Docker?

• Docker is an open-source platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in lightweight,

isolated environments called containers.

• Think of Docker as a tool that lets you package your app and everything it needs (code, libraries,

dependencies) into a single, portable unit — a container — that can run anywhere: your laptop, a

server, or the cloud.

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Docker Container?

• A Docker container is a lightweight, standalone, and executable package that includes everything

needed to run a piece of software:

• Code

• Runtime (like Python or Node.js)

• System tools

• Libraries

• Config files

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 Docker Container

Why Docker?

• “It works on my machine”.

• Makes deployment faster and more reliable.

• Clean environments for each app.

• Great for microservices, DevOps, and CI/CD.

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How Does Docker Work?

• Docker uses the host machine's OS kernel and runs containers as isolated processes.

• You can run multiple containers on the same machine without them interfering with each other.

• It uses a Dockerfile to define what’s in a container and how it runs.

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 Docker Container

How Does Docker Work?

• Key concepts,

Term Meaning
Image A read-only template used to create containers
Container A running instance of an image
Dockerfile A text file with instructions to build a Docker image

Docker Hub A cloud registry to store and share Docker images

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 Docker Container

Benefits of Docker Containers

• Portability: Runs the same on any machine

• Speed: Starts in seconds

• Isolation: Clean environments for each app

• Scalability: Easily deploy across clusters (e.g., with Kubernetes)

• Reproducibility: “It works on my machine” becomes true everywhere

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 Docker Container

VM vs Docker Container

• VM: Heavy, runs full OS, more secure.

• Docker Container: Lightweight, shares OS, faster to spin up.

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VM vs Docker Container
Note:

• Containers share the same underlying OS kernel of the host system, so you can’t run entirely different

OS types (like Windows and Linux) side-by-side in containers on the same server

• You can’t run a Windows container on a Linux host natively, or vice versa.

• If You Want Full OS Flexibility use Virtual Machines (VMs) instead of containers.

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 Docker Container

VM vs Docker Container
Note:

Example:

• One physical server

• Two VMs: One running Linux, One running Windows.

• Each VM can then run containers specific to its OS

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 Docker Container

VM vs Docker Container
• Figure shows integration of VM and docker container for running multiple OS on a host.

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 Kubernetes

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by clicking the symbol above.

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 Kubernetes

Kubernetes?

• Kubernetes is an open-source platform designed to

automate the deployment, scaling, and management of

containerized applications (like those made with Docker).

• Think of it like an orchestra conductor for your containers—

making sure they all start on time, don’t crash, and scale

when needed.

• Kubernetes is a Greek word meaning 'captain' in English.

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Why Use Kubernetes?

Managing one or two containers is easy. But imagine you’re running:

• 50 microservices

• Across 100+ containers

• On multiple cloud servers

Doing that manually is a chaos.

Kubernetes solves this by handling: Container deployment, Load balancing, Auto-scaling, Health checks

and restarts, Rolling updates with zero downtime

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How Kubernetes Works (Core Components)

1. Cluster: A group of machines (physical or virtual) that Kubernetes uses to run your containers.

2. Node: A single machine in the cluster.

Master Node: Controls and schedules everything.

Worker Nodes: Where your containers (called Pods) actually run.

3. Pod: The smallest unit in Kubernetes. A pod contains one or more containers that share the same

network and storage.

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 Kubernetes

How Kubernetes Works (Core Components)

4. Deployment: A blueprint that defines how many replicas (copies) of a pod you want and how to manage

updates.

5. Service: A stable way to access pods. It acts like a load balancer and makes sure traffic gets to the right

containers—even if pods change or restart.

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How Kubernetes Works (Core Components)

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Example Flow

1. You define a deployment to run 3 pods of your app.

2. Kubernetes starts 3 pods on available worker nodes.

3. If one pod crashes, Kubernetes automatically restarts it.

4. You create a service so users can access your app via a single IP/URL.

5. When traffic grows, Kubernetes scales up more pods for you.

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 Kubernetes

Benefits of Kubernetes

1. High availability (HA)

2. Self-healing apps

3. Easy scaling (up/down)Efficient resource use

4. Cloud agnostic (works on AWS, Azure, GCP, on-prem)

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Ethernet and Switches

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by clicking the symbol above.

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 Ethernet and Switches

Ethernet and Switches

• In cloud computing, Ethernet and network switches still play critical roles — but in ways that are

abstracted from the end user.

• Ethernet is a standard for networking that defines how data is transmitted over physical media (usually

cables like Cat5e, Cat6). It’s used for local area networks (LANs) and is the foundation of much of

today's network infrastructure — including in data centers that power the cloud.

• Switches are networking devices that connect multiple devices on a LAN and use MAC addresses to

forward data to the correct destination within the network.

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Ethernet

• Local Area Networks (LANs): Ethernet is the fundamental technology for wired connections within

data centers, which are the physical backbone of cloud infrastructure. It allows servers, storage

systems, and networking devices to communicate with each other at high speeds.

• High-Speed Data Transfer: Cloud environments rely on the rapid movement of massive amounts of

data. Ethernet provides the necessary bandwidth and low latency for efficient data transfer between

different components within the cloud infrastructure.

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Ethernet

• Evolving Standards: While initially used for LANs, Ethernet has evolved significantly with faster

speeds (Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, and beyond) and wider area network (WAN) capabilities

(Carrier Ethernet). This makes it crucial for connecting different data centers and providing connectivity

to users.

• Private Connections: Ethernet provides secure and reliable private connections, essential for the

sensitive data handled in cloud environments.

• Underlying Technology: Even with the rise of wireless technologies, Ethernet remains a critical

underlying technology in data centers to ensure stable and high-performance connections for core

infrastructure.
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 Ethernet and Switches

Ethernet

• -

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 Ethernet and Switches

Ethernet

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Ethernet- speed

• Fast Ethernet: Supports speeds up to 100 Mbps, commonly used in older networks.

• Gigabit Ethernet: Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps, widely used in modern networks.

• 10 Gigabit Ethernet: Offers speeds of 10 Gbps, commonly used in high-speed enterprise networks,

cloud computing, and data centers.

• 25/40/100 Gigabit Ethernet: Supports speeds of 25 Gbps, 40 Gbps, and 100 Gbps, respectively, used

in large-scale enterprises and data centers for high-performance needs.

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Ethernet- cabling

• Twisted-Pair Cables: Commonly used, especially in LANs, with different categories (Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6,

Cat6a, Cat7) offering varying speeds and bandwidths.

• Fiber-Optic Cables: Provide high bandwidth and are suitable for long-distance communication,

especially in high-performance networks and data centers.

• Coaxial Cables: Less common now, but used in older networks and for cable internet access.

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Ethernet- cloud computing

• Cloud networks rely on Ethernet for connecting servers, storage systems, and networking equipment.

• High-speed Ethernet (Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, and higher) is crucial for efficient data

transfer in cloud environments.

• Ethernet is used in cloud services like Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) to distribute traffic across multiple

instances.

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Switches

• Connecting Devices: Ethernet switches are networking devices that connect multiple devices (servers,

storage, routers) within a data center network. They act as central points for all the wired connections.

• Efficient Data Forwarding: Unlike older hubs that broadcast data to all connected devices, switches

learn the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of connected devices and forward data packets only

to the intended destination. This significantly reduces network congestion and improves performance.

• Network Segmentation: Switches enable the creation of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). VLANs

logically segment the network, allowing for better organization, security, and traffic management within

the shared infrastructure of the cloud.

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Switches

• Redundancy and High Availability: Modern switches often support features like link aggregation and

spanning tree protocols, which provide redundancy and prevent network loops, ensuring high

availability of cloud services.

• Scalability: As cloud environments grow, switches provide the necessary scalability to connect

increasing numbers of devices and handle higher traffic loads. Different types of switches (access,

aggregation, core, data center) are used at various levels of the network hierarchy to manage traffic

effectively.

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Switches

• Cloud-Managed Switches: Some switches are specifically designed for cloud environments, offering

features like centralized management, remote configuration, and enhanced monitoring capabilities,

simplifying the administration of large and distributed cloud networks.

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Switches- based on functionality

• Virtual Switches: These operate within virtual machine environments, providing networking capabilities

for VMs.

• Routing Switches: Also known as Layer 3 switches, they can route traffic between different network

segments.

• Layer 2 Switches: Forward traffic based on MAC addresses.

• PoE (Power over Ethernet) Switches: Deliver power to devices like wireless access points over

Ethernet cables.

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THANK YOU