Introduction of DBMS (Database
Management System)
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, manage,
and manipulate databases efficiently. It provides an interface for storing, retrieving, updating,
and deleting data while ensuring security, integrity, and consistency.
Key Features of DBMS:
1. Data Organization – Structures data in tables, schemas, or objects.
2. Data Security – Controls access using authentication and authorization.
3. Data Integrity – Ensures accuracy and consistency of data.
4. Data Backup & Recovery – Provides mechanisms to prevent data loss.
5. Concurrency Control – Manages multiple users accessing data simultaneously.
6. Query Processing – Supports SQL (Structured Query Language) for data manipulation.
Types of DBMS:
1. Relational DBMS (RDBMS) – Uses structured tables (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle).
2. Hierarchical DBMS – Organizes data in a tree-like structure (e.g., IBM IMS).
3. Network DBMS – Uses graph-like structures with complex relationships (e.g., IDMS).
4. Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS) – Stores data as objects (e.g., ObjectDB).
Advantages of DBMS
o Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores
all the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the
database.
o Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data
among multiple users.
o Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of
the database system.
o Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
o Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic
backup of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
o multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical
user interfaces, application program interfaces
Disadvantages of DBMS
o Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and
large memory size to run DBMS software.
o Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
o Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
o Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in most
of the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the database is
damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost
forever.
AD
Characteristics of DBMS
o It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the
information.
o It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
o DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
o It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.
o It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
o It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
o It is used to provide security of data.
o It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the requirements of
the user
Difference between File System and DBMS
.
How DBMS Stores Data?
Answer: DBMS stores data hierarchically on disks with records in files,
accessed via indexes using optimized formats and secured
transactions.
Tables: Data in a DBMS is stored primarily in tables, where each table
represents a specific entity or relationship.
Rows and Columns: Tables consist of rows (records) and columns
(attributes), with each row holding a unique record and each column
representing a specific piece of information.
Data Types: DBMS stores data using predefined data types such as
integers, strings, dates, and more, ensuring consistency and facilitating
efficient storage.
Pages and Blocks: Storage is organized into pages or blocks, which
are the basic units for reading and writing data. These units help
optimize I/O operations.
Indexes: Index structures are used to enhance data retrieval speed by
providing a quick lookup mechanism. These indexes are stored
separately from the actual data.
File Structures: Actual storage on disk involves file structures such as
B-trees or hash tables, allowing for efficient data access and
modification.
Normalization: Normalization techniques help organize data to
minimize redundancy and dependencies, optimizing storage and
maintaining data integrity.
Compression: DBMS may use compression techniques to reduce
storage space, especially for large datasets, by eliminating redundant
or repeated information.
Structure of DBMS
Three Parts that make up the Database System are:
o Query Processor
o Storage Manager
o Disk Storage
Query Processor
The Query Processor receives the queries (requests) from the
user and interprets them in the form of instructions. It also
executes the instructions received from the DML Compiler. It has
the following four components:
1. DML Compiler: It converts the DML (Data Manipulation
Language) Instructions into Machine Language (low-level
language).
2. DDL Interpreter: It interprets the DDL (Data Definition
Language) Instructions and stores the record in a data
dictionary (in a table containing meta-data)
3. Query Optimizer: It executes the DML Instructions and picks
the lowest cost evaluation plan out of all the alternatives
present.
4. Embedded DML Pre-compiler: It translates the DML
statements embedded in Application Programs into procedural
function calls.
Storage Manager
Storage manager acts as the interface between the data stored in
the database and the queries received from the end-user. This
component in the Structure of DBMS is responsible for the
constraints applied to the data so that it remains consistent. It
also executes the DCL (Data Control Language). It encapsulates
the following modules:
1. Authorization and Integrity Manager: It checks the
authority of various users who access data and the Integrity
Constraints of the database.
2. Transaction Manager: Its job is to assure the system remains
in a proper state during the transaction process. It also ensures
that concurrent transactions are executed without any conflict.
3. File Manager: It manages the space allocation of files in disk
and data structures which stores information in the database.
4. Buffer Manager: It manages the transfer of data between the
secondary and main memory. It also decides what data should
be cached in the memory.
Disk Storage
The Disk Storage in the Structure of DBMS represents the space
where data is stored. It has the following components:
1. Files: These are responsible for storing the data.
2. Data Dictionary: It is the repository that maintains the
information of the database object and maintains the
metadata.
3. Indices: These are the keys that are used for faster retrieval of
data.
