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Lecture - 6

This document outlines key concepts in heat and temperature, defining heat as a form of energy measured in Joules, Calories, and BTUs, and temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness measured in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit. It explains the definitions of Calorie and BTU, the types of temperature scales, and the concept of thermal equilibrium, where energy flow ceases when systems reach equal temperatures. Additionally, it includes conversion formulas for different temperature scales.

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22 views9 pages

Lecture - 6

This document outlines key concepts in heat and temperature, defining heat as a form of energy measured in Joules, Calories, and BTUs, and temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness measured in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit. It explains the definitions of Calorie and BTU, the types of temperature scales, and the concept of thermal equilibrium, where energy flow ceases when systems reach equal temperatures. Additionally, it includes conversion formulas for different temperature scales.

Uploaded by

amiyasir121
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: Physics for Laboratory Sciences

Lecture-6 outline
•Heat & Temperature

Most Tanzila Parvin


Asst. Professor
Department of Biomedical Engineering &
Medical Physics
BUHS
1
# Heat
• → a form of energy which gives us sensation of warmth.

• It is the sum of kinetic energy produced due to the vibration of


molecules of the element.

• → Denoted by Q.

• → Unit :
– Joule (J) in SI system,
– Calorie (cal) in CGS system and
– BTU in FPS system.

• Calories and BTU's are common heat units.

• Heat is measured by Calorimeter.


Definition of Calorie and BTU
• Calorie: One Calorie is defined as amount of
heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram
of water by 1 degree Celsius at a constant
pressure.

• BTU: The British thermal unit is a traditional


unit of energy . One Btu is defined as amount of
heat required to raise the temperature of 1
pound (0.454 kg) of liquid water by 1°F
(0.56 °C) at a constant pressure.

• 1 BTU = 1054 Joule = 252 cal


# Temperature
• → degree of hotness or coldness of body is called temperature.

• → Denoted by T

• → Unit:
– Kelvin (K)
– degree Celsius (0C)
– degree Fahrenheit (0F)

• For example 1 K/1 0C/1 0F.

• Temperature is measured by Thermometer.


# Type of temperature scales:
• We know that a scale has two fixed points:
– Upper fixed point
– Lower fixed point

• There are mainly three temperature scales :

• Kelvin scale:
– In this scale, the lower fixed point is taken as 273K and upper fixed point is taken as 373K.
– The space between lower and upper fixed point is divided into 100 parts.
– Each part is called 1K

• Celsius scale or Centigrade scale:


– In this temperature scale the lower fixed (freezing point) is taken 0°C and upper fixed point
(boiling point) is taken 100°C.
– The distance between lower fixed point and upper fixed point is divided to 100 equal parts
– Each part represents 1°C.

• Fahrenheit Scale:
– In this temperature scale the lower fixed point is taken as 32°F and upper fixed point as
212°F.
– The distance between lower and upper fixed point is divided into 180 equal parts.
– Each part is called 1°F.
Conversion formula of different scales of temperature

• Where,
❑ K → Kelvin,
❑ C → Celsius,
❑ F → Fahrenheit,
❑ Re → Reaumer

# Convert 98.4 0F and 25 0C into Kelvin (K) scale.


# What is meant by “the systems are in thermal
equilibrium”?

• When the systems are at different


temperatures, the result is a spontaneous
net flow of energy that continues until the
temperatures are equal.

• When the temperatures are equal the net


flow of energy is zero, and the systems
are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
Thermal Equilibrium

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