LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Inequalities 2. For two numbers a and b, we say that a is

We are sometimes concerned with two greater than b if and only if a is to the right of
algebraic expressions that are not equal, one b on the number line. For example, to compare
expression being greater than or less than the -3 and -7, locate each point on the number line
other. Statements that express the inequality of as shown above. Because -3 is to the right of -7
algebraic expressions are called Inequalities. on the number line, we say that -3 is greater
than -7, symbolically expressed as -3 > -7.
The symbols that are used to express
inequalities are given below: 3. The statement a b is true if a is less than b
or if a is equal to b.
Symbol Meaning
< Is less than 4. The statement a b is true if a is less than b
Is less than or equal to of if a is equal to b.
> Is greater than
Is greater than or equal Intervals
to The following nine types of subsets of R are
called intervals.
1. [a, b] = {x R : a ≤ x ≤ b}
In algebra, the size (greater or lesser) of a 2. (a, b) = {x R : a < x < b}
number is determined only by its position on 3. [a, b) = {x R : a ≤ x < b}
the number line. Thus, the following 4. (a, b] = {x R : a < x ≤ b}
conclusions can be made: 5. [a, ) = {x R : a ≤ x}
1. For two numbers a and b, we say that a is 6. (a, ) = {x R : a < x }
less than b if and only if a is to the left of b on 7. (- , b] = {x R : x ≤ b}
the number line. For example, to compare -3 8. (- , b) = {x R : x < b}
and -7 , locate each point on the number line as 9. (- , ) = R
shown below:
Meaning of - and
Intuitively, you may imagine that that is a point
-7 -3 0 , denoted by very far away on the right and
Because -7 is to the left of -3 on the number (- in the left). So (a, ) is the set whose
line we say that -7 is less than -3, symbolically elements are the points between a and , that is
written as -7 < -3. real numbers greater than a.
 Basic Interval Notation (k any real number)

Inequality Solution Set with Graph

Interval Notation

x >k (k, )
(
k
[
x k [k, ) k

x <k [- , k) )
k
x k (- , k] ]
k
x
Note:
A bracket is used next to k if k is in the interval Worked Examples
and a parenthesis when k is not in the interval. Write the solution 3 set to each inequality in
A parenthesis is always used on the infinite end interval notation and
– graph it
of the interval because is not a number that 1. x > -5 5 2. x 2
might or might not be in the interval.
x
Solution 2
1. Interval in the form (a, b), [a, b], (a, b] and The solution set to the inequality x > - 5 is
+
[a, b) are called bounded intervals and those in {x : x > -5}. The solution set is the set of all
the form (- , b), (- , b], (a, ), [a, ) and (- numbers to the right of -5 on the number line.
4
, ) are called unbounded intervals. The set is expressed in the interval notation as
x
(-5, )
–
2. Interval in the form (a, b), (- , b), (a, ) and
( 3
(- , ) are called open intervals. For each of -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
such intervals the end point(s), if there is any
does not belong to the interval. 2. The solution set to the inequality x 2 is {x :
x 2}. The solution set includes 2 and all real
3. Interval in the form [a, b], (- , b], [a, ) and numbers to the left of 2 on the number line. The
(- , ) are called closed intervals. For each of set is expressed in the interval notation as (- ,
such intervals the end point(s), if there is any 2]
belongs to the interval.
]
4. Interval in the form [a, b], are called closed -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
and bounded intervals.
Exercises 8.1 x
Write the solution set in interval notation
and graph it. y
1. x 1 2. x -7 3. -5 > x
4. 3 5. 20 6. 4.
Solving Linear Inequalities
A linear inequality in one variable x, is any
inequality of the form ax + b < 0, where a and b Solution
are real numbers, with a 0. In place of < we 2x – 7 < -1 (Original equation)
may also use , > or . 2x < 6 (Add 7 to both sides)
x < 3 (Divide both sided by 2)
Properties of Inequality The solution set is {x : x < 3}, expressed in
1. Property of Addition interval notation as ( - , 3)
If the same number is added to both sides of an
inequality, the solution set to the inequality is )
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
unchanged. The result is an equivalent
inequality. 2. Solve the inequality 5 – 3x < 11. Graph and
state the solution set.
2. Property of Multiplication
 If both sided of an inequality are Solution
multiplied by the same positive number, 5 – 3x < 11(Original equation)
the solution set to the inequality is -3x < 6 (Subtract 5from both sides)
unchanged. x > -2 (Divide both sided by-3, and sign reverses)

 If both sided of an inequality are The solution set is {x : x > -2}, expressed in
multiplied by the same negative interval notation as ( -2, )
number, and the inequality symbol
reversed, the solution set to the
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
inequality is unchanged.

Note: 3. Solve - 4. State and graph the

1. Because subtraction is defined in terms of solution set.
addition, the addition property of inequality
also allows subtraction of the same number Solution
from both sides of an inequality. -4 (Original inequality)

2. Because division is defined in terms of -5 . / -5(- 4) (sign reverses)

multiplication, the multiplication property of 8 + 3x 20 (Simplify)

inequality also allows division of both sides by 3x 12 (Divide each side by 3)
the same nonzero real number as long as the x 4
inequality symbol is reversed. The solution set is (- , 4]

Worked Examples ]
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1. Solve the inequality 2x – 7 < -1. Graph and
state the solution set.
4. Solve x– x + . State and graph the Graphing Linear Inequality in one variable
If the inequality involves only x, then graph the
solution set.
vertical line x = k.
Solution  x > k is the region to the right of the
line.
x– x + . (Original inequality)
 x = k is the line itself.
 x < k is the region to the left of the line.
(Multiply through by 6, LCD)
(6) x – (6) (6) x + (6) .
Worked Examples
3x - 4 6x + 8 (Distributive property) Graph each inequality:
3x 6x + 12 (Add 4 to each side) a. y 4 b. x > 3
-3x 12 (subtract 6x from each side)
x -4 (Divide each side by -3, sign reverses) Solution
a. The line y = 4 is a horizontal line with y
The solution set is [- 4, ) intercept (0, 4).
Draw a solid line and shade below it as shown
[ below: y
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
6

Exercises 8.2 4

A. Solve each of the following inequalities. 2

Express the solutions set in interval notation
and graph it. x
M
1. 2x – 3> 7 2. 3 – 5x 18 -2
u
3. 5 – 4x 19 4. 2x + 3 > 2(x – 4) l
t
5. -2(5x – 1) -5 (5 + 2x)
b. The line x = 3 is vertical line ithrough (3, 0).
6. -3(2x – 1) 2(5– 3x) Any point to the right of this linep
has an x –
l
coordinate larger than 3. y
B. Solve each inequality and graph the y
solution set; 3
x
1. 2 2. 3 – x 2 2
–
x
3. x – < x – 4. x – < x – 1
2
x2
5. > – 6. – >1 30 x
1 2 3 4
-2 x
7. – ( ) < x + 2 8. -3 . /> – – - x x x 2
3 2 3
3
5

4 x +
x –
– 4
3
Linear Inequalities in Two variables The point (3, -2) does not satisfy the inequality.
If a, b and c are real numbers with a and b, both
not zero, then ax + by < c is called a linear Exercises 8.3
inequality in two variables. In place of <, the Determine which of the points following each
symbols >, or can be used. Examples of inequality satisfies that inequality:
linear inequalities in two variables are 3x – 4y 1. x – y > 5 (2, 3) (-3, -9) (8, 3)
8, y > 2x – 3, x – y – 10 < 0 2. 2x + y < 3 (-2, 6) (0, 3) (3, 0)
3. y - 2x + 5 (3, 0) (1, 3) (-2, 5)
Solving an Inequality in Two Variables 4. y - x + 6 (2, 0) (-3, 9) (4, 12)
An ordered pair is a solution of an inequality in 5. x > -3y + 4 (2, 3) (7, -1) (0, 5)
two variables if the ordered pairs satisfy the 6. x < -y – 3 (1, 2) (-3, -4) (0, -3)
inequality.
Graph of Linear Inequality in Two
Worked Examples Variables
Determine whether each point satisfies the The graph of linear inequalities in two variables
inequality 2x – 3y 6 consists of all points in the rectangular
a. (4, 1) b. (3, 0) c. (3, -2) coordinate systems that satisfy the inequality.

Solution Strategy for Graphing Linear Inequalities in

a. Substitute x = 4 and y = 1 in 2x – 3y 6 Two variables
2x – 3y 6 Solve the inequality for y, then graph
2(4) – 3(1) 6 y = mx + b
8–3 6  y > mx + b is the region above the line.
5 6 (False)  y = mx + b is the line itself.
The point (4, 1) does not satisfy the inequality.  y < mx + b is the region below the line.

b. Substitute x = 3 and y = 0 in 2x – 3y 6 Steps:

2x – 3y 6 I. Find the intercepts on x and y axes, bearing in
2(3) – 3(0) 6 mind that at the x – intercept, y = 0 and at the y
6–0 6 – intercept, x = 0.
6 6 (True) II. Prepare a table of values.
The point (3, 0) satisfies the inequality. III. Draw the boundary line according to the
table of values, using dashed line for the
c. Substitute x = 3 and y = -2 in 2x – 3y 6 symbols < and >, and solid lines for the
2x – 3y 6 symbols and .
2(3) – 3(-2) 6 IV. For boundaries with the symbol > or ,
6+6 6 shade the area above the line and for
12 6 (True) boundaries with symbol < or , shade the area
below the line.
Worked Examples y
Graph each inequality:
1. 2x – 3y < 6 2. y + 2x 3 3. y < +1 2

1
Solution x
0
1. In 2x – 3y < 6, solve for y -2 -1- 1 2 3 4
0
-1
-3y < 6 – 2x 3x
-3y < -2x + 6 3
-3
y> + (divide by -3 and reverse the inequality) –
y> –2 x2
2. In y + 2x 3, solve for y.
Now, in y = – 2; y -2x + 3
Intercept on x – axis,
Now in y = -2x + 3;
When y = 0, 0= –2 Intercept on x – axis;
3(0) = 3. / –3(2) When y = 0, 0 = -2x + 3
2x = 3
0 = 2x – 6
x=
-2x = -6
x = 1.5
x=3 Intercept on x axis is (1.5, 0)
Intercept on x – axis is(3, 0)
Intercept on y – axis;
Intercept on y – axis, When x = 0, y = - 2(0) + 3
When x = 0, y = -2 y=3
Intercept on y – axis is (0, -2) Intercept on y – axis is (0, 3)

Table of values Table of values

x 0 3 x 1.5 0
y -2 0 y 0 3

Draw the boundary line according to the table

Draw the boundary line according to the table
of values, using a dashed line for the boundary
of values. Because of the symbol , every point
because it is not included.
on or above the line satisfy the inequality.
Shade the region above the line because of the
symbol >.
To show that the line y = -2x + 3 is included,
y
draw a solid line and shade the region above.
3 -
y 92 4
-3 x–1 x2
2 2
x x
30
1 -3 -2 -1 –2 + 1 2 3 4 0
x 3-1x- -
0 -2 2
-2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 x5 6
-x -3 x
3 - -x x
1x
-2 2
3 3
-3–
2
x –- +
–+ 2 x
4. Indicate thex solution set of the inequality
45
3x 2
2
+ 3x + 5y 30,4for x, y R.3
–xx
3. In y < + 122 -x +
–2 6 Solution x -
Now, in y = x
3++1 x In 3x + 5y 30,
3
+ solve for2 y,
– x 0
Intercept on x – axis; 5y 30 – 3x -
3x
4 x
When y = 0, 0–x= +1 5y -3x + 30 23
x
2
3(0) = (3) + (3)1 y + 03 - +
– 4
0 = +3 y +6 -
x
x = -3 42 6
3 is (-3, 0)
Intercept on x axis 0
Now, in y = x + + 6,
2

Intercept on y – axis; Intercept on x – axis;

-2 -
When x = 0, y= ( )+1 When y = 0, 1 0= + 6,
x 6
y=1 7 (5) 0= (5)x + (5) 6,
Intercept on y – axis is (0, 1) x 0 = -3x + 30
3x = 30 +
Table of values +x = 10 3
Intercept on x – axis is (10, 0)
x -3 0 Intercept on y6– axis;
y 0 1 0 ( )
When x = 0, y = + 6,
y=6
Draw the boundary line according to the table
Intercept on x – axis is (0, 6)
of values, using a dashed line because the
boundary is not included.
Table of values  If the tested area satisfies the inequality,
shade the tested area as the solution set.
x 10 0  If the tested area does not satisfies the
y 0 6 inequality, shade the opposite area as
the solution set.
Draw the boundary line according to the table
 Better still; the point (0, 0) can be used
of values, using a solid line because the
as the standard test point.
boundary is included. Shade the area below the
boundary because of the symbol, , as shown
Worked Examples
below:
Graph the inequality: 2x – 3y < 6

(0, 6) Solution
First find the intercept on the x – axis as (3, 0)
and the intercept on the y – axis as (0, -2). Draw
the boundary line and select any point on one
(10, 0) side of the line, say (0, 1), to test the inequality
as follows: y
2(0) – 3(1) < 6
Exercises 8.4
⇒ -3 < 6.
Graph each inequality: 2
Test point
1. y < x + 4 3. y < -2x + 5 1  (0, 1)
2. y < 2x + 2 4. y > - x + 3 x
0
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
0
-1
B. Graph each inequality:
-2
1. y > x – 3 3. y - x+3
-3
2. y < x + 1 4. y - x+2

The Test Point Method Since the statement is true, the whole of that
The test point method can be used to graph an region of the line satisfies the inequality so the
inequality. With this method, it is not region is shaded as the solution set of the
necessary to solve the inequality for y. inequality.
y

The graph of a linear equation in the form; 2

ax + by = c, separates the coordinate plane into 1
two regions. One region satisfies the inequality 0 x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
ax + by > c, and the other region satisfies the -1 0
inequality ax + by < c. By testing a point in one -
region, the region which satisfies the inequality -3
2
can be identified. x
Exercises 8.5 y > x – 2 and y < - 2x + 3
Use the test point method to graph each;
1. x – 4y > 4 4. 3x – 4y < -12 Solution
2. 3x – 5y ≥15 5. y – x ≤ 7 y > x – 2 and y < - 2x + 3
Check (0, 0) in y > x – 2 and y < - 2x + 3
3. x – y < 5 6. x + 3y ≤ 12
0 > 0 – 2 (Correct) and 0 < - 2(0) + 3 (Correct )

Systems of Linear Inequalities: Check (0, -5) in y > x – 2 and y < - 2x + 3

A system of linear inequalities consists of two -5 > 0 – 2 (incorrect) and -5 < - 2(0) + 3 (Correct )
or more inequalities. A point is a solution to a
system of inequalities if it satisfies all of the Check (0, 5) in y > x – 2 and y < - 2x + 3
inequalities in the system. 5 > 0 – 2 (Correct) and 5 < - 2(0) + 3 (incorrect)

Graphical Solution Check (0, 0) in y > x – 2 and y < - 2x + 3

I. Graph the boundary line of each inequality 0 > 4 – 2 (incorrect) and 0 < - 2(4) + 3 (incorrect)
and shade the regions that satisfy each
The only point that satisfies both inequalities of
inequality.
the system is (0, 0). This means that every point
II. The region of intersection of all the
in the region containing (0, 0) also satisfies
inequalities is the region that satisfies all the
both inequalities.
inequalities.
For y = x – 2
Method 2
Intercept on x – axis is (2, 0) and
To determine the region which contains the
Intercept on the y – axis is (0, -2)
points that satisfies a system;
I. Draw the boundary line of each inequality to
x 2 0
divide the plane into four arts, using the
y 0 -2
intercept method.
II. Check one point in each of the region to see
For y= - 2x + 3
whether it satisfies both inequalities.
Intercept on x – axis is (1.5, 0) and
III. Shade the satisfactory region to indicate the
Intercept on the y – axis is (0, 3)
solution of the inequality.

x 1.5 0
Worked Examples
y 0 3
1. Graph all ordered pairs that satisfy the
following system of inequalities:
 Intercept on x – axis
y When y = 0, 0 = -3x + 4
x Test Point 3x = 4
5 y (0,( 5 ) x = 1.3
4 0 Intercept on the x– axis is (1.3, 0)
3 ,
2 Intercept on y – axis
D1 5 When x = 0, y = -3(0) + 4
Test Point
o)
Test Point (0,0 (0, 4) y=4
m  (  ( x
-2 -1 E )
10 2 3 4 5 6 0
Intercept on y – axis is (0,4)
a-10 0
i
-2
, ,
Table of values
n-3
C 5 5
-4 x 1.3 0
o  Test( Point
-5 y 0 4
- (0,-5)0) )
d , For 2y – x = 2
o
y
m Solving for y;
5
5a 2y = x + 2
4i y= +
)
3n
y= +1
2

1
Intercept on x – axis
0
x When y = 0, 0 = + 1
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
6 0
(2) 0 = (2) + (2) 1
-2
0=x+2
-3 x = -2
-4 Intercept on the x – axis is (-2, 0)
-5
Intercept on y – axis

2. Graph all ordered pairs that satisfy the When x = 0, y= +1

following system of inequalities: y=1
y > -3x + 4 and 2y – x > 2 Intercept on y – axis is (0, 1)

Solution Table of values

For y = -3x + 4 X -2 0
Y 0 1
Test inequalities are those that lie to the right of the
Check (0, 0) in y > -3x + 4 and 2y – x > 2 vertical line x = 4 and below the horizontal line
0 > -3(0) + 4 (incorrect) 2(0) – (0) > 2 (Incorrect) y=3
y
Check (2, 2) in y > -3x + 4 and 2y – x > 2
2 > -3(2) + 4 (Incorrect) 2(2) – (2) > 2 (Correct) 5
4
Check (1, 4) in y > -3x + 4 and 2y – x > 2 3
1 > -3(4) + 4 (correct) and 2(4) – (1) > 2 (correct) 2

1
Check (2, 1) in y > -3x + 4 and 2y – x > 2
1 > -3(2) + 4 (correct) and 2(1) – (2) > 2 (Incorrect) 0
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
6 0
y x
The only point that satisfies both inequalities of
-2
the system is (1, 4). Shade all the region
-3
containing the point (1, 4) as shown below.
-4
-5

5 4. Graph the system of inequality;

4 y < x + 4 and y > x - 1
3
2 Solution
1 For y = x + 4
Intercept on x – axis
0
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 When y = 0, 0 = x + 4
-1
6 0
x = -4
-2 Intercept on the x – axis is (-4, 0)
-3

-4 Intercept on y – axis
-5 When x = 0, y = 0 + 4
y=4

3. Graph the system of inequality;

Intercept on y – axis is (0, 4)
x > 4 and y < 3.
Table of values
Solution
Graph the vertical line x = 4 and the horizontal
x - 4 0
line y = 3, the point that satisfy both
y 0 4
For y = x – 1 3. y > -2x + 1 and y < 3x + 5
Intercept on x – axis (-3, 2), (-1, 5), (3, 6),
When y = 0, 0 = x – 1
x=1 4. y < - x + 7 and y < -x + 9
Intercept on the x – axis is (1, 0)
Exercises 8.6
Intercept on y – axis A. Graph each system of inequalities:
When x = 0, y = (0) – 1 1. y > -x – 1 and y>x+1
y=-1 2. y < x + 3 and y < -2x + 4
Intercept on y – axis is (0, -1) 3. y < 2x – 3 and y > -x + 2
4. y > 2x – 1 and y < -x – 4
Table of values 5. 2x + y < 3 and x – 2y > 2
x 1 0
y 0 -1 B. Graph each system of inequalities:
1. 2x – 3y < 6 and x–y>3
y
2. 3x – 2y > 6 and x + y < 4
3. 3x – 5y < 15 and 3x + 2y < 12
5 4. x – 4y < 0 and x + y > 0
4 5. 3x + 2y < 2 and – x – 2y > 4
3
2 6. On a diagram, shade the area where the
following are all true:
1
x + y > 3, x + 2y < 8, x < 0
0 x
- 4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 0 C. Graph each system of inequalities.
1. x > 5 and y>5
-2
2. x < 3 and y>2
-3
3. y < - 1 and x > -3
-4
4. y > -2 and x<1
-5
5. y < 2 and 2x + 3y < 6
6. x > 1 and y – 2x < 3

Try Linear Programming

Determine which of the points following each It is a method of solving certain problems in
system is a solution; which the mathematical model consists of a
1. x – y < 5 and 2x + y > 3 system of linear inequalities which admits
(4, 3), (8, 2), (-3, 10), many solutions. Of all the feasible solutions,
one (or more) may give the best solution called
2. x + y < 4 and 2x – y < 3 optimal solution.
(2, -3), (1, 1), (0, -1),
Graphing the constraints
y
In linear programming, there are two variables
that must satisfy several linear inequalities. 6
These inequalities are called the constraints, 3x +2y = 12
5
because they restrict the variables to only (0, 4)
certain values. 3
(2, 3)

2
A graph in the coordinate plane is used to x + 2y = 8
1
indicate the points that satisfy all of the
constraints. x
-1 0 1 2 3 (4, 0) 5 6 7 8 0
-1
Worked Examples -2
1. Graph the solution set to the system of -3
inequalities and identify each vertex of the
region:
x 0, y 0, 3x + 2y 12 and x + 2y 8 The vertices of the region are identified as (0,
0), (4, 0) and (0, 4). To find the fourth vertex,
Solution solve 3x + 2y = 12 and x + 2y = 8
Graph the line 3x + 2y = 12 using the intercepts simultaneously:
(0, 6) and (4, 0). The points on or below the 3x + 2y = 12 ………..(1)
line 3x + 2y = 12 satisfy 3x + 2y 12. x + 2y = 8 ……..……(2)

Graph the line x + 2y = 8, using the intercepts eqn (1) – eqn (2)
(0, 4) and (8, 0). The point on or below the line 2x = 4
x + 2y 8 x=2

The points that satisfy x 0, are on or to the

Put x = 2 in eqn (1)
right of the y – axis.
3(2) + 2y = 12
The point on or above the x – axis satisfy y 0, 2y = 6
y=3
Points that satisfy all the inequalities are in the The fourth vertex is (2, 3)
shaded region.
Exercises 8.7 Flour Fat
A. Indicate on Cartesian diagrams, the (g) (g)
solution set of each of the systems of First kind of cake (x) 200 25
Second kind of cake (y) 100 50
inequalities for x, y R:
1. x 0, y 0, x+ y 5
Suppose that x is the number of cakes of the
2. x 0, y 0, x + 2y 8
first kind and y is the number of cake of the
3. x 0, y 0, 2x + 3y 12
second kind.
4. x 8, y 0, y 5, x + y 8 Since we shall need (200x + 100y)g of flour and
we have 4000g,
B. Indicate on Cartesian diagrams, the 200x + 100y 4000
solution set of each of the systems of ⇒2x + y 40……………(1)
inequalities for x, y R:
1. x 0, y 0, x + y 4, x + y 7
Since we shall need (25x + 50y)g of fat and we
2. x 0, y 0, x + y 6, 3x + 8y 24 have 1200g,
3. x 0, x 0, y 0, y x+2 25x + 50y 1200
4. x 8, y 6, x + 4y 8, 2x + y > 8 ⇒x + 2y 48……………(2)

Writing the Constraints Since x and y cannot be negative integers,

(Mathematical model) x 0 …………………..(3)
1. Observe that there are two natural y 0 ………………….(4)
constraints: x 0 and y 0
2. Represent one same commodity by x and Simplifying the inequalities;
another same commodity by y. 2x + y 40……………(1)
x + 2y 48……………(2)
Worked Examples
x 0 …………………..(3)
1. One kind of cake requires 200 g of flour and
y 0 ………………….(4)
25g of fat, and another requires kind of cake
requires 100g of flour and 50g of fat. Suppose
Now, for the line 2x + y = 40
we want to make as many cake as possible but
have only 4000g of flour and 1200g of fat
Intercept on x – axis:
available, although there is no shortage of the
When y = 0, 2x + 0 = 40
various other ingredients. How many cakes of
2x = 40
each kind should we make?
x = 20
The intercept on the x – axis is (20, 0)
Solution
The data in the problem are set out concisely in
Intercept on y – axis:
the following table;
When x = 0, 2(0) + y = 40
y = 40
 The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 40) (ft2) of plywood and 6ft2 of insulation. A large
dog house requires 16ft2 of plywood and 3ft2 of
x 20 0 insulation. Jude has available only 48ft2 of
y 0 40 plywood and 18ft2 of insulation. Write the
constraints on the number of small and large of
For the line x + 2y = 48, houses that he can build with the available
supplies and graph the solution set to the
Intercept on x – axis: system of constraints.
When y = 0, x + 2(0) = 48
x = 48 Solution
Let x represent the number of small dog houses
The intercept on the x – axis is (48, 0) and y represent the number of large dog houses

Intercept on y – axis: plywood Insulation

When x = 0, 0 + 2y = 48 (ft2) (ft2)
2y = 48 Small dog 8 6
y = 24 house (x)
The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 24) Large dog 16 3
house (y)
x 48 0
y 0 24 A small dog house requires 8sq feet (ft2) of
y
plywood and a large dog house requires 16ft2 of
44 plywood. Since only 48ft2of plywood is
40 available, we have;
36 8x + 16y 48……………(1)
32
28 A small dog house requires 6 (ft2) of insulation
24 and a large dog house requires 3ft2 of
20 (13, 16 .8) insulation. Since only 18ft2 of insulation is
16 available, we have;
12 6x + 3y 18……………(2)
8
4 Natural constraints
x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 x 0 …………………..(3)
y 0 …………………..(4)
13g of first kind (x) and 16.8g of second kind (y)

2. Jude is in the business constructing dog Simplify the inequalities to get the following
houses. A small dog house requires 8sq feet constraints:
x + 2y 6……………(1)
2x + y 6……………(2)
y
x 0 ……………… ..(3)
y 0 …………………(4) 6
5
x + 2y = 6
Now, for the line x + 2y = 6 4
Intercept on x – axis: (0, 3)
When y = 0, x + 2(0) = 6 2 (2, 2)
x=6 1 2x + y = 6
The intercept on the x – axis is (6, 0)
x
0 1 2 (3, 0) 4 5 6 0
Intercept on y – axis:
When x = 0, 0 + 2y = 6
y=3 Exercises 8.8
The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 3) Graph the solution set to each system of
inequalities and identify each vertex of the
x 6 0 region.
y 0 3 1. x 0, y 0, x + y 5
2. x 0, y 0, 2x + y 4, x + y 3
For the line 2x + y = 6 3. x 0, y 0, 2x + y 3, x + y 2
Intercept on x – axis: 4. x 0, y 0, 3x + 2y 12, 2x + y 7
When y = 0, 2x + 0 = 6 5. x 0, y 0, x + 3y 15, 2x + y 10
x=3
The intercept on the x – axis is (3, 0) Maximum or Minimum Values
Consider the points belonging to the solution
Intercept on y – axis: set of the system of inequalities for which x
When x = 0, 2(0) + y = 6 W and y W. Each member of this set is a
y=6 called a feasible solution of the problem. For
The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 6) example in the diagram below any point in the
shaded region is a feasible solution:
x 3 0
y 0 6
 y
Worked Example
44
1. a. Show the solution set of the following
40
system of inequalities;
36
32
x + y 3, x + 2y 4, x 0, y 0
28
b. Mark with dots the points (0, 0), (1, 0), (2,
0), (3, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (0, 2)
24
(13, 16 .8) c. which points give the maximum value of
16 x + y on the solution set, for x, y W?
12
Solution
4 a. For the line x + y = 3
x Intercept on x – axis:
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
When y = 0, x + 0 = 3
The points (0, 0), (0, 24), (5, 21), (10, 19), (11, x=3
18), (12, 15), (15, 10), (20, 0) are all feasible The intercept on the x – axis is (3, 0)
solutions.
Intercept on y – axis:
To get a solution which is as good as possible, When x = 0, 0 + y = 3
called an optimal solution, the need arises to y=3
find points whose coordinates satisfy the given The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 3)
conditions and which gives a maximum value
of x + y. From the diagram, the values of x + y x 3 0
are investigated at points on, or near the y 0 3
boundary of the polygon formed, especially at
a vertex. The coordinates and the For the line x + 2y = 4
corresponding values of x and y are listed as
follows: Intercept on x – axis:
When y = 0, x + 2(0) = 4
x 0 0 5 10 11 12 15 20 x=4
y 0 24 21 19 18 15 10 0 The intercept on the x – axis is (4, 0)
x+y 0 24 26 29 29 27 25 20
Intercept on y – axis:
Optimal solutions are given by x = 11 and y = When x = 0, 0 + 2y = 4
18 and by x = 10 and y = 19. So the optimal y=2
value of x + y is 29. The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 2)

Hence the best use of ingredients is by baking x 4 0

11 cakes of the first kind and 18 of the second y 0 2
or 10 of the first and 19 of the second.
Natural constraints: x 0, and y 0 3. Graph the set determine by:
y x + 3y 30, 5x + y 50, 5x + 3y 90
6 a. Examine the values of:
5 i. 3x + y
4 ii. 2x + 3y at and near the points (0, 50), (5, 20),
3 (15, 5), (30, 0) and hence find the minimum
x+y=3
value on the solution set of each of these linear
(0, 2)
forms.
1 (1, 1)
x + 2y = 4
x Maximizing and Minimizing a Linear
0 1 2 (3, 0) 4 5 6 0 Function
The maximum or minimum value of a linear
x 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 0 function subject to linear constraints occur at a
y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 vertex of the region determine by the
x+y 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 2
constraints.
c. From the table, the points that give the
maximum value of x + y is (3, 0) and (2, 1) A function of the form f(x, y)= Ax + By + C,
where A,B and C are real numbers, is called a
Exercises 8.9 linear function of two variables.
A. 1. Show the solution set of the system of
inequalities; Strategy for Linear programming
x + y 4, 2x + y 6, x 0, y 0 Use the following steps to find the maximum or
b. On the diagram mark with dots the points (3, minimum value of a linear function subject to
0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (0, 3), (1, 3), (0, 4) and linear constraints.
write the value of 2x + y at each point. 1. Graph the region that satisfies all the
c. which points give the maximum value of x + constraints.
y on the solution set , for x, y W? 2. Determine the coordinates of each vertex of
d. Find the maximum value of 2x + y on the the region.
solution set for x, y W? 3. Evaluate the function at each vertex of the
region.
2. Show the solution set of the system of 4. Identify which vertex gives the maximum or
inequalities; the minimum value of the function.
x + y 3, x + 2y 4, x 0, y 0
b. Mark the points (4, 0), (4, 1), (3, 1), (2, 1), Worked Examples
(2, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3) , (0, 3), (0, 4) and write the 1. A small dog house requires 8ft2 of plywood
and write the value of 2x + 3y at each point. and 6ft2 of insulation. A large dog house
c. Deduce the minimum value of 2x + 3y on the requires 16 ft2 of plywood and 3 ft2 of
solution set, for x, y W and the corresponding insulation. Only 48ft2 of ply wood an s18ft of
replacements for x and y. insulation are available. If a small dog house
sells for Ghȼ15 and a large dog house sell for Intercept on y – axis:
Ghȼ20, then how many dog houses of each type When x = 0, 0 + 2y = 6
should be built to maximize the revenue and to y=3
satisfy the constraints? The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 3)

Solution x 6 0
Let x represent the number of small dog houses y 0 3
and y represent the number of large dog houses.
For the line 2x + y = 6
plywood Insulation Intercept on x – axis:
(ft2) (ft2) When y = 0, 2x + 0 = 6
Small dog house (x) 8 6 x=3
Large dog house (y) 16 3 The intercept on the x – axis is (3, 0)

A small dog house requires 8sq feet (ft2) of Intercept on y – axis:

plywood and a large dog house requires 16ft2 of When x = 0, 2(0) + y = 6
plywood. Since only 48ft2 of plywood is y=6
available, we have; The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 6)
8x + 16y 48……………(1)
x 3 0
A small dog house requires 6 (ft2) of insulation y 0 6
and a large dog house requires 3ft2 of
insulation. Since only 18ft2 of insulation is y
available, we have; 6
6x + 3y 18……………(2) 5
x + 2y = 6
4
Simplify the inequalities to get the following (0, 3)
constraints: 2 (2, 2)
x + 2y 6……………(1)
1 2x + y = 6
2x + y 6……………(2)
x 0 ……………… ..(3) x
0 1 2 (3, 0) 4 5 6 0
y 0 …………………(4)

Now, for the line x + 2y = 6 From the graph, the vertices are (0,0), (0, 3), (3,
Intercept on x – axis: 0) and (2, 2)
When y = 0, x + 2(0) = 6 The revenue function is:
x=6 R(x, y) = 15x + 20y
The intercept on the x – axis is (6, 0)
The maximum value of the function occurs at carbohydrate. If the meal is to contain at least
the vertex. Hence evaluate the function at each 18 g of carbohydrate, then;
vertex as: 6x + 3y 18……………(2)
R(0, 0) = 15(0) + 20(0) = Gh¢0
R(0, 3) = 15(0) + 20(3) = Gh¢60 Simplify the two inequalities and use the two
R(3, 0) = 15(3) + 20(0) = Gh¢45 natural constraints to obtain the following
R(2, 2) = 15(2) + 20(2) = Gh¢70 inequalities:
x + 2y 6 …………….(1)
From the list, the maximum revenue is Gh¢70 2x + y 6……………..(2)
when two small and two large dog houses are x 0 ………………….(3)
built. The minimum revenue is Gh¢0 when no y 0…………………..(4)
dog houses of either type are built.
Now, for the line x + 2y = 6
2. One serving of food A contains 2g of protein Intercept on x – axis:
and 6g of carbohydrates. One serving of food B When y = 0, x + 2(0)= 6
contains 4g of protein and 3g of carbohydrates. x=6
A dietician wants a meal that contains at least The intercept on the x – axis is (6, 0)
12g of protein and at least 18g of carbohydrate.
If the cost of food A is Gh¢9.00 per serving and Intercept on y – axis:
the cost of food B is Gh¢20.00 per serving, then When x = 0, 0 + 2y = 6
how many serving of each food would y=3
minimize the cost and satisfy the constraints? The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 3)

Solution x 6 0
Let x represent the number of servings of food y 0 3
A and y represent the number of servings of
For the line 2x + y = 6
food B.
Intercept on x – axis:
When y = 0, 2x + 0 = 6
Protein (g) Carbohydrate(g) x=3
Food A (x) 2 6 The intercept on the x – axis is (3, 0)
Food B (y) 4 3
Intercept on y – axis:
Each serving of A contains 2g of protein and When x = 0, 2(0) + y = 6
each serving of B contains 4g of protein. If the y=6
meal is to contain at least 12 of protein, then
2x + 4y 12 ……………(1) The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 6)

Each serving of A contains 6g of carbohydrate x 3 0

and each serving of B contains 3g of y 0 6
 each touring model and Gh¢12.00 on each
racing model, write down an expression in x
y
and y for his total profit. What is the maximum
6 x + 2y = 6 profit?
5
4 Solution
(0, 3) a. Let x represent touring models and y
2 represents racing models.
(2, 2)
1 2x + y = 6

x Touring model x 30x

0 1 2 (3, 0) 4 5 Racing model y 40y
6 0

From the graph the vertices are (0, 6), (6, 0), The dealer wishes to buy up to 25 cycles for
and (2, 2) stock s:
⇒x + y 25……………..(1)
The cost of x serving of A and y servings of B
is given by the function, He intends to purchase touring models at
C(x, y) = 9x + 20y Gh¢30.00 each and racing models at Gh¢40.00
each, and has planned an outlay of not more
The cost at each vertex is as follows; than Gh¢840.00
C(0, 6) = 9(0) + 20(6) = Gh¢120 ⇒30x + 40y 840……………(2)
C(6, 0) = 9(6) + 20(0) = Gh¢54
C(2, 2) = 9(2) + 20(2) = Gh¢58 The involving inequalities are:
The minimum cost of Gh¢54 is attained by x + y 25…………….(1)
using 6 servings of A and no servings of B. 3x + 4y 84………….(2)
x 0 ………………….(3)
3. A cycle dealer wishes to buy up to 25 cycles y 0…………………..(4)
for stock. He intends to purchase touring
models at Gh¢30.00 each and racing models at Now, for the line x + y = 25
Gh¢40.00 each, and has planned an outlay of Intercept on x – axis:
not more than Gh¢840.00 When y = 0, x + 0 = 25
a. Suppose he buys x touring models and y x = 25
racing models. Write down four inequalities The intercept on the x – axis is (25, 0)
that must be satisfied by x and y.
b. Show graphically the solution set of the Intercept on y – axis:
system of inequalities, taking replacements for When x = 0, 0 + y = 25
x and y from 0 to 30. y = 25
c. If he expects to make a profit of Gh¢10.00 on The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 25).
 x 25 0 The profit at each vertex:
y 0 25 P(0, 0) = 10(0) +12(0) = Gh¢0
P(0, 2) = 10(0) +12(20) = Gh¢240
For the line 3x + 4y = 84 P(16, 9) = 10(16) +12(9) = Gh¢268
Intercept on x – axis: P(25, 0) = 10(25) +12(0) = Gh¢250
When y = 0, 3x + 4(0) = 84
3x = 84 The maximum profit of Gh¢268 is attained by
x = 28 buying 16 touring models and 9 racing models.
The intercept on the x – axis is (28, 0)
Exercises 8.10
Intercept on y – axis: 1. A factory turns out two articles A and B,
When x = 0, 3(0) + 4y = 84 each of which is processed by two machines M
4y = 84 and N, A requires two hours of M and 4 hours
y = 21 of N. B requires 4 hours of M and 2 hours of N.
The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 21) a. If x is the number of A and y is the number of
B produced daily, write down two inequalities
x 28 0 in x and y, noting that neither M nor N can work
y 0 21 more that 24 hour a day.
b. b. Assuming that all articles produced are sold,
y if each article A yields a profit of Ghȼ3.00 and
article B yields a profit of Ghȼ5.00, find a
relation giving the daily profit GhȼP;
c. From graphical consideration, find how
45
many of each article should be produced daily
40
35
for maximum profit. Calculate this profit.
30
25 2. An aircraft has seats for not more than 48
x + y = 25
20 passengers. Those willing to pay first – class
15 fares can take 60kg of baggage each, but tourist
10 (16, 9) class passengers are restricted to 20 kg each.
5 3x + 4y = 84 Only 1440kg of baggage can be carried
x together.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
a. If x is the number of first class passengers
and y is the number of tourist passengers, write
c. The function is : down in simplest form, four inequalities
P(x, y) = 10x +12y satisfied by x and y.
From the graph, the vertices are (0,0), (0, 20), b. Illustrate on a squared paper the regions in
(16, 9) and (25,0) which feasible solution of these inequalities can
be found.
c. If first – class fares are Gh¢100.00 and a. suppose that x is the number of cars and y is
tourist fares Gh¢50.00 each, use the diagram to the number of buses to be accommodated, write
find the number of passengers of each kind that down a system of inequalities in x and y which
should be carried for maximum profit, and the models the given facts.
gross sum that will be obtained. b. Show on a graph the solution set of the
system of inequalities.
3. One cake requires 150g flour and 50g fat, c. If the parking charge for a car is Gh¢25 and
and another requires75 g flour and 75g fat. We for a bus Gh¢75, the income, I, is given by I =
want to make as many cakes as possible of the 25x + 75y. By maximizing I, find how many of
two kinds when 2.25 kg flour and 1.5 kg fat are each should be parked for maximum income,
available. and state this income. Ans: 20, 10, Gh12.50
a. Let x be the number of cakes of the first kind,
and y the number of cakes of the second kind. 6. A doctor advises a patient to take daily at
Write down two obvious inequalities for x and least 10 units of vitamin B1 and at least 15 units
y, and show that the two further inequalities of vitamin B2. That patient finds he can buy
reduce to 2x + y 30 and 2x + 3y 60. tablets containing 2 units of vitamin B1 and 1
b. Show on a Cartesian diagram the solution set unit of vitamin B2 or capsules containing 1 unit
of the above inequalities. of B1 and 3 units of B2.
c. Find replacements for x and y on the solution a. Suppose that the patient uses x tablets and y
set which will maximize x + y, and hence write capsules daily. Write down a system of four
down the number of each kind of cake which inequalities in x and y which must be satisfied.
gives as good a solution as possible. b. Taking a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit on each axis,
show the solution set of this system.
4. Sam and Doris manufacture rocking chairs c. Assuming that a tablet cost Gh¢0.5 and a
and porch swings. Each rocker requires 3 hour capsule Ghȼ1.00, write down the daily cost I
of work from Sam and 2 hours from Doris. terms of x, y and hence find how many of each
Each swing requires 2 hours of work from Sam the patient should take to make the cost as
and 2 hours from Doris. Sam cannot work more small as possible. State the daily cost.
than 48 hours per week, and Doris cannot work
more than 40 hours per week. If a rocker sells 7. Gh¢100 worth of product A needs 30 kg of
for Gh¢160.00 and a swing sells for raw material and 18 hours machine time.
Gh¢100.00, then how many of each should be Product B needs 20 kg of the same raw material
made per week to maximize the revenue? and 24 hours of machine time for Gh¢100
worth. Find, by graphical method, the
5. The parking area in a small car park is maximum value of products that can be made
360m2. The average area for a car is 6m2 and with 720 hours of machine time and 750kg of
for a bus 24m2. Not more than 30 vehicles can raw material. (Let x be the number Gh¢100
be accommodated. worth of A and y, the number of Gh¢100 worth
of B that are required.
8. A manufacturer makes two compounds X 10. An agency for famine relief has available
and Y which contains the following quantities 10 sacks of rice and 20 sacks of beans. Each
of vitamins A and B. sack weighs 50kg. A sack of rice occupies
0.1m3, and 750 meals can be served from it. A
X Y sack of beans occupies occupies a volume of
Vit A 5 units per g 5 units per g 0.25m3 and 1000 meals can be served from it.
Vit B 15 units per g 5 units per g The delivery van can carry 600kg in weight and
2 m3 in volume;
X cost Gh¢2.00 per g and Y cost Gh¢1.00 per g. i. If the van is loaded with x sacks of rice and y
The manufacturer wants a mixture of X and Y to sacks of of beans, write down six inequalities
contain at least 50 units of vitamin A and at which x and y must satisfy.
least 60 units of vitamin B. how many grams of ii. Illustrate these inequalities on a graph,
each does he use to make the mixture as showing the area in which x and y must lie.
cheaply as possible. iii. Write down an expression for the number of
meals which can be served from the van load.
9. A farmer who wishes to grow crop X and Y Hence, find how many sacks of each should be
has kept an area of about 70 hectares of land for taken in order to provide the grestest number of
this purpose. He has 240 man – days of labour meals.
available to work the land, and he spents up to
Gh1800. The requirement of the ccrops are as 11. A contractor hiring earth moving machine
follows: equipment has the choice of two machines.
Type A cost Ghȼ25 per day to hire, needs one
X Y man to operate it, and moves 30 tonnes of earth
Min number of hectares to be sown 10 20 per day. Type B cost Ghȼ10 per day, needs four
Man – days per hectares 2 4 men to operate it and moves 70 tonnes of earth
Cash cost per hectare in Ghȼ 30 20 per day. The contractor can spend up to
Ghȼ500 per day, has a labour force of 64 men
If x and y represent the number of hectares to available, and can use a maximum of 25
be used for the crop X and Y respectively, write machines on the site.
down in their simplest form the inequalities x i. If he hires x machines of type A and y
and y must satisfy. machines of type B, write down three
inequalities, other than x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0, which
On the graph sheet, using a scale of 2cm to 10 must be satistfied. Show graphically the set of
units on both the x – axis and the y – axis, draw possible values of (x. y)
appropriate straight lines to find the region ii. Write down an expression in terms of x and y
within which the point (x, y) must lie if the for the number of tonnes of earth moved dialy,
inequalities are to be satisfied. Indicate the and hence find the maximum weight of earth
region by thickening its boundaries. the contractor can move in a day.
Challenge Problems so as to contain at least 6 tonnes of copper, 7.2
1. a. Graph the set determined by : tonnes of A and 6 tonnes of B.
x + 3y ≥ 30, 5x + y ≥50, 5x + 3y≥90 a. If x tonnes of X are mixed and y tons of Y,
b. Examine the values of: show that 5x + 2y 60, x 0, y 0 and write
i. 3x + y down in simplest form two other inequalities
ii. 2x + 3y at and near the points (0, 50), (5, 20), that must be satisfied.
(15, 5), (30, 0) and hence find the minimum b. show on a Cartesian diagram, with scale 2cm
value on the solution set of each of these linear to 5 units, the region of feasible solutions for
forms. the problem.
c. Given that X cost Gh¢400 a tonne and Y cost
2. The diest for some animals is to consist of Gh¢200 a tonne, write down an expression for
two foods A and B. The animals must have at the total cost. Hence, find the number of tonnes
least 20 units per day of a certain ingredients, of X and Y which must be mixed and the total
of which 3 units occur in each kilogram of A cost.
but only 1 unit in each kilogram of B. They also d. If the cost of Y is doubled, what would the
need 30 units per day of another ingredients, of minimum cost have been?
which 1 unit occurs in each kilogram of A and 2
units in each kilogram of B. 3. A factory employs unskilled workers who
a. Suppose that xkg of A and y kg of B are earn Ghȼ12.00 a week and skilled workers who
required. Write down three inequalities in earn Ghȼ24.00 a week . The weekly wage bill
addition to x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0, that must be must not exceed Ghȼ2,160.00. The machine
satisfied by x and y. requires a minimum of 105 operators of whom
b. Illustrate the solution set by inequations by a at least 40 must be skilled. Union regulations
graph . require that the number of skilled workers
c. What is the least mass of A and of B to should be at least half the number of unskilled
provide the necessary diet? workers.
i. If x is the number of unskilled and y is the
3. The composition per tonne (1000kg) of two number of skilled workers, write down the
metal alloys x and y is shown in the following inequalities , other than x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 which
table; govern x and y.
ii. Illustrate these results on a diagram, and
Copper Metal A Metal B from your diagram,obtain the range within
kg kg kg which the number of unskilled workers must
Alloy X 500 300 200 lie.
Allow Y 200 300 500
Using the Search Line ax + by = k
Another metal alloy is to be produced as
Consider the shaded region below which shows
cheaply as possible from a mixture of x and y
the solution set of the system of inequalities:
3x + y 9, 2x + y 8, x 0, y 0 for x, y R
 y point P at the extremity of the feasible region.
The required line is x + 2y = 7, and so the
maximum value of x + 2y in the region is 7.
That is at P(3, 2), x + 2y = 3 + 2(2) =7 .
4
Note:
3 The line parallel to the line ax + by = 0 can be
drawn using a ruler and set square. For x, y
2 P R, the optimal point or points, always come on
the edge of the feasible region and usually a
1 vertex.

x Worked Examples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Show the solution set of the following system
x + 2y = 0 x + 2y = 2 x + 2y = 4 x + 2y = 7 of inequalities:
x + y 4, x + 3y 6, x 0, y 0 for x, y R
To find the maximum value of the linear form a. on your diagram, draw the set of lines x + 2y
such as x + 2ysubject to the above conditions,
= k, k = 0, 1, 3, 5
consider the set of parallel lines corresponding
to the equation x + 2y = k, given by different b. Deduce the maximum value of x + 2y subject
replacements for k, where k R to the above restriction, and state the
corresponding replacements for x and y.
In the figure, the lines have equations given by (Use scale of 2cm : 1 unit)
k = 0, 2, 4, 7. Notice that the greater the value
of k the further the line is from the origin. Solution
Name the equations as:
Examining the properties of some of these x + y 4…………… (1)
lines: x + 3y 6………… (2)
1. k = 0, gives the line through the origin, x 0 ……………… (3)
x + 2y = 0, which gives minimum value zero of y 0…………………(4)
x + 2y in the region. That is, when x = 0 and y =
0, x + 2y = 0 + 2(0) = 0 For the line x + y = 4
Intercept on x – axis:
2. k = 2, gives the line which cuts off a When y = 0, x + 0 = 4
triangular portion of the feasible region in x=4
which x + 2y is less than or equal to 2. That is, The intercept on the x – axis is (4, 0)
when x = 0 and y = 1, x + 2y = 0 + 2(1) = 2
Intercept on y – axis:
3. To find an optimal value of x + 2y, draw a When x = 0, 0 + y = 4
line parallel to the line x + 2y = 0, through the y=4
 The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 4) The maximum value of x + 2y is 5 and it occurs
at (3, 1).
x 4 0
y 0 4 Exercises 8.11
1. Two variable, x and satisfies the following
For the line x + 3y = 6 inequalities:
Intercept on x – axis: 2x + y 14, x + 2y 16, x – y 4
When y = 0, x + 3(0) = 6 a. Draw a graph of these inequalities and the
x=6 region in which (x, y) can lie.
The intercept on the x – axis is (6, 0) b. Find the maximum and the minimum values
of 3y + x.
Intercept on y – axis: c. Find also the maximum and minimum values
When x = 0, 0 + 3y = 6 of y + 3x. Ans : 28, 18
3y = 6
y=2 2. i. Show the solution set of the system of
The intercept on the y – axis is (0, 2) inequalities (x, y R):
x + y 6, 2x + y 3, x 1, x 4, y
x 6 0 ii. Using ruler and set square draw suitable
y 0 2 parallels to the line 4x + y = 0 to show that,
For x + 2y = 0, when x = 0, y=0
subject to the above conditions:
For x + 2y = 1, when x = 0, y = 0.5
ithe minimum value of 4x + y is 5
For x + 2y = 3, when x = 0, y = 1.5
ii. the maximum value of 4x + y is 18.
For x + 2y = 5, when x = 0, y = 2.5
y Quadratic Inequalities
A quadratic inequality is the one that can be
written in the following standard forms:
ax2 + bx + c < 0, ax2 + bx + c 0, ax2 + bx +
4 c > 0, ax2 + bx + c 0
x+y=4
3 To be precise, a quadratic inequality is said to
be in standard form when the inequality is set to
2 zero. For example, 2x2 - 6x + 4 = 0.
(3, 1)
1 Solving Quadratic Inequalities
x + 3y = 6 In general, quadratic inequalities are solved
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 40 45
with the following steps:
x + 2y = 5 1. Replace ≥, ≤, < > with = (make it an
x + 2y = 3 equation.
x + 2y = 1
2. Solve the equation to find the roots.
3. Test a number between the roots in the Note that product of two factors with the same
original inequality (usually 0) sign is positive and with opposite signs is
4. Two possibilities arise: negative.
a. If the inequality holds, then the  If the quadratic expression is less than
solution lies between the roots. or less than or equal to 0, then the
b. If the inequality does not hold, then values that cause the quadratic
the solution does not lie between the expression to negative are required.
roots.
 If the quadratic expression is greater
Note that you can also test a number outside the than or greater than or equal to 0, then
roots. The roots of the equation are also called the values that cause the quadratic
“critical values ”of the inequality. expression to negative are required.

Other methods such as the sign graph of factors 6. Write the solution set and graph it.
and the test point (similar to the generally
steps) can also be used. Worked Examples
1. Solve x2 + 2x – 15 < 0, using a sign graph of
Worked Examples factors. Write your answer in interval notation
Using a Sign Graph of Factors and graph it.
This method works if only the quadratic
inequality can be factorized. If not then the test Solution
point method is applicable. x2 + 2x – 15 < 0 (standard form)

Steps x2 + 2x – 15 = 0 (solve by factorization)

2
1. Write the inequality in standard form. (x – 3x) + (5x – 15) = 0
2. Solve the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = x(x – 3) + 5(x – 3)
0, by factorization to obtain the roots or (x + 5)(x – 3) = 0
boundaries. ⇒x + 5 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
3. Use the boundaries obtained to mark off x= -5 or x = 3
intervals on the number line to create three -5 and 3 are boundary points.
regions and list all the factors found in step 2.
4. Find the sign of every factor in the interval The two boundaries create three regions (- , -
by choosing any value in the interval and 5) (-5, 3) and (3, ) on the graph or number
plugging into each factor. Make sure the sign line as shown below:
(positive or negative) of every factor in every
interval is found. x+5
5. Using the signs found, determine the sign of x -3
the overall quadratic function in each interval.
, -5 -5 (-5, 3) 3 ,
Test -6 in the first interval: Solution set = {x : -5 < x < 3}
When x = -6 Interval notation = (-5, 3)
(x + 5) and (x – 3)
- 6 + 5 = -1 and - 6 – 3 = -9 Graph
(–,–)
( )
-5 3
Test 0 in the second interval:
Alternatively;
When x = 0
(x + 5) and (x – 3) becomes
0 + 5 = 5 and 0 – 3 = -3
(+,–)
-5 3

Test 4 in the third interval:

When x = 4 2. Solve -x2 + 2x + 8 < 0 and represent the
(x + 5) and (x – 3) solution set graphically.
4 + 5 = 9 and 4 – 3 = 1
(+, +)
x+5
Solution
x -3 -x2 + 2x + 8 < 0 (original equation)
x2 – 2x – 8 > 0 (standard form)
-5 3
x2 – 2x – 8 = 0 ( Solve by factorization)
2
Product of signs: (x + 2x) – (4x – 8) = 0
Interval one; x ( x + 2) – 4(x + 2) = 0
= (–) (–) = + (x + 2) (x – 4) = 0 (factors)
x = -2 or x = 4 (boundaries)
Interval two; x+2
= (+) (–) = - x -4

Interval three; ( , -2) -2 ( ,4) 4 ( , )

= (+) (+) = +
Test -3 in the first interval:
2
Now, the original problem is x + 2x – 15 < 0.
For the quadratic expression to be less than 0, a When x = -3
negative sign is required. The only interval in (x + 2) and (x – 4)
which the quadratic is negative is the second -3 + 2 = -1 and -3 – 4 = -7
interval; (-5, 3) (–, –)
Test 0 in the second interval: Alternatively;

When x = 0
(x + 2) and (x – 4)
-2 4
0 + 2 = 2 and 0 – 4 = -4
(+, –)
3. Solve using a sign graph of factors. Write
Test 5 in the third interval: your answer in interval notation and graph the
When x = 5 solution set 17x + 5 - 6x2.
(x + 2) and (x – 4)
5 + 2 = 7 and 5 – 4 = 1 Solution
(+, +) 17x + 5 - 6x2 (original equation)
6x2 + 17x + 5 0 (standard form)
x+2
x -4
6x2 + 17x + 5 = 0 (solve by factorization)
2
(6x + 2x) + (15x + 5) = 0
-2 4
2x(3x + 1) + 5(3x + 1) = 0
Product of signs: (2x + 5) (3x + 1) = 0
Interval one; (2x + 5) = 0 or (3x + 1) = 0
= (–) (–) = + 2x = -5 or 3x = -1
x= or x =
Interval two;
= (+) (–) = – 2x + 5
3x + 1
Interval three;
= (+) (+) = + , ( , ) ,

For x2 – 2x – 8 > 0, the first and third intervals Test -3 in the first interval:
give positive values. 2(-3) + 5 = -1 and 3(-3) + 1 = -8
( , -2) and (4, ) respectively. (–,–)

Solution set = {x : 4 x < -2} Test -2 in the second interval:

2(-2) + 5 = 1 and 3(-2) + 1 = -5
Interval notation: ( ,-2] ∪ [4, ) (+, –)

Graph Test in the third interval:

2(0) + 5 = 5 and 3(0) + 1 = 1
] [ (+, +)
-2 4
 The Test Point Method
2x + 5
This method works for any quadratic equation
3x +1
that has real number solution, whether it factors
or not.

Steps
Product of signs: 1. Write the inequality in standard form.
Interval one; 2. Solve the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c =
= (–) (–) = + 0, to get the boundary points.
3. Use the boundary points found to mark off
Interval two; test intervals on the number line.
= (+) (–) = – 4. Test a point of each test interval in ax2 + bx
+ c = 0, to see which interval is part of the
Interval three; solution set.
= (+) (+) = +  If the quadratic expression is less than
or less than or equal to (< or ) 0,
For 6x2 + 17x + 5 0, we are looking for the
then the interest is on values that make
expression to be greater than or equal to 0,
the quadratic expression negative.
which requires a positive sign (or 0).
 If the quadratic expression is greater
than or greater than or equal to (> or
The only interval in which the quadratic is
) 0, then the interest is on values that
positive is the first and third intervals:
make the quadratic expression positive.
( , - ] and [- , ) respectively.
Solution set = {x : - x - } 5. Write the solution set and graph it.

Worked Examples
Interval notation: ( , - ] ∪ [- , )
1. Solve using the test point method, write your
answer in interval notation and graph the
Graph:
solution set: 5x2 + 2x 0

] [ Solution
5x2 + 2x 0 (original equation)
5x2 + 2x 0 (standard form)
Alternatively;
5x2 + 2x = 0 (solving the equation)
x(5x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or 5x + 2 = 0
x = 0 or 5x = -2
x = 0 or x = -
 Boundary points are 0 and - Test 1 in the third interval;
= 5(1)2 + 2(1)
The boundary points create three intervals:
=5+2=7
(- ,- )( , 3) and ( 0 , ) on the number
line as shown below: Since 7 is positive and we are interested in
values that cause the expression to be less than
or equal to (negative or 0), [0, ] would not be
part of the solution.

The original problem is 5x2 + 2x 0, so the Interval notation [ , 0]

point of interest is the value (s) less than or
equal to zero.
[ ]
3
-
Test -1 in the first interval;
2. Solve using the test point method, write your
5x2 + 2x = 0
answer in interval notation and graph the
solution set of x2 – 6x > -2
When x = -1,
= 5(-1)2 + 2(-1)
Solution
=5–2=3
x2 – 6x > -2
x2 – 6x + 2 > 0
Since 3 is positive and we are interested in
values that cause the expression to be less than x2 – 6x + 2 = 0
or equal to (negative or 0), (- , - ], would not a = 1, b = - 6 and c = 2
be part of the solution. √
Substitute in x =

Test in the second interval; ( ) √( ) ( )( )

x= ( )
5x2 + 2x = 0 √
x=
When x = x=3 √

⇒5. / + 2. / Boundary points are x = 3 + √ and x = 3 – √

= =
3–√ 3 √
Since is negative and the point of interest is
The boundary points create three intervals on
in the values that cause the expression to be less the graph.
than or equal to (negative or 0), [- , ] would (- , 3 – √ ), (3 – √ , 3 + √ ) and (3 + √ , )
be part of the solution.
Test 0 in the first interval; than 0 (positive), (3 – √ , ) would be part of
x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 the solution.
= (0)2 – 6(0) + 2 Interval notation: (- , 3 – √ ) U (3 +√ , )
=2
Graph:
Since 2 is positive and we are interested in
values that cause the expression to be greater ) (
3–√ 3 √
than 0, (- , 3 – √ ), would be part of the
solution. Exercises 8.12
A. Find the solution set to each of the
Test 1 in the second interval; following inequalities
x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 1. x2 + 2x – 15 > 0 4. x2 – 2x – 3 < 0
= (1)2 – 6(1) + 2 2. 2x2 – 3x > 4 5. 2x2 – 3x < - 4
= -3
Since -3 is negative and we are interested in 3. <1 6. ≥0
values that cause the expression to be greater 7. (2x + 7) (5 – 11x) ≤ 0
than 0 (positive), (3 – √ , 3 + √ ) would not be 8. 8(x + 1) – 2 < 5(x – 6) + 7
part of the solution.
B. Solve and graph your answer
Test 6 in the third interval; 1. x2 – 6 > -5x 4. 6x2 – 5x + 1 0
x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 2. – x2 + 4 < 0 5. x2 + 12x + 32 0
= (6)2 – 6(6) + 2 3. x2 – x – 6 < 0 6. x2 + 2x – 15 > 0
=2
C. Solve and represent your answer on a
Since 2 is positive and we are interested in number line
values that cause the expression to be greater 1. x2 + 10 + 21 ≥ 0 4. x2 – 6x + 5 > 0
2. x2 + 4x > 12 5. 22 + 9x – x2 > 0
3. x2 + 2x ≤ 8 6. 15 + 8x + x2 < 0