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Morphological Image Processing Notes

Morphological image processing analyzes geometrical structures primarily in binary images using a structuring element. Key operations include erosion, dilation, opening, and closing, which manipulate object shapes and sizes, while grayscale morphology extends these concepts to intensity values. Applications range from noise removal and edge detection to shape reconstruction and pattern matching.

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16 views2 pages

Morphological Image Processing Notes

Morphological image processing analyzes geometrical structures primarily in binary images using a structuring element. Key operations include erosion, dilation, opening, and closing, which manipulate object shapes and sizes, while grayscale morphology extends these concepts to intensity values. Applications range from noise removal and edge detection to shape reconstruction and pattern matching.

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siddarthabhimanyu07
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Morphological Image Processing - Study Notes

1. Fundamentals

Morphological processing is used for analyzing and processing geometrical structures.

It works best on binary images, but can be extended to grayscale images.

It uses a structuring element (SE) a small shape or template to probe the image.

2. Erosion and Dilation

Erosion (-): Shrinks or thins objects, removes boundary pixels. Removes small noise.

Formula: A - B = {z | B translated by z is completely inside A}

Dilation (+): Expands or thickens objects, adds boundary pixels. Fills small holes.

Formula: A + B = {z | the intersection of B and A is not empty when B is shifted by z}

3. Opening and Closing

Opening (open): Erosion followed by Dilation. Removes small objects while preserving shape.

Formula: A open B = (A - B) + B

Closing (close): Dilation followed by Erosion. Fills small holes or gaps in objects.

Formula: A close B = (A + B) - B

4. Hit-or-Miss Transform

Used to detect a specific pattern or shape in the image.

Formula: A x B = (A - B1) intersect (Ac - B2), where B1 and B2 are SEs for object and background.

5. Basic Morphological Algorithms

- Boundary Extraction: Boundary = A (A - B)

- Hole Filling: Fill internal holes using reconstruction.

- Connected Component Labeling: Identifies and labels individual connected objects.

- Thinning: Reduces thickness to 1-pixel wide skeleton.


Morphological Image Processing - Study Notes

- Thickening: Grows features without merging objects.

6. Morphological Reconstruction

Uses a marker and a mask image.

Reconstruction by Dilation: Iterative dilation of marker constrained by mask.

Applications: Remove small objects, fill gaps, background subtraction.

7. Grayscale Morphology

- Grayscale Dilation: Max of neighborhood; brightens features.

- Grayscale Erosion: Min of neighborhood; darkens features.

- Opening/Closing work on intensity values.

Uses: Noise removal, smoothing, edge detection.

Quick Comparison Table

Operation | Function | Effect

Erosion (-) | Shrinks objects | Removes noise, separates objects

Dilation (+) | Expands objects | Fills holes, connects parts

Opening (open) | Erosion Dilation | Removes small objects

Closing (close) | Dilation Erosion | Fills small holes

Hit-or-Miss (x) | Pattern matching | Shape detection

Reconstruction | Rebuild shapes | Remove noise, fill gaps

Grayscale Morphology | Intensity-based | Smoothing, enhancement

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