Essentials in Studying
Culture, Society, and
Politics
Lesson 1
Natural Science vs Social Science
Natural Science vs Social Science
Natural Science vs Social Science
Natural Science vs Social Science
Natural Science vs Social Science
Group of people who
shared the same laws,
rights, and resources
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ Study of humanity
➢ It came from a Latin word
“Anthropos” – means man and
Greek word “logos” – means to study
ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ It is the study of human beings and
their ancestors through time and
space in relation to physical
characteristics, environment, social
relations, and culture.
ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ It uses PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION as a method of
studying culture.
➢ It is defined as “open-ended
inductive long-term living with and
among the people to be studied.
ANTHROPOLOGY
FRANZ BOAS (1858 – 1942)
✓ Considered as the Father
of American Anthropology
✓ He advocated “historical
Particularism” and “cultural
Relativism”
ANTHROPOLOGY
EDWARD B. TYLOR
(1832-1917)
- First gave the
definition of culture
from his book Primitive
Culture (1871)
ANTHROPOLOGY
EDWARD B. TYLOR
(1832-1917)
“Culture is that complex whole
which includes knowledge, beliefs,
arts, morals, law, custom and all
aspects of man as a member of
society”
Branches of Anthropology
1. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ The study of people with their
variations and progress in terms of
culture.
➢ It also deals with the description and
analysis of the forms and styles of
social life of past and present ages.
Branches of Anthropology
2. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ The study of language, its evolution
and its connection to other
languages in society.
Branches of Anthropology
3. ARCHAEOLOGY
➢ The study of past human cultures
through their material remains.
➢ It is also the study of past human
culture through the recovery and
analysis of artifacts.
Branches of Anthropology
4. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ The study of human origin, which
includes genetics, race, evolution,
fossils and our ancestors.
Branches of Anthropology
5. APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ They analyze social, political, and
economic problems and develop
solutions to respond to present
problems.
Goals of Anthropology
✓ Observe the common things among
people (tradition, languages and
others)
✓ Discover what makes people different
from each other.
✓ Create new knowledge through
researches about humankind and
behavior.
SOCIOLOGY
➢ The study of society.
➢ Came from the Latin word “socius” –
means companion and Greek word
“logos” – means to study.
➢ It is a systematic study of human
relationship along with human society
and interaction.
SOCIOLOGY
SOCIETY is where social interactions
occur. Their members interact with
one another and cooperate to achieve
objectives collectively that they could
not achieve as individuals.
SOCIOLOGY
AUGUSTE COMTE
(1798-1857)
- He coined the term
“sociology” in 1838.
- He introduced the term
POSITIVISM
SOCIOLOGY
AUGUSTE COMTE
(1798-1857)
- POSITIVISM advocates
the study of society
scientifically through
evidences, experiments,
and statistics to clearly
see the operations of the
society.
SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX
(1818 - 1883)
- A German philosopher and
economist. He made
Communist Manifesto
(1848) with Friedrich
Engels (1820 – 1895)
SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX
(1818 - 1883)
Communist Manifesto – this
book presents Marx’s theory
of society, which different
from the point of view of
Comte.
SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX
(1818 - 1883)
He disagreed with Comte’s
positivism and believed that
societies developed and
progressed because of the
struggles of different social
classes over the means of
production.
SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM
(1858 - 1917)
- He defended sociology as
a separate and
independent field from
psychology.
SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM
(1858 - 1917)
- His notable works are The
Division of Labor in Society
which tackles the
transformation of a society
from a primitive state into a
capitalist, industrial society.
SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM
(1858 - 1917)
- He also published a work titled
Suicide (1897). He searched
different police districts to
study suicide statistics that
would reveal differences from
the communities of Catholics
and Protestants.
Areas of Sociology
1. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
➢ Pertains to a group of interacting
people with the same goals.
Areas of Sociology
2. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
➢ Study of how people’s thoughts,
feelings, beliefs, intentions and
behavior are influenced by the
social environment.
Areas of Sociology
3. HUMAN ECOLOGY
➢ Study of interactions between
human beings and nature in
different cultures.
Areas of Sociology
4. APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
➢ The information about society to
solve social issues.
Goals of Sociology
✓ Study the nature of humanity.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
➢ The word political came from a Greek
word “polis” – means city-state and
science comes from Latin word “scire”
which means to know.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
➢ It is a discipline in social science
concerned primarily in the state,
government, and politics.
