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IEB Physics Expanded Notes

The document provides notes on momentum, impulse, work, energy, and power for IEB Grade 12. It covers key concepts such as the conservation of momentum in collisions, the definitions and formulas for impulse, work, kinetic and potential energy, and the distinction between conservative and non-conservative forces. Additionally, it explains the work-energy theorem and the conservation of mechanical energy.

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102 views3 pages

IEB Physics Expanded Notes

The document provides notes on momentum, impulse, work, energy, and power for IEB Grade 12. It covers key concepts such as the conservation of momentum in collisions, the definitions and formulas for impulse, work, kinetic and potential energy, and the distinction between conservative and non-conservative forces. Additionally, it explains the work-energy theorem and the conservation of mechanical energy.

Uploaded by

n6hnr9xqqz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Momentum, Impulse, Work, Energy &

Power – IEB Grade 12 Notes


⚡ Momentum
Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity (direction
matters).

Formula: p = mv

Where:
p = momentum (kg·m/s)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum


In a closed, isolated system, the total linear momentum before a collision is equal to the
total linear momentum after the collision.

Formula: m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂

Elastic and Inelastic Collisions


In all collisions, linear momentum is conserved. However, mechanical energy behaves
differently:

🔹 Elastic Collision:

- Both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.


- Total kinetic energy before = Total kinetic energy after.

🔸 Inelastic Collision:

- Only momentum is conserved.


- Some kinetic energy is converted to other forms (sound, heat, deformation).
- Perfectly inelastic: Objects stick together after the collision.

💥 Impulse
Impulse is the product of the net force and the time the force acts. It equals the change in
momentum.

Formula: FΔt = Δp = mv - mu

Impulse is also the area under a Force-Time graph.


⚙️Work, Energy & Power

Work
Work is done when a force causes displacement.

Formula: W = Fd cos(θ)

Energy
🔹 Kinetic Energy: Eₖ = ½mv²

🔸 Potential Energy (gravitational): Eₚ = mgh

Power
Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of energy transfer.

Formula: P = W / t

Conservation of Mechanical Energy


In the absence of non-conservative forces (like friction), the total mechanical energy of a
system remains constant.

Total Mechanical Energy (E) = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy

If mechanical energy is conserved: Eₖ₁ + Eₚ₁ = Eₖ₂ + Eₚ₂

Work-Energy Theorem
The net work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.

Formula: W_net = ΔEₖ = ½mv² - ½mu²

Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces


🔹 Conservative Forces:

- Work done is path-independent.


- Total mechanical energy (kinetic + potential) is conserved.
- Examples: Gravitational force, spring force.

🔸 Non-Conservative Forces:

- Work done depends on the path taken.


- Mechanical energy is not conserved; some is converted to other forms (e.g., heat, sound).
- Examples: Friction, air resistance.

When non-conservative forces are present, the Work-Energy Theorem becomes:

W_nc = ΔEₖ + ΔEₚ


Where:
W_nc = Work done by non-conservative forces

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