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Vol. 7, Issue 3, March 2018

Vertical Forest to Clean Environment

Prof. Rupali Goud1, Nitesh Kumar Chauhan2, Himanshu Lokhande3, Sanjay Bohre4
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SVITS, SVVV, Indore, India1
U. G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SVITS, SVVV, Indore, India 2
U. G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SVITS, SVVV, Indore, India 3
U. G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SVITS, SVVV, Indore, India 4

ABSTRACT: Today air pollution is responsible for many health problems in the urban areas. Many metro cites in the
world is suffering from air pollution problems. Due to air pollution problem not only humans but animals and birds
were also suffering from this problem. This paper provides an idea that how can we reduce pollution from air. The
simple way to reduce pollution from air is to grow more and more plants. But in metro cites there were not that much
place available to grow plants or trees on land. Therefore we are going to introduce “Vertical Forest By Aquaponics
Techniques”. We can grow plants on building balcony by Aquaponics technique. In this we can grow plant without the
help of soil. If we grow the plant by Aquaponics technique than due to that there will be less load on building structure
as compare to using of soil.

KEYWORDS: Vertical forest, Aquaponics, Air-pollution, Atmosphere, WHO.

I. INTRODUCTION

Today, air pollution has emerged as a global public health problem and is identified as a major environmental health
hazard by agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and governments around the world. An increase in
concentration of pollutants - both gaseous and solid - is among the largest health risk in the world and according to the
latest data released by WHO, indoor and outdoor air pollution were responsible for 3.7 million deaths of people aged
under 60 in 2012. In recent years, air pollution has acquired critical dimensions and the air quality in most Indian cities
that monitor outdoor air pollution fail to meet WHO guidelines for safe levels. The levels of PPM2.5 and PPM10 (Air-
borne particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter and 10 micrometers in diameter) as well as concentration of
dangerous carcinogenic substances such as Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) have reached alarming
proportions in most Indian cities, putting people at additional risk of respiratory diseases and other health problems.
Furthermore, the issue of indoor air pollution has put women and children at high risk. Now A Days it’s getting
difficult to take a fresh breath in the metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai etc .It is not possible to reduce air
pollution at that level that is not affective to living organisms .In many Cities of India many things are experimented to
control air pollution such as:- nearly in all metro cities CNG vehicles are taken in use for public transportation. In Delhi
Even-Odd is Adopted, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and many more but they are not that effective to control over air
pollution. This is due to cutting of Forest’s, Forest is the house to many living organisms. It is a precious resource
provided by nature. The organisms living in forests are interdependent on each other. Life in forests is governed by
factors like air, water and sunlight. There is variety of plants available in most forests: herbs, shrubs and trees
depending upon the climate of the region. There are many forests spread over large areas across the globe. Forest can
be classified as: tropical, ever-green, partly evergreen, deciduous and dry forests based on the climatic conditions and
types of trees present. A forest is defined as an area forming an ecosystem.
Likely to the forest we are planning a building consisting of plants and herbs on the elevation of that building. So
that building looks more attractive and eco-friendly.
In few countries a new concepts is adopting to take control over air pollution by building a “Vertical Forest” in a
mid city. Which help to reduce CO2 , NO2 & many other harmful gases from the atmosphere, and produce more
oxygen. By Vertical Forest we can provide fresh air to the citizens of that city in which we build the Vertical

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Forest. Vertical forest is the small forest that can be built on a building using less space and making air clean in large
amount. Plants can make a building attractive and eco-friendly. This type of building can be used as commercially or
residentially. It also reduces the temperature of building. Our paper is also based on this concept. We plan a vertical
forest, but in that we are not using soil for plantation. In Vertical Farming Plants can be grown through various methods
like Hydroponics, Aquaponics & Aeroponics.
In our Project for “vertical forest” we are adopting & testing on Aquaponics Method. In this method insist of soil
we directly flow nutrient water to grow plants. Which is totally a new concept in building a vertical forest. By
adopting this method we use 60%-70% of less water for plantation. This method is very successful in the field of
Vertical farming. Therefore we are adopting.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. BOSCO VERTICAL
The Bosco Vertical in Milan, Italy, support one of the most intensive living green facades ever realized. The
combination of its sophisticated plant selection, the deployment of greenery in all orientation, the structural design to
accommodate the plants, and the maintenance, safety, and the irrigation system, represents one of the most innovative
tall building projects in the recent memory. The Bosco Vertical is completed in the year 2014. The Architect of Bosco

Fig. 1 Bosco Vertical Balcony Fig. 2 Bosco Vertical Balcony view Fig. 3 Elevation of Bosco

Vertical is Boeri Studio. The authors of bosco vertical research paper is Elena Giacomello. The Adjunct Professor of
Building Technology, Unicersita luav di venezia, Venice, Italy & Massimo Valagussa & Dr. Massimo valagussa is
Director of Laboratory MAC Analysis, Minoprio Foundation Milan, Italy. Elena Giacomello Is an architect with a
PhD in building technology.
“Artificial Soil: PhD thesis in building technology”.& Dr. Massimo Valagussa in an agronomist with expertise for
arboriculture, horticulture & landscaping. He is a scientific and technical consultant manager of the minoprio analisi e
certification S.r.l Milano an agricultural laboratory for analysis (soil, growing media, irrigation water, leaves and
manure). There project consist of two residential tower, The height of tower D is 85 meters consists of 18 stories and
Tower E is 117 meters consists of 27 stories. The building gross floor area is 18,717 sq-m, in which surface area
covered by green wall is 10,142 sq-m. In Bosco Vertical tower tree planted cantilevering balconies.
The main aim objective of their project is to reproduce the equivalent of 1 hectare of forest vertically, with the
attendant benefits of noise and pollution reduction, shading for cooling and aesthetic enhancement, projecting
balconies on each floor and on each face are enhanced by trees and bushes placed in concrete planters which act as
parapets.

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Fig. 4 Aquaponics cycle Fig. 5 Aquaponics system Fig. 6 Aquaponics test on tulsi plant

There are about 20,000 specimens and including about 700 trees up to six meter high, installed in a tower.The
climate condition of Milan has a humid, subtropical climate that is characterized by hot and humid summers with cold
and damp winters. Experiences four seasons and a wide range of temperatures, typically varying from -1◦C to 31 C.
There is often measurable snowfall from December through February. The remainder of the year consists of rain in
spring time and temperatures ranging from 20 C to 30 C during the summer and -1 C to 10 C during the winter.

2. AQUAPONICS

Aquaponics, in which an aquaculture system is integrated with a hydroponic system, also has an ancient history. Plants
have been grown using fish farm wastes either directly or indirectly in China and SE Asia for hundreds if not thousands
of years.
While Western economies have no such ancient tradition, interest in Aquaponics has been strong since the 1960s, with
early work for example in the US at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute21. Since that time there have been many
major research projects and programmes throughout the developed and developing world, reinforced by the growing
awareness of the need to reduce the impact of nutrient wastes on the environment while at the same time increasing the
efficiency of nutrient use in food production. The heightened interest in aquaponics is reflected in the existence of the
dedicated Aquaponics Journal which was established in 1997.
Globally there are now hundreds of small scale aquaponic initiatives and several larger scale commercial or near
commercial enterprises – the latter mainly in the USA and in particular Hawaii. In parallel with research on aquaponics
there has also been substantial research on integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in which fish and plants are
grown in more open systems22. The classic examples here are of growing caged salmon in close association with
mussel and seaweed cultivation. Despite substantial pilot scale research for well over a decade however, these. systems
have not been adopted on a significant commercial scale, mainly because of the large quantity and low value of
seaweed produced, reduced water circulation around the fish cages, and a range of other management issues.
It is also notable that in parallel with the growing interest in integrated food production systems in the research
community, there has been a strong tendency toward reduced “integration” in the ancient heartland of integrated
agriculture-aquaculture systems – China - where the economic environment, as in most Western countries, has
favoured increased specialization and intensification

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III. OBJECTIVE

 Our main Aim of for writing this research paper is to reduce air pollution from metro cities. Our idea is to
grow plants on the building balconies but without the help of soil medium. Insist of soil we have used
Aquaponics method to grow plants in that we use coco peat and Rockwool as a growing medium. In this
method we requires less water to grow the plants. Due to this method there will be less load on the building
balconies. Because unit weight of water is less as compare of soil. And plants grow much faster than of
compare to soil.
 Due to more plants grown in building due to which they absorb more carbon-di-oxide and release more
oxygen. As a result there will be decreasing in air pollution in metro cites.
 These structures have created a positive impact on urban areas. An urban tree house that protect residents
from air and noise pollution. The plants that surround the forest-like apartment helps reduce carbon dioxide.
That urban areas are most likely to face air pollution than those living in rural areas because of the “CO2
domes”. These "domes" are invisible carbon dioxide clouds that form over an urban area.
 The plants from the vertical forests not only reduce carbon dioxide, but it also helps block sounds and traffic
noises that come from the streets. As more vertical forest are designed and build in the urban areas, the
structures have shown an ethical solution to the urban environments that face serious air pollution by reducing
the carbon dioxide in the air. The noise pollution can be blocked by the foliage of the plants and it has help
create a microclimate for those urban areas that face the "heat island effect" by cooling the environment with
the plant’s evaporation transpiration. This makes the urban area more safer and healthy for those living in it.

IV. METHODOLOGY

1) Aquaponics systems

In Aquaponics the anaerobic (de-nitrification) filter used in RAS is largely replaced with a hydroponic plant
production system. If this is a media based hydroponic system it will also serve as an aerobic bio filter, converting
ammonia to nitrate. From the plant production perspective, the nutrient injection system normally used in hydroponics
is replaced with a fish production/nutrient waste generation system. Part of the nitrogen excreted by the fish is thus
taken up by the plants rather than being released to the atmosphere, and the plants also remove a wide range of other
nutrients from the water including phosphorus. Of total nitrogen input into the system as feed, up to 30% may be
captured as fish flesh, and 40% or more captured as plant biomass. The balance is lost as nitrogen gas or as solids,
which may be used to fertilize a garden31. Higher levels of nutrient capture may be possible with additional separate
biofiltration32. Furthermore, the complex mix of nitrifying bacteria, rhizobacteria, fungi, and micro plankton in the
recalculated water appears to benefit the plants due to both positive interactions at root level, and the higher resilience
of the system against some plant pathogens .
It should be emphasised that most Aquaponic systems – and certainly those that seek to maximise the use of waste
nutrients produced by the fish – are dominated by the plant production (hydroponic) component in terms of both area
and production. This is quite simply because you need an awful lot of vegetables to absorb the waste nutrients
generated by intensively grown fish. Aquaponics systems may include the following components, though not all are
required if the system is to be run at low intensity and primarily for plant production.

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Fig.7 Aquaponics Working model Fig.8: Aquaponics by Picture Fig. 9 Explanation of Aquaponics

 Sump
 Fish tank
 Settling tank or clarifier
 Physical filter (which may also serve as an anaerobic, denitrifying filter)
 Aerobic bio-filter
 Degassing unit
 Grow-beds or tanks
 Blower/aerator/diffuser
 Pump

Two extreme examples of Aquaponics systems are shown in figures 7 and 8. A wide number of variants on these
basic themes are available and recommended by different manufacturers but will not be described in detail here. A web
search will reveal a range of off-the-shelf systems. Fish tanks are typically round in shape to improve water flow and
prevent “dead” areas where solids can build up. In almost all systems aeration is provided to optimise conditions for
fish (and plant) growth, allow for high stocking densities, reduce the risks associated with water supply failure (e.g.
blockage or pump failure), and facilitate nitrification. Stocking densities can be very high dependent on the species,
temperature and level/efficiency of aeration. For example Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) can be stocked at up to
60-70 kg/m3. Carp could also be stocked at similar densities given adequate aeration. In temperate countries trout
would thrive at considerably lower densities.

V. TEST PERFORMED

In our paper we have tested Ph and Do of water in which fish is kept. We have performed this test because if DO or
Ph value gets low of its average value than in such kind of atmosphere fish cannot survives.

1) pH Test

pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale
usually ranges from 0 to 14. Aqueous solutions at 25°C with a pH less than seven are acidic, while those with a pH
greater than seven are basic or alkaline. A pH level of is 7.0 at 25°C is defined as 'neutral' because the concentration of
H3O+ equals the concentration of OH− in pure water. Very strong acids may have a negative pH, while very strong
bases may have a pH greater than 14.

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Fig. 10: pH Test

2) Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is necessary to many forms of life including fish, invertebrates, bacteria and plants. These organisms
use oxygen in respiration, similar to organisms on land.- Fish and crustaceans obtain oxygen for respiration through
their gills, while plant life and phytoplankton require dissolved oxygen for respiration when there is no light for
photosynthesis . The amount of dissolved oxygen needed varies from creature to creature. Bottom feeders, crabs,
oysters and worms need minimal amounts of oxygen (1-6 mg/L), while shallow water fish need higher levels (4-15
mg/L).
 Microbes such as bacteria and fungi also require dissolved oxygen. These organisms use DO to decompose
organic material at the bottom of a body of water. Microbial decomposition is an important contributor to
nutrient recycling. However, if there is an excess of decaying organic material (from dying algae and other
organisms), in a body of water with infrequent or no turnover (also known as stratification), the oxygen at
lower water levels will get used up quicker Important While most photosynthesis takes place at the surface
(by shallow water plants and algae), a large portion of the process takes place underwater (by seaweed, sub-
surface algae and phytoplankton). Light can penetrate water, though the depth that it can reach varies due to
dissolved solids and other light-scattering elements present in the water. Depth also affects the wavelengths
available to plants, with red being absorbed quickly and blue light being visible past 100 m. In clear water,
there is no longer enough light for photosynthesis to occur beyond 200 m, and aquatic plants no longer
grow. In turbid water, this photonic (light-penetrating) zone is often much shallower. Regardless of
wavelengths available, the cycle doesn’t change. In addition to the needed light, CO2 is readily absorbed by
water (it’s about 200 times more soluble than oxygen) and the oxygen produced as a byproduct remains
dissolved in water. The basic reaction of aquatic photosynthesis remains:
CO2 + H2O → (CH2O) + O2
 As aquatic photosynthesis is light-dependent, the dissolved oxygen produced will peak during daylight
hours and decline at night.

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Fig. 11; DO test

3) PROCEDURE
1. Sample is collected in D.O. bottle from source and air bubbles removed.
2. D.O. is fixed by adding 2 ml of each alkali-azide and manganese sulphates solution to the sample filled in
bottle water cause interference in desired.
3. These bottle sample are brought to the lab.
4. Sufficient quantity of H2SO4 acid is added to D.O. bottle sample. 5.Iodine is liberated from KI. The amount of
I2 liberated is proportional to amount of D.O.
5. 6.100 ml of solution thus obtained is taken and two drops of starch is added as an indicator.
6. This is treated against sodium thiosulphate and volume of it is noted.

i. OBSERVATION TABLE OF PH TEST FOR 7 DAYS GRAPH OF PH FOR 7 DAY’S

SAMPLE VOLUME OF VOL . OF RESULTS

SAMPLE UNIVERSAL
Ph GRAPH
INDICATOR
(NO. OF 7.5
DROP’S)
7.4
1 20 3-4 7 7.3
7.2
2 20 3-4 7 7.1
7 Ph
3 20 3-4 7.5
6.9
4 20 3-4 7.5 6.8
6.7
5 20 3-4 7.5
DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 20 3-4 7.5

7 20 3-4 7.5

Table -1

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ii. OBSERVATION TABLE OF DO TEST FOR 7 DAYS GRAPH OF DO FOR 7 DAY’S

Sample Volume Burette Final Volume of Dissolved

of
Sample
initial
reading
reading sodium
thiosulphate
oxygen
DO GRAPH
required
DAY 300 29.9 35.5 5.6 5.6
1 8
DAY 300 32 26 5.8 5.8
2 6
DAY 300 29.5 23.5 6 6
3 4
DAY 300 30 23.9 6.1 6.1 Do
4 2
DAY 300 31.2 24.8 6.4 6.4
5 0
DAY 300 30.2 23.2 7 7
6
DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY
DAY 300 29.8 22.8 7 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7

Table-2

iii . Combine Graph of pH & DO

COMPERETIVE GRAPH

8
7
6
5
4 Do
3
2 Ph
1
0
DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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VI. CONCLUSIONS

Aquaponics is a great alternative to the current farming methods and can improve food security. Here are several
reasons why this is the case:
 It doesn’t rely on soil
 It doesn’t depend on low welfare standards
 It doesn’t depend on high feedstuff input
 Prolific chemical use to meet margins is not required
Aquaponics mimics biology and can be used on a small scale in your own backyard or house, and also on a
community level which would educate and enable people to grow their own food to benefit many on a personal and
economic scale.
 The observation of growth of a plant is simply which are given 2 plant observation on the date conducted
4/10/2017, one of tulsi and other are snake plant which having good condition of plant were alive and
vegetated after installing ,growth continuous in the progress new leaves showed in aesthetically good

Fig.12: Tulsi & Snake Plant grown by Aquaponics Method

REFERENCES

1. Evaluating the High-Rise Vegetation of the Bosco Vertical, Milan

2. https://store.ctbuh.org Previews/Books/2015 Vertical Greenery
3. Google
4. https://www.google.co.in/india,Aquaponics ,Chandigarh
5. https://www.youtube.com/channel /UCb9...)
6. Aquaponics - Wikipedia
7. Stefano Boeri designs "vertical forest" city to eat up China's smog
8. https://www.dezeen.com/.../liuzhou-forest-city-stefano-boeri-proposes-plant-covered
9. wiki.nurserylive.com/t/top-9-plants-that-gives-off-oxygen-at-night-as...best.../315
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming
11. https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/project/nanjing-vertical-forest/
12. https://www.domain.com.au/news/this-eyecatching-vertical-forest-in-switzerland-is-about-to-become-a-reality-20151111-gkwltx/

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