---
## 🧠 UNIT I: COMPUTATIONAL THINKING & PROGRAMMING - 2
### CHAPTER 1: Revision of Python Basics
```
Python Features:
- Interpreted, dynamic, high-level language
- Supports both script and interactive modes
- Uses indentation instead of brackets
- Dynamically typed variables
Tokens:
- Identifiers, Keywords, Literals, Operators, Punctuators
Data Types:
- Numeric: int, float, complex
- Sequence: str, list, tuple
- Set and Mapping: set, dict
- Special: None
Operators:
- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %, //, **
- Relational: <, >, <=, >=, !=, ==
- Logical: and, or, not
- Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, etc.
- Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
- Membership: in, not in
- Identity: is, is not
```
---
### CHAPTER 2: Conditional & Iterative Statements
```
Conditional Statements:
- if
- if-else
- if-elif-else
- nested if
Looping Statements:
- for loop (with range())
- while loop (with optional else block)
- nested loops
- break and continue statements
range() Variants:
- range(n)
- range(start, end)
- range(start, end, step)
```
---
### CHAPTER 3: Debugging and Python Modules
```
Error Types:
- Syntax Error
- Logical Error
- Runtime Error
Debugging: Systematic process to locate and fix bugs
Modules:
- Importing: import module / from module import object
- math: sqrt(), pow(), fabs(), ceil(), floor()
- random: random(), choice()
- statistics: mean(), median(), mode()
```
---
### CHAPTER 4: List, Tuple, Dictionary
```
List:
- Mutable, indexed, allows duplicates
- Methods: append(), extend(), insert(), remove(), sort(), pop()
Tuple:
- Immutable, indexed
- Methods: len(), max(), min()
Dictionary:
- Key-value pair structure, mutable
- Methods: items(), keys(), values(), update(), clear()
```
---
### CHAPTER 5: Strings
```
Operations:
- Concatenation (+)
- Replication (*)
- Membership (in, not in)
- Slicing: string[n:m]
Methods:
- index(), count(), find(), replace(), split(), join(), strip()
- isalpha(), isnumeric(), lower(), upper(), title(), capitalize()
```
---
### CHAPTER 6: Functions
```
Definition: def function_name(parameters):
Types:
- Built-in (e.g. print(), input(), len())
- User-defined
Function Concepts:
- Parameters: Positional, Default, Keyword, Variable-length
- Return values: Single or Multiple
- Mutable vs Immutable objects
- Unpacking: *args for lists/tuples, **kwargs for dictionaries
```
---
## 💾 CHAPTER 7: File Handling
```
File Types:
- Text (.txt)
- Binary (.dat)
- CSV (.csv)
Basic Operations:
- open(), read(), write(), close()
- Modes: r, w, a, r+, w+, a+, rb, wb, ab
Methods:
- read(), readline(), readlines()
- write(), writelines()
- tell(), seek()
Binary Files:
- pickle module: dump(), load()
- Serialization (pickling), Deserialization (unpickling)
CSV Files:
- csv.reader(), csv.writer()
- Delimiter, Quotechar
```
---
## 🧱 CHAPTER 8: Data Structures
```
List:
- Indexed, mutable, supports slicing and traversal
Stack (LIFO):
- push: list.append()
- pop: list.pop()
- peek, size, isEmpty
Operations:
- Expression conversion
- Parenthesis checking
- Reversal
Nested list: List within list
```
---
## 🌐 UNIT II: COMPUTER NETWORKS
### CHAPTER 5: Data Communication & Topologies
```
Switching Techniques:
- Circuit, Message, Packet Switching
Transmission Media:
- Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Optical Fiber, Infrared, Radio Wave, Microwave
Terms:
- Bandwidth, Data Rate, Channel, Protocols
Topologies:
- Bus, Star, Tree
Network Types:
- PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN
```
---
### CHAPTER 6: Network Devices & Protocols
```
Devices:
- Modem, RJ45, Switch, Hub, Router, Gateway, Repeater, Ethernet card
Protocols:
- HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3, Telnet, TCP/IP, VoIP, PPP
```
---
### CHAPTER 7: Web Services
```
Definitions:
- WWW: Web pages linked via hyperlinks
- HTML, XML, URL, Domain Name
Components:
- Web Browser, Web Server, Hosting
```
---
## UNIT III: DATABASE MANAGEMENT
### CHAPTER 8: Database Concepts
```
Models:
- Hierarchical, Network, Relational
Terms:
- Table, Row, Column, Attribute, Domain
- Primary Key, Foreign Key, Candidate Key, Super Key
Levels of Abstraction:
- Internal, Logical, External
```
---
### CHAPTER 9: SQL (Structured Query Language)
```
Commands:
- DDL: CREATE, DROP, ALTER
- DML: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
- TCL: COMMIT, ROLLBACK
Clauses:
- WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING
Operators:
- Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE
Functions:
- Aggregate: SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), MIN(), COUNT()
- String: LOWER(), UPPER(), LENGTH()
- Date: CURDATE(), NOW()
Constraints:
- PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, DEFAULT
Joins:
- INNER, NATURAL, EQUI
```
---
## 🤝 CHAPTER 10: Interface of Python with SQL
```
Python DB-API:
- import MySQLdb or sqlite3
Connection:
conn = connect(db info)
cursor = conn.cursor()
Execution:
- cursor.execute()
- fetchone(), fetchall(), fetchmany()
Transaction:
- conn.commit(), conn.rollback()
File I/O vs DB I/O:
- Read from/write to databases using SQL queries
- Cursor object methods for execution
```
---
