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Error-Detecting Codes - Checksums

The document discusses error detection in computer networks, highlighting the importance of identifying corrupted bits during transmission. It focuses on checksums as a method for error detection, explaining how the sender computes a checksum using 1's complement arithmetic and how the receiver verifies the checksum to determine if errors occurred. An example illustrates the process of checksum calculation and verification, demonstrating its effectiveness in ensuring data integrity.

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Abdul Basir
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4 views3 pages

Error-Detecting Codes - Checksums

The document discusses error detection in computer networks, highlighting the importance of identifying corrupted bits during transmission. It focuses on checksums as a method for error detection, explaining how the sender computes a checksum using 1's complement arithmetic and how the receiver verifies the checksum to determine if errors occurred. An example illustrates the process of checksum calculation and verification, demonstrating its effectiveness in ensuring data integrity.

Uploaded by

Abdul Basir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Error-Detecting Codes - Checksums


Computer Engineering Computer Network MCA

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Errors and Error Detection


When bits are transmitted over the computer network, they are subject to get corrupted due to
interference and network problems. The corrupted bits leads to spurious data being received by the
receiver and are called errors.

Error detection techniques are responsible for checking whether any error has occurred or not in the
frame that has been transmitted via network. It does not take into account the number of error bits
and the type of error.

For error detection, the sender needs to send some additional bits along with the data bits. The
receiver performs necessary checks based upon the additional redundant bits. If it finds that the data
is free from errors, it removes the redundant bits before passing the message to the upper layers.

There are three main techniques for detecting errors in frames: Parity Check, Checksum and Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC).

Checksums
This is a block code method where a checksum is created based on the data values in the data blocks
to be transmitted using some algorithm and appended to the data. When the receiver gets this data, a
new checksum is calculated and compared with the existing checksum. A non-match indicates an
error.

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Error Detection by Checksums


For error detection by checksums, data is divided into fixed sized frames or segments.
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Sender's End − The sender adds the segments using 1’s complement arithmetic to get
the sum. It then complements the sum to get the checksum and sends it along with the
data frames.

Receiver's End − The receiver adds the incoming segments along with the checksum
using 1’s complement arithmetic to get the sum and then complements it.

If the result is zero, the received frames are accepted; otherwise they are discarded.

Example
Suppose that the sender wants to send 4 frames each of 8 bits, where the frames are 11001100,
10101010, 11110000 and 11000011.

The sender adds the bits using 1s complement arithmetic. While adding two numbers using 1s
complement arithmetic, if there is a carry over, it is added to the sum.

After adding all the 4 frames, the sender complements the sum to get the checksum, 11010011, and
sends it along with the data frames.

The receiver performs 1s complement arithmetic sum of all the frames including the checksum. The
result is complemented and found to be 0. Hence, the receiver assumes that no error has occurred.
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