5 Addition and

subtraction
Getting started

1 Find the missing numbers.

a 100 − j = 37 b 131 + j = 190
2 Zara describes a number.
She says, ‘My number has 6 thousands and 708 ones.’
a Write Zara’s numbers in digits and in words.
b Regroup her number in a different way.
3 Look at these calculations.
Explain any errors and write the correct answer.

5 9 7 3 9 2

+ 1 7 – 1 6 8

6 0 4 2 3 6

4 If −6 < j < −3 what whole number could j represent?

57
 5 Addition and subtraction

You are surrounded by numbers in your everyday life. They may be

whole numbers, fractions, decimals, percentages or negative numbers.

The Weather
zero
Today Sub rage
Sto
Afternoon Evening Overnight Morning

–1

0°
10°
–2

20
–1° –2° –1° 1°

0°
0°

fre
ez
ing
40°
Wind Chill: –8 Wind Chill: –10 Wind Chill: –9 Wind Chill: –5

60°
Freezing Freezing Freezing Light
rain rain rain rain and snow

80
°
Negative numbers are used in different situations.
• In weather reports, a temperature of −5 °C means the temperature
is 5 degrees below zero.
• On food packaging there might be instructions for storing food,
for example, ‘Store below −10 °C’.
• If you or your parents have a bank account and you spend
some money, the amount you spend may show as
a negative number.
This extract from a bank statement uses decimal numbers.
For example, $4.50 represents $4 and 50 cents.

Date:
From: 17 Sept
To: 26 Sept

Description Amount ($) Balance ($)

Take out cash −20.00 240.00
Electricity bill −150.00 90.00
Pay in cash 4.50 94.50

58
 5.1 Addition and subtraction including decimal numbers

5.1 Addition and subtraction

including decimal numbers
We are going to …

• compose, decompose and regroup numbers to help with calculation

• estimate, add and subtract decimal numbers
• use shapes and symbols to represent two unknown numbers in
addition and subtraction calculations.

In a gymnastics competition, judges give a score for how

difficult a routine is and a score for how well it is performed. carry, carrying
The two scores are added together to give the final total. symbol
All the scores are decimal numbers.

Gymnast 1 Gymnast 2 Gymnast 3

Score 1 7.72 6.81 8.26

Score 2 9.05 8.15 9.53

Total 16.77 14.96 17.79

In this unit, you will add and subtract decimal numbers.

59
 5 Addition and subtraction

Worked example 1

Calculate 9.75 + 13.42.

Estimate: 10 + 13 = 23 Always start by estimating.

Method 1
9 + 0.7 + 0.05 Decompose each number into tens, ones,
+ 10 + 3 + 0.4 + 0.02 tenths and hundredths. Then add each
column.
10 + 12 + 1.1 + 0.07

10 + 12 + 1.1 + 0.07 = 23.17 Regroup to give the final answer.

Method 2

9 7 5 Write the calculation in columns.

Use an efficient, column method with
+ 1 3 4 2 carrying.
2 3 1 7

1 1

Answer: 9.75 + 13.42 = 23.17

Exercise 5.1
1 What decimal number is represented by 70 + 8 + 0.3 + 0.01?
2 Estimate then calculate.
a 28.2 + 13.4 b 12.46 + 1.31 c 13.41 + 4.39
d 28.2 − 13.8 e 123.1 − 47.3 f 34.29 − 7.41
Compare your answers with your partner. Did you use the same method?
Check your answers with a calculator.

60
 5.1 Addition and subtraction including decimal numbers

3 Alana hands in her homework.

3.4 + 1.8 6.5 – 2.7

3 4 6 5

+ 1 8 – 2 7

4 1 2 4 2

Mark the homework and correct any errors.

What advice would you give to Alana?
4 Fatima has $7.25. She is given $15.50
How much does she have now?
5 In a sale, a shop takes $2.25 off the price of these books.

3
$6.65 $16.35 $15.50 $8.70

A B C D

a What is the cost of each book in the sale?

b What is the total cost of the four books in the sale?

6 a  j and d each stand for a b m and d each stand for a

different whole number. different whole number.

j + j + j = 42 m + m = 18
j + d = 23 m−d=5
What is the value of each shape? What is the value of each shape?

Compare your answer with your partner.

61
 5 Addition and subtraction

7 Each symbol stands for a number.

Find the value of each symbol.

total 27

total 28

total 45
8 What are the possible values of j and m when
j + j + j + m = 1.3 kg?
Think like a mathematician

A magic square
Place the numbers 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and
0.9 so that the total of each row, column and diagonal is 1.5.
You will show you are specialising when you find a solution
to the problem.

You might remember the work you did on addition

and subtraction of whole numbers in previous years.
How did that help you with this section?

Look what I can do!

I can compose, decompose and regroup numbers to help with calculations.

I can estimate, add and subtract decimal numbers.
I can use shapes and symbols to represent two unknown numbers
in addition and subtraction calculations.

62
 5.2 Addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers

5.2 Addition and subtraction of

positive and negative numbers
We are going to …

• add and subtract positive and negative numbers.

If you watch the floors as you go down in an elevator, the

numbers change from positive to negative. integer
In this building, the car park is on level −2 which is the second negative number
floor underground. positive number
In this section you will learn to add and subtract positive and
negative numbers.

63
 5 Addition and subtraction

Worked example 2

What is 6 less than 1?

−6

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

1 − 6 = −5 Start at 1 and count back 6.

6, 1 and −5 are all integers.

Exercise 5.2
This number line shows positive and negative numbers.
You can use it to help you answer the questions in this exercise.

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Here is part of a number line.

Find the two missing numbers.
+6 +6

−4

2 a What is 5 less than 2? b What is 4 more than −3?

c What is 400 more than −5? d What is 30 less than 1?
3 Calculate.
a −4 + 2 b 2–6 c −1 + 3
Check your answers to questions 2 and 3 with your partner.
Discuss any questions you did not agree on.

64
 5.2 Addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers

4 Copy and complete the table.

Temperature Rise or fall in New temperature

now temperature

2 °C A fall of 5 degrees

−3 °C A rise of 8 degrees

1 °C A fall of 5 degrees

−4 °C A rise of 2 degrees

6 °C A fall of 6 degrees

5 The thermometers show the temperatures in London and Montreal

on the same day.
−20 –10 0 10 20 °C
London

−20 –10 0 10 20 °C
Montreal

a How many degrees colder is it in Montreal than in London?

b On a different day the temperature in London is 4 °C.
Montreal is 16 ° colder than in London.
What is the temperature in Montreal?
6 Sort these calculations into groups according to their answer.
Label each group.
−4 + 4 −2 − 2 4+0 4−5
6−6 5−7 −3 − 1 −4 + 5
7 Calculate.
a 0 – 78 b 45 – 150 c −65 − 35
d −13 + 79 e −8 + 318 f −20 + 370

65
 5 Addition and subtraction

Look back over your work. When did you use a number line to
help you? Did you draw a line or can you imagine the line in your
head? Talk to your partner about the way you use number lines.

Look what I can do!

I can add and subtract positive and negative numbers.

Check your progress

1 The same number goes in both boxes to make this calculation correct.
What is the number?
0.4 + + =1
2 Mia and Aiko buy fruit.
Mia’s fruit:

Total cost
90 cents

Aiko’s fruit:

Total cost
65 cents

How much does one apple cost?

3 A sunflower measures 3.9 metres.
Ten days later it measures 5.1 metres.
How much did it grow in that time?
4 Calculate.
a −7 + 2 b 4–8 c −1 + 204
5 a What is the sum of 65.98 and 32.75?
b What is the difference between 54.31 and 46.76?

66
5 Addition and
subtraction
5.1 Addition and subtraction
including decimal numbers
carry, carrying
Worked example 1
symbol
Calculate 2.78 − 1.94.

Estimate: 3 − 2 = 1 Always start by estimating.

Method 1
2 + 0.7 + 0.08 Decompose each number into ones, tenths
− 1 + 0.9 + 0.04 and hundredths.

1 + 1.7 + 0.08 You need to regroup to subtract the tenths.

− 1 + 0.9 + 0.04 Subtract each column then regroup to give
the final answer.

0 + 0.8 + 0.04 = 0.84

Method 2
1 1
2 7 8 Write the calculation in columns.
Use an efficient, column method.
– 1 9 4

0 8 4

Answer: 2.78 − 1.94 = 0.84

49
 5 Addition and subtraction

Exercise 5.1
Focus
1 Draw lines to join every pair of numbers that total 1.

0.5
0.6 0.9

0.3 0.2

0.8 0.4

0.1 0.7

2 Join pairs of numbers that total 10.

2.4
3.7
3.4

4.2
5.8
5.4

6.3
7.6
7.3

3 Write the missing numbers.

a 4.9 + 3.5 = b 9.4 − 3.5 =

4 Write the same number in both boxes to complete this calculation.

+ =1

50
 5.1 Addition and subtraction including decimal numbers

Practice
5 Write the missing numbers.

a 8.58 + 2.91 = b 7.82 − 4.49 =

6 Write the missing number.

10 − = 3.45

7 Ali, Ben and Carlos calculate 9.2 − 4.7 using different methods.
Ali’s method
Estimate: 9 − 5 = 4
9.2 − 4.7

–0.7 –4

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Answer: 4.5

Ben’s method Carlos’s method

Estimate: 9 – 5 = 4 Estimate: 9 – 5 = 4

8 1
9 2 8 + 1 2 9 2

– 4 7 – 4 + 0 7 – 4 7

4 + 0 5 4 5

Answer: 4.5 Answer: 4.5

Whose method do you like best? Explain your answer.

51
 5 Addition and subtraction

8 Sofia makes designs using hexagons and small triangles.

She gives each shape a value.

Total value 11 Total value 15

Find the value of a small triangle.

Challenge
9 Here are four digit cards.

8 4 2 5

Use each card once to complete the calculation.

0 + 0 =1

10 Each side of a number balance has the same answer.

Write the missing number in the box to complete the number balance.

6.43 + 8.49 + 1.37

11 Write the missing digits to make the calculation correct.

+ 2 2

5 0 0

52
 5.1 Addition and subtraction including decimal numbers

12 Use all the numbers: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 to make the
total of each line 1.5.

13 Kate and Heidi each buy some fruit.

Kate’s fruit:
Total cost
90 cents

Heidi’s fruit:
Total cost
70 cents

How much does a banana cost?

53
 5 Addition and subtraction

5.2 Addition and subtraction of

positive and negative numbers
Worked example 2

Calculate −4 + 3.

+3

–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1

Start at −4 and count on 3.

Answer: −1

integer
Exercise 5.2 negative number
Focus
positive number
1 Complete these calculations.

–5

a −3 − 5 =
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1

b 4−5=
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

c −9 + 3 =
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1

54
 5.2 Addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers

Use the number line to help you answer the rest of the questions
in this exercise.

–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 a What is 4 less than 2?

b What is 3 more than −1?

3 Complete these calculations.

a −5 + 1 =

b 1−7=

c −2 + 5 =

Practice
4 Calculate.
a 379 + 287 + 154

b 357 + 19 + 3579

5 Zara makes a sequence of numbers starting at 100.

She subtracts 45 each time.
Write the next number in the sequence.

100,  55,  10,  

55
 5 Addition and subtraction

6 Use the number line to help you complete these number sentences.
+2 +2

–5

a + 2 = −5 b −5 + 2 =

7 Here is part of a temperature scale showing the temperature

at Coldpark.
Temperature
at Coldpark

–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1

The temperature rises by 11 °C

What is the new temperature?

Challenge
8 The table shows the night-time temperatures on five days
in Moscow.

Day Temperature °C

Monday −4

Tuesday −8

Wednesday 1

Thursday −9

Friday −6

56
 5.2 Addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers

a The daytime temperature on Friday was 8 °C warmer than

the temperature on Thursday night.
What was the daytime temperature on Friday?

b The night-time temperature on Saturday was 4 °C warmer

than the temperature on Friday night.
What was the night-time temperature on Saturday?

9 Classify the calculations by writing the letter of the calculation

in the sorting diagram.
A 55 − 35 B −35 − 515 C 10 − 47
D −17 + 63 E −218 + 8

addition subtraction
calculation calculation
positive
answer

negative
answer

10 The table shows the temperature at 08:00 on three days.

1 January 8 January 15 January

+1 °C −4 °C +3 °C

a On 22 January the temperature is 7 °C lower than on

15 January.
What is the temperature on 22 January?

b Complete this calculation to show how much the

temperature falls between 1 January and 8 January.

1− = −4
57
 5 Addition and subtraction

11 Marcus writes a sequence of numbers.

His rule is to add 99 each time.
a Write the missing numbers in the sequence.

−500, , , , , , ,
                    
Look at the ones digits of the numbers in the sequence.
What do you notice?

b Write a question about Marcus’s sequence starting with

‘What would happen if …?’
Write an answer to your question.

58
Adding decimals - 1-digit missing addend
Decimals Worksheet
Find the missing numbers:

1)
7.1 + _____ = 9.6 2)
8.0 + _____ = 12.7

3)
7.9 + _____ = 16.7 4)
_____ + 6.3 = 14.7

5)
3.6 + _____ = 13.4 6)
8.5 + _____ = 15

7)
_____ + 1.9 = 10.1 8)
4.8 + _____ = 11.4

9)
_____ + 8.2 = 13.7 10)
_____ + 3.9 = 3.9

11)
_____ + 4.9 = 7 12)
_____ + 4.3 = 7.8

13)
4.0 + _____ = 9.7 14)
_____ + 3.1 = 11.9

15)
0.8 + _____ = 1 16)
8.1 + _____ = 15.5
Adding decimals - 1-digit missing addend
Decimals Worksheet
Find the missing numbers:

1)
6.4 + _____ = 8.4 2)
2.5 + _____ = 8.1

3)
7.0 + _____ = 14.7 4)
9.7 + _____ = 12.4

5)
4.9 + _____ = 9.8 6)
9.5 + _____ = 18.8

7)
_____ + 6.8 = 15.7 8)
9.0 + _____ = 15.2

9)
_____ + 4.0 = 11.6 10)
_____ + 0.3 = 5.6

11)
_____ + 6.3 = 7.3 12)
_____ + 7.0 = 14.3

13)
7.6 + _____ = 10.9 14)
3.7 + _____ = 11.3

15)
_____ + 8.8 = 14.1 16)
_____ + 6.9 = 11.8
Adding decimals (1 decimal digit)
Decimals Worksheet

Find the sums.

1) 0.2 + 0.3 = 2) 20.8 + 0.4 =

3) 98.6 + 4.3 = 4) 50.5 + 5.8 =

5) 0.6 + 85.5 = 6) 5.4 + 0.8 =

7) 4.6 + 5.8 = 8) 40.3 + 0.2 =

9) 2.9 + 9.9 = 10) 0.2 + 5.8 =

11) 14.1 + 59.9 = 12) 73.7 + 71.3 =

13) 0.4 + 97.5 = 14) 0.1 + 4.1 =

15) 0.5 + 52.3 = 16) 47.1 + 32.3 =

17) 2.7 + 6.8 = 18) 78.9 + 89.8 =

19) 3.1 + 72.3 = 20) 5.4 + 69.7 =

21) 68.7 + 3.1 = 22) 33.3 + 0.8 =

23) 7.7 + 4.2 = 24) 8.5 + 53.9 =

Adding decimals (1 decimal digit)
Decimals Worksheet

Find the sums.

1) 72.0 + 7.8 = 2) 8.8 + 1.9 =

3) 14.5 + 2.0 = 4) 6.9 + 0.5 =

5) 2.4 + 67.9 = 6) 1.7 + 1.4 =

7) 91.0 + 3.5 = 8) 75.1 + 0.1 =

9) 86.0 + 0.7 = 10) 32.6 + 8.6 =

11) 0.4 + 4.3 = 12) 49.1 + 5.8 =

13) 55.0 + 78.2 = 14) 0.5 + 5.7 =

15) 2.9 + 74.4 = 16) 0.3 + 9.1 =

17) 0.3 + 13.8 = 18) 48.4 + 97.8 =

19) 13.8 + 17.0 = 20) 89.9 + 5.3 =

21) 2.8 + 4.5 = 22) 22.2 + 8.0 =

23) 7.1 + 6.5 = 24) 56.1 + 87.1 =

 Adding decimals (1 or 2 decimal digits)
Decimals Worksheet

Find the sum.

1. 9.7 + 1.70 = 2. 0.41 + 8.3 =

3. 0.92 + 1.82 = 4. 0.97 + 19.1 =

5. 4.9 + 9.9 = 6. 1.10 + 13.1 =

7. 5.9 + 15.6 = 8. 13.8 + 1.67 =

9. 0.19 + 7.1 = 10. 1.76 + 9.1 =

11. 0.52 + 1.37 = 12. 1.86 + 0.34 =

13. 0.93 + 1.07 = 14. 1.08 + 0.42 =

15. 12.1 + 10.9 = 16. 0.33 + 1.74 =

17. 20.0 + 0.11 = 18. 0.77 + 14.6 =

19. 1.46 + 0.33 = 20. 0.38 + 11.3 =

 Adding decimals (1 or 2 decimal digits)
Decimals Worksheet

Find the sum.

1. 17.7 + 1.31 = 2. 0.13 + 13.3 =

3. 1.32 + 2.6 = 4. 2.4 + 2.8 =

5. 15.9 + 0.88 = 6. 17.0 + 1.40 =

7. 7.8 + 0.64 = 8. 3.2 + 1.88 =

9. 3.7 + 1.15 = 10. 1.47 + 0.3 =

11. 3.5 + 1.13 = 12. 16.4 + 17.7 =

13. 19.2 + 0.60 = 14. 1.45 + 0.93 =

15. 1.93 + 18.8 = 16. 1.02 + 5.7 =

17. 1.38 + 16.5 = 18. 2.7 + 0.79 =

19. 18.0 + 0.19 = 20. 0.49 + 0.02 =

Subtracting decimals (1 decimal digit)
Decimals Worksheet
Find the missing numbers:

1)
6.5 – _____ = 5.5 2)
_____ – 1.1 = 8.8

3)
_____ – 1.0 = 2 4)
_____ – 1.5 = 8.6

5)
_____ – 0.3 = 3.7 6)
_____ – 0.3 = 2.4

7)
_____ – 1.3 = 1.1 8)
_____ – 0.2 = 1.8

9)
_____ – 1.5 = 4.5 10)
10 – _____ = 8.4

11)
_____ – 0.9 = 5.4 12)
_____ – 0.4 = 2

13)
_____ – 0.1 = 5.4 14)
5 – _____ = 4.1

15)
5.4 – _____ = 4.4 16)
3 – _____ = 2.9
Subtracting decimals (1 decimal digit)
Decimals Worksheet
Find the missing numbers:

1)
9 – _____ = 7.9 2)
4.8 – _____ = 4.8

3)
9.7 – _____ = 9 4)
1.0 – _____ = 0.2

5)
4.2 – _____ = 3.6 6)
_____ – 0.6 = 7.4

7)
_____ – 0.4 = 4.1 8)
_____ – 0.2 = 0.6

9)
3 – _____ = 1.1 10)
_____ – 0 = 0.6

11)
_____ – 1.1 = 2.3 12)
5.3 – _____ = 4.8

13)
4 – _____ = 3.4 14)
_____ – 0.2 = 7.8

15)
4 – _____ = 2.2 16)
8.0 – _____ = 6.3
Subtracting decimals (1-2 decimal digit)
Decimals Worksheet
Find the missing numbers:

1)
_____ – 1.49 = 5.61 2)
_____ – 2.4 = 5.78

3)
7.6 – _____ = 0.2 4)
_____ – 1.2 = 4

5)
8.5 – _____ = 3.9 6)
9.43 – _____ = 0.63

7)
5.27 – _____ = 3.57 8)
6.0 – _____ = 2

9)
_____ – 7.3 = 1.15 10)
1.3 – _____ = 0.92

11)
_____ – 6.8 = 1.5 12)
_____ – 4.1 = 5.3

13)
8.53 – _____ = 0.23 14)
_____ – 1.7 = 1.61

15)
5.80 – _____ = 4.5 16)
_____ – 1.3 = 1.9
Subtracting decimals (1-2 decimal digit)
Decimals Worksheet
Find the missing numbers:

1)
_____ – 0.3 = 1.59 2)
_____ – 2.67 = 0.43

3)
7.3 – _____ = 5.7 4)
_____ – 1.3 = 3.5

5)
_____ – 1.5 = 4.2 6)
5.6 – _____ = 4.97

7)
_____ – 3.66 = 4.34 8)
_____ – 3.5 = 3.31

9)
_____ – 6.4 = 3.2 10)
_____ – 0.1 = 2.74

11)
_____ – 7.80 = 0.3 12)
8.4 – _____ = 3.42

13)
9.7 – _____ = 0.3 14)
_____ – 3.94 = 0.66

15)
_____ – 2.5 = 4.4 16)
3.7 – _____ = 2.63
 Subtracting decimals (1 or 2 decimal digits)
Decimals Worksheet
Find the difference.
1. 0.95 - 0.71 = 2. 0.77 - 0.58 =

3. 8.5 - 2.1 = 4. 0.80 - 0.18 =

5. 5.5 - 0.41 = 6. 9.2 - 4.2 =

7. 0.93 - 0.69 = 8. 0.66 - 0.58 =

9. 6.6 - 0.05 = 10. 4.7 - 0.8 =

11. 3.8 - 0.20 = 12. 0.37 - 0.09 =

13. 0.61 - 0.02 = 14. 6.7 - 3.7 =

15. 2.1 - 1.0 = 16. 9.1 - 0.52 =

17. 7.9 - 3.5 = 18. 8.1 - 2.7 =

 Subtracting decimals (1 or 2 decimal digits)
Decimals Worksheet
Find the difference.
1. 0.98 - 0.67 = 2. 7.6 - 0.41 =

3. 9.3 - 0.72 = 4. 8.5 - 0.48 =

5. 5.9 - 5.6 = 6. 5.3 - 0.36 =

7. 0.83 - 0.33 = 8. 0.84 - 0.42 =

9. 0.92 - 0.45 = 10. 0.47 - 0.28 =

11. 0.88 - 0.43 = 12. 7.8 - 0.63 =

13. 9.4 - 0.47 = 14. 0.61 - 0.53 =

15. 5.4 - 2.7 = 16. 0.81 - 0.17 =

17. 0.76 - 0.11 = 18. 6.4 - 0.57 =