Roll No : Name of School : VNGS,SURAPET Time : 02:30

Date : 2025-04-29 Name of Assessment : WORKSHEET 7-current

electricity
Subject : Physics
Class : XII

1 Two identical circular loops, P and Q, each of radius r and carrying currents I and 2I 2
respectively are lying in parallel planes such that they have a common axis.

The direction of current in both the loops is clockwise as seen from O which is
equidistant from both loops. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at point O.
Ans :

2 (a) Write the expression for the magnetic force acting on a charged particle moving 2
with velocity v in the presence of magnetic field B.
(b) A neuron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal velocities, enter a
uniform magnetic field going into the plane of the paper as shown. Trace their paths in
the field and justify your answer.

Ans :
3 (a) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a 2
galvanometer?
(b) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase
its voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason.
Ans :
(a) On introducing a soft iron cylindrical core, the magnetic field becomes more
radial and its strength increases.

With the increase in the magnetic field, the sensitivity of galvanometer increases.
(b) To increase the current sensitivity, suppose we increase the number of turns. At
the same time, resistance also increases in the same proportion, so the voltage
sensitivity remains same.

4 Explain the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons in a conductor. Hence obtain the 2
expression for the current through a conductor in terms of ‘drift velocity’.
Ans :
Drift velocity: Refer to Point no. 2 [Important Terms, Definitions and Formulae]
Consider a conductor of length l, area of cross-section A and having number
density of free electrons n.

On establishing the potential difference across the conductor, suppose the electrons
drift from lower potential to higher potential side with velocity . The volume of
the conductor covered by an electron in unit time is
V = vdA …(i)
[ Volume = Al and l = vd × t, t = 18 l = vd]
Electrons occupying the volume in unit time is
N = nvdA …(ii)
Thus, the charge flow through any cross-section of the conductor in unit time is
q = envdA …(iii)
According to the definition, the electric current is the rate of flow of charge
through any cross-section of the conductor. Hence,
I= ( t = 1 s)
I = envdA …(iv)

5 Define mobility of electron in a conductor. How does electron mobility change when 2
(i) temperature of conductor is decreased and (ii) applied potential difference is
doubled at constant temperature?
Ans :
Mobility is defined as the positive value of drift velocity per unit electric field
applied.

Therefore, the mobility (i) increases with the decrease in temperature and (ii)
remains same.
6 A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R. Plot a 2
graph showing variation of terminal voltage V of the cell versus the current I. Using the
plot, show how the emf of the cell and its internal resistance can be determined.
We know that E = V + Ir or V = E – Ir
An intercept of the graph on Y-axis gives the value of emf E of the cell.

A slope of the lines gives the value of internal resistance.

Ans :

7 Define drift velocity. Write its relationship with relaxation time in terms of the electric 2
field applied to a conductor.
A potential difference V is applied to a conductor of length L. How is the drift velocity
affected when V is doubled and L is halved?
Ans :
Drift velocity It is an average velocity of electrons moving through
any cross-section of a conductor under the influence of an external electric field.

where г is the relaxation time.

As V is doubled and L is halved,

The drift velocity will get four times.

8 Plot a graph showing temperature dependence of resistivity for a typical 2

semiconductor. How is this behaviour explained?
Ans :
In case of semiconductors, n (no. density of free electrons) increases with
temperature. Therefore, resistivity decreases. The decrease in resistivity due to
increase in n dominates the increase in resistivity due to decrease in
Therefore, the resistivity of semiconductor decreases with the increase in
temperature.
9 Distinguish between the emf and the potential difference across a cell. 2

Ans :
Emf Potential difference
(i) It is the work required to be done in (i) It is the work required to
moving a unit positive charge across be done in moving unit
the terminals of a cell, when no current positive charge from one
is withdrawn from the cell. point to another point in a
(ii) It is the maximum voltage that the closed circuit.
battery can transfer. (ii) It is less than the emf.
(iii) It is independent of the any (iii) It varies with the
external resistance. external resistance.

10Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having positive 2
susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What does negative
susceptibility signify?
Ans :
Magnetic susceptibility is the property of a material which determines how easily it
can be magnetised when kept in the magnetising field.
Or
Magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation (I) produced in
the material to the intensity of magnetising field (H).

Positive susceptibility: paramagnetic material e.g. Al, Ca.

Negative susceptibility: diamagnetic material e.g. Bi, Cu.
The negative susceptibility signifies that the material is diamagnetic in nature.

11Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic and (ii) paramagnetic substance is 2
placed in an external magnetic field, which magnetic property distinguishes this
behaviour of the field lines due to the two substances?
Ans :
(i) and (ii) Refer to Ans. 21.
Permeability of diamagnetic substances is slightly less than one, and that of
paramagnetic substances is slightly greater than 1.

12Draw a plot showing the variation of intensity of magnetisation with the applied 2
magnetic field intensity for Bismuth. Under what condition does diamagnetic material
exhibit perfect conductivity and perfect diamagnetism?
Ans :
(i) Intensity of magnetisation (I) versus magnetic field intensity (H) for Bismuth.

At very very low temperature the material exhibits perfect conductivity.

(ii) On supercooling, the material exhibits perfect diamagnetism.
13 The following figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetisation versus the applied magnetic 2
field intensity H, for two magnetic materials A and B:
(a) Identify the materials A and B.

(b) Draw the variation of susceptibility with temperature for B.

Ans :

14 Derive the expression for the electric potential at any point along the axial line of an 2
electric dipole ?
Ans :
15 Derive the expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having plate 2
area A and plate separation d.
Ans :
Consider a capacitor with surface charge density σ on its plates. Suppose area of
each plate is A and separation between the plates is d.

We know Q = CV C=

Here Q = σA …(i)
V = E0d = ...(ii) From equations (i) and (ii), we get

16The given graph shows that variation of charge q versus potential difference V for two 2
capacitors C1 and C2. The two capacitors have same plate separation but the plate area
of C2 is double than that of C1. Which of the lines in the graph correspond to C1 and
C2 and why?

Since, C ∝ A [Area]
C2 = 2C1 ( A2 = 2A1)
but C = So, more slope represents more capacitance.
Ans : Hence, A represents C2 and B represents C1.

17Two identical parallel plates (air) capacitors C1 and C2 have capacitances C each. The 2
space between their plates is now filled with dielectrics as shown. If the two capacitors
still have equal capacitance, obtain the relation between dielectric constants K, K1 and
K2.

Ans :
New capacitance of capacitor, C1 = C′1 = K C1 = K C ( C1 = C)
Resultant capacitance of capacitor, C2 = C′2 = (K1 + K2)

[C2 consists of two capacitors of plate area each connected in parallel]

As the capacitances are still equal, i.e. C′1 = C′2 2K = K1 + K2
18You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor C1. The space between its plates is 2
now filled with slabs of dielectric constants K1 and K2 as shown in C2. Find the
capacitance of the capacitor C2 if area of the plates is A and distance between the
plates is d.

Ans :

19 Write the working principle of a parallel plate capacitor. On what factors, the 2
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depends?
Ans :
Principle: When an uncharged, earthed conductor is brought near to a charged
conductor, then the potential of later decreases and its charge holding capacity
increases.
The capacitance depends on:
(i) Geometrical configuration (shape, size and separation) of the system of two
conductors.
(ii) Nature of the dielectric separating two conductors.

20 Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole moment 2
in an electric field .

Ans :
Torque acting on the dipole, τ = pE sin θ It tends to rotate the dipole in clockwise
direction. To rotate the dipole anticlockwise work has to be done on the dipole.

21How much work is required in turning an electric dipole of dipole moment from its 2
position of stable equilibrium to its position of unstable equilibrium in a uniform
electrostatic field ?
We know Work done = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2)
and θ1 = 0°, θ2 = 180°
Ans : ∴ Work done = pE (1 + 1) = 2PE
22 Three point charges, +Q, + 2Q and –3Q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral 2
triangle ABC of side l. If these charges are displaced to the mid-
points A1, B1 and C1 respectively, find the amount of the work done in shifting the
charges to the new locations.

Ans :
Electrostatic potential energy of the systems of charges corresponding to initial
configuration is

Electrostatic potential energy of the system of charges corresponding to final

configuration is

The amount of work done in shifting the charges to new locations is

23Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of charge q moving with 2
velocity in a magnetic field . Show that no work is done by this force on the
charged particle.

Ans :

As the force is acting in a direction normal to the velocity of a charged particle (i.e.
displacement), no work is done by the force.

24 Describe the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field with 3
initial velocity
(i) parallel to (or along) the field.
(ii) perpendicular to the field.
(iii) at an arbitrary angle θ(0° < θ < 90°).

Ans :

Therefore, the path of a charge particle will be circular.

(iii) A charge particle will move under the combined effect of uniform motion and
circular motion. So, the path will be helical.
25State the principle of working of a galvanometer. 3
A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter to measure upto V volts
by connecting a resistance R1 in series with the coil. If a resistance R2 is connected in
series with it, then it can measure upto V/2 volts. Find the resistance, in terms of R1
and R2, required to be connected to convert it into a voltmeter that can read upto 2 V.
Also find the resistance G of the galvanometer in terms of R1 and R2.
Ans :
Principle: A current carrying coil experiences a torque when placed in a magnetic
field.

26(a) Write the expression for the force acting on a particle of mass m and charge q 3
moving with velocity in a magnetic field . Under what conditions will it move in
(i) a circular path and (ii) a helical path?
(b) Show that the kinetic energy of the particle moving in magnetic field remains
constant.
Ans :
(a) Lorentz magnetic force ( m) = q( × ). The direction of magnetic force is
perpendicular to the plane containing velocity and magnetic field vectors.
(i) When ⊥ .
(ii) When an electric charge moves in a direction, making an angle (θ) with the
direction of magnetic field ( ).
(b) Kinetic energy does not change irrespective of the direction of the motion of
charge as,

∴ Work done = 0

∴ Change in kinetic energy = 0 or kinetic energy remains constant.

27 Using Kirchhoff’s rules, calculate the current through the 40 Ω and 20 Ω resistors in 3
the following circuit:

Ans :

28 Use Kirchhoff’s laws to obtain balance condition in the given Wheatstone bridge. 3

Ans : (a) Kirchhoff’s rules: Refer to Point no. 16 [Important Terms and Concepts]

Let us consider a wheatstone bridge.

Take loop ABDA and using KVL, P(i – i1) + Xi3 – Ri1 = 0 …(i)
Take loop BCDB and using KVL, Q(i – i1 – i3) – S (i1 + i3) – Xi3 = 0
Q(i – i1) – Qi3 – Si1 – (S + X)i3 = 0 …(ii)
When the point B and D are at same potential, the bridge is said to be balanced.
As in balanced state, i3 = 0, from equations (i) and (ii), we get P(i – i1) = Ri1
Q(i – i1) = Si1
29(i) A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown below when two specimens X and 3
Y are placed in it. Identify whether specimens X and Y are diamagnetic, paramagnetic
or ferromagnetic.

(ii) How is the magnetic permeability of specimen X different from that of specimen
Y?
Ans :
(i) X→ Expulsion of field. So, it is diamagnetic.
Y→ Field is pulled in. So, it is ferromagnetic.
(ii) The magnetic permeability of X is less than 1 and that of Y is very much greater
than 1.

30The given figure shows a small magnetised needle P placed at a point O. The arrow 3
shows the direction of its magnetic moment. The other arrows show different positions
(and orientations of the magnetic moment) of another identical magentised needle B.

(a) In which configuration the system is not in equilibrium?

(b) In which configuration is the system in (i) stable, and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(c) Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energy among all the
configurations shown?
Ans :
Potential energy of the configuration arises due to potential energy of one dipole
(say B), in the magnetic field due to the other (A). Use the result that.

Equilibrium is stable when MB is parallel to BA and unstable when MB is

antiparallel to BA.
(a) AB1 and AB2
(b) (i) AB3, AB6 (stable), (ii) AB5, AB4 (unstable)
(c) AB6 (Maximum negative)
31 Write three points of differences between para-, diaand ferro- magnetic materials, 3
giving one example for each.

Ans :

32 Define an equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surfaces: 3

(i) in the case of a single point charge and
(ii) in a constant electric field in z-direction.
Why are the equipotential surfaces about a single charge not equidistant?
(iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give reason.
Ans :
An equipotential surface is a surface, every point of which is at the same potential.
(i) Single point charge q < 0.
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(iii) If electric field will be tangential to an equipotential surface, then along the
direction of field, electrostatic potential decreases, and surface will no longer be
equipotential.
33Two identical parallel plate capacitors A and B are connected to a battery of E volts 3
with the switch S closed. The switch is now opened and the free space between the
plates of the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of dielectric constant K. Find the ratio
of the total electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors before and after the
introduction of the dielectric.

Ans : When switch S is closed energy stored in each capacitor will be the same.

∴ Total energy stored initially, Ui = UA + UB = C0 E2 and, charge on each capacitor,

Q = C0 E ...(ii)
When switch S is opened and dielectric is introduced between plates then
CA′ = CB′ = KC0 ∵ P.D. across A = E ∴ Energy stored in A =

Energy stored in both the capacitors after the insertion of dielectric is calculated as
34 Find an expression for the potential at a point due to a point charge Q. 3

Ans :
Let us consider a single point charge at origin (O). Consider a point P at a distance
r from the origin.

Let us move a unit positive charge from A to B by a small displacement so that

the electric field remains constant and is given by
35(a) A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of radius a carries a steady current I. 5
The current is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Ampere’s circuital
law to calculate the magnetic field at a point r in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a.
Plot a graph showing the nature of this variation.
(b) Calculate the ratio of magnetic field at a point a/2 above the surface of the wire to
that at a point a/2 below its surface. What is the maximum value of the field of this
wire?
Ans :
36Write any two important points of similarities and differences each between 5
Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic field and Biot–Savart’s law for the magnetic field.
Use Biot–Savart’s law to find the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular
loop of radius r carrying current I at its centre.
Ans :
Similarities:
(i) Both are long range forces and obey inverse square law.
(ii) Both obey the principle of superposition.
Differences:
(i) The source of the magnetic field is a vector, i.e.
The source of the electric field is scalar, i.e. electric charge.
(ii) The electric field is along the displacement vector joining the source and field
point.
The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing the current element

We consider a circular loop of radius r carrying current I.

According to the right-hand thumb rule, the direction of magnetic field is

outwards.

37 Using Biot–Savart’s law, derive the expression for the magnetic field in the vector 5
form at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.

Ans :
38(a) State Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic 5
field inside an air cored toroid of average radius r, having n turns per unit length and
carrying a steady current I.

(b) An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross-section area A

observes that a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the
magnetic field lines due to the solenoid specifying its polarity and show that it acts as a
bar magnet of magnetic moment m = NIA.
Ans :
(a) According to the Ampere’s circuital law, the line integral of magnetic field over
a closed loop is equal to m0 times the total current passing through the surface
enclosed by the loop.

Toroid (only qualitative treatment)

(b) The solenoid contains N loops, each carrying a current I. Therefore, each loop
acts as a magnetic dipole.

The magnetic moment for a current carrying loop of area A is given by

As the magnetic moments of all loops are aligned along the same direction, net
magnetic moment is given as
39(a) Write the expression for the force, acting on a charged particle of charge q, 5
moving with a velocity in the presence of both electric field and magnetic field
. Obtain the condition under which the particle moves undefected through the fields.
(b) A rectangular loop of size l × b carrying a steady current is placed in a uniform
magnetic field . Prove that the torque acting on the loop is given by
where m is the magnetic movement of the loop.
Ans :
(a) When a charged particle having the charge q and the mass m moves with a
velocity v in the electric field, it experiences the Lorentz electric force.
In the magnetic field, it experiences the Lorentz magnetic force.
Thus, the net Lorentz force acting on the charged particle is given by
The charged particle moves undeflected through the fields if :

(i) Electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular.

(ii) particle having the charge q and the mass m moves with a velocity in a
direction perpendicular to both the fields.
(iii) Magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields is so adjusted that
40(a) Explain, giving reasons, the basic difference in converting a galvanometer into (i) a 5
voltmeter, and (ii) an ammeter.
(b) Two long straight parallel conductors carrying steady current I1 and I2 are separated
by a distance d. Explain briefly, with the help of a suitable diagram, how the magnetic
field due to one force acting between the two conductors. Mention the nature of this
force.
Ans :
(a) (i) While converting a galvanometer into voltmeter, we join a high resistance in
series. The resistance of voltmeter is kept high so that it draws the minimum
amount of current at the time of measurement of potential difference between any
two points in the electric circuit.
(ii) To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, we join a low resistance in parallel.
Ammeter is joined in series. So, the resistance of ammeter should be minimum, i.e.
the resistance of ammeter should not affect the current in the circuit.
(b) There is magnetic field around the first current carrying wire.

41 (a) With the help of a diagram, explain the working of a moving coil galvanometer. 5
Justify the necessity of using radial magnetic field in it.
(b) A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter to measure up to
(i) V volt by connecting a resistance of 2 kΩ in series with the galvanometer.
(ii) 2V volt by connecting a resistance 5 kΩ in series with the galvanometer.
Calculate the resistance that should be connected in series with the galvanometer to
convert it into a voltmeter to measure up to volt.
Ans :

Working: When a current flow through the coil, a torque acts on it. τ = NIAB
where symbols have their usual meaning. Since the field is radial by design, we
have taken sin θ = 1 in the above expression for torque. The magnetic torque NIAB
tends to rotate the coil. A spring provide a counter torque kϕ that balances the
magnetic torque NIAB; resulting in a steady angular deflection ϕ. In equilibrium
kϕ = NIBA
where, k is torsional constant of the spring. The deflection ϕ is indicated on the
scale by a pointer attached to the spring. We have

to calibrate the scale of galvanometer/to make scale linear.

42 (a) Define electric flux. Write its SI units. 5
(b) Using Gauss’s law, prove that the electric field at a point due to a uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet is independent of the distance from it.
(c) How is the field directed if (i) the sheet is positively charged, (ii) negatively
charged?
Ans :
(a) Refer to Ans. 29.
(b) Consider a thin infinite sheet of charge with uniform surface charge density σ.
To calculate electric field at a point P distant r from the sheet we imagine a
symmetrical
Gaussian surface in such a way that the point charge lies on it. Here we assume a
cylinder of cross-sectional area A and length 2r with its axis perpendicular to the
sheet.
Flux through the curved surface of the cylinder,

Total flux through plane faces of the cylinder,

Net flux through the Gaussian surface is

Φ = Φ1 + Φ2 = 2EA ...(i)
Net charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is
Q = σA
According to the Gauss’s theorem,
43(a) Using Gauss’s law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any point 5
outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and charge density σ C/m2.
Draw the field lines when the charge density of the sphere is (i) positive, (ii) negative.
(b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge
density of 100 µC/m2. Calculate the (i) charge on the sphere, and (ii) total electric flux
passing through the sphere.
Ans :
(a) To find out electric field at a point outside a spherical charged shell, we imagine
a symmetrical Gaussian surface in such a way that the point lies on it.

44(a) Use Gauss’s law to obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely 5
long thin straight wire with uniform linear charge density λ.
(b) an infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density λ. An
electron is revolving in a circle with a constant speed v such that the wire passes
through the centre and is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Find the kinetic
energy of the electron in terms of magnitudes of its charge and linear charge density λ
on the wire.
(c) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of linear charge density λ.
Ans : (a) Electric field intensity due to infinitely long charged straight wire:
Consider a linear charge distribution with charge density λ. We imagine a
symmetrical Gaussian surface around length l of this distribution in such a way
that the point P where we have to calculate electric field lies on it.

Electric flux through the circular faces of this Gaussian surface is zero.
= E.ds cos 90° = 0 (∵
∵ θ = 90°)
Electric flux through the curved surface is given by

Net flux through the Gaussian surface is given by

From equations (i) and (ii), we get

45(a) An electric dipole of dipole moment consists of point charges +q and –q 5

separated by a distance 2a apart. Deduce the expression for the electric field due to
the dipole at a distance x from the centre of the dipole on its axial line in terms of the
dipole moment . Hence show that in the limit x >> a, → 2 p /(4pe0x3).
 Given the electric field in the region = 2xi, find the net electric flux through the cube
and the charge enclosed by it.
Ans :
(a) Electric field intensity at a point on the axial line of an electric dipole: Electric
field intensity at a point on the axis of an electric dipole.

(b) As the electric field is along x-axis only the faces perpendicular to the direction
of x-axis, contribute to the electric flux.
46 (a) What is a Wheatstone bridge? When it is said to be balanced? 5
(b) What do you mean by sensitivity of a Wheatstone bridge and write the factors on
which it depends?
(c) What are the advantages of measuring resistance by Wheatstone bridge method
over other methods?
Ans :
(a) It is an arrangement of four resistances which is used to calculate one of these
resistance accurately in terms of the other three resistances.
A Wheatstone bridge is said to be balanced when no current flows through the
galvanometer and hence,

(b) If for a small change of resistance in resistance arm, the galvanometer shows a
large deflection then the Wheatstone bridge is said to be sensitive. Sensitivity of the
Wheatstone bridge depends on following factors:
(i) Relative magnitudes of the resistances in the four arms of the bridge.
(ii) Relative positions of galvanometer and battery.
(c) Advantages of Wheatstone bridge method:
(i) The resistance of the galvanometer and internal resistance of the cell do not
affect the null point.
(ii) As in this method measurement of current and potential difference are not
involved so the resistances of ammeters and voltmeters do not affect the
measurement.
47Derive the expression for the magnetic field at the site of a point nucleus in a hydrogen 5
atom due to the circular motion of the electron. Assume that the atom is in its ground
state and give the answer in terms of fundamental constants.
Ans : Let v = speed of electron revolving around a neucleus (proton)

r = orbital radius. According to the Bohr’s second postulate,

Therefore, the centripetal force for revolution of an electron is provided by the

electrostatic force of attraction between nucleus (proton) and an electron.

∴ Magnetic field at the site of a point nucleus in a hydrogen atom due to the
circular motion of the electron is given by
48(a) A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery to a potential. The battery is 5
disconnected and a dielectric slab is inserted to completely fill the space between the
plates. How will (i) its capacitance, (ii) electric field between the plates, and (iii)
energy stored in the capacitor be affected?
Justify your answer giving necessary mathematical expressions for each case.
(b) Sketch the pattern of electric field lines due to (i) a conducting sphere having
negative charge in it, (ii) an electric dipole.
Ans :
(a) Let C be capacity of the parallel plate capacitor charged to a potential V of the
battery. When the battery is disconnected the charge on the capacitor remains the
same.
(i) Capacitance: The capacitance of the capacitor becomes K times the original
value, i.e. C = KC0.
(ii) Electric field: The new potential V is given by

i.e. potential is reduced by K times. The new electric field E is given by

i.e. the electric field is reduced by K time.

(iii) Energy stored: Let U0 and U be the energy stored in the capacitor before and
after the dielectric is introduced.

i.e. the energy stored in the capacitor is reduced K times.

(b) The pattern of electric field lines of force of a conducting sphere having a
negative charge.
(i) There is no electric field line of force inside the conducting sphere.

(ii) The pattern of the electric lines of force of an electric dipole.

49Derive an expression for the electric potential at a point due to an electric dipole. Also 5
mention the contrasting features of electric potential of a dipole at a point as compared
to that due to a single charge.

Ans : Electric potential at a point due to a dipole

Let AB is an electric dipole of length 2l. At a distance ‘r’ from the centre of dipole
point ‘P’ is there at which potential is to be determined due to the dipole AB. Let
∠POB = θ
Also let r > > l
Let BN is perpendicular from B to PO and AM is perpendicular from ‘A’ to PO.
Since l is very small compared to r,
AP ≈ MP = MO + OP = l cos q + r = r + l cos θ Similarly, BP ≈ NP = OP – ON
= r – l cos q Now, net potential at ‘P’ due to dipole, V = VA + VB

Special Cases:

(i) When P lies on the axis of dipole, i.e. q = 0° then

(ii) When P lies on the equatorial plane of the dipole, i.e. θ = 90° then
V = 0 [∵
∵ cos 90° = 0] The electric potential on the equatorial line of dipole is zero.
50 In the arrangement of capacitors shown here, the energy stored in the 6 µF capacitor 4
is E. Find the following:
(a) Energy stored in the 12 µF capacitor.
(b) Energy stored in the 3 µF capacitor.
(c) Total energy drawn from the battery.

Ans :

4
51(a) An electron moving horizontally with a velocity of 4 × 104 m/s enters a region of 4
uniform magnetic field of 10–5 T acting vertically upward as shown in the figure. Draw
its trajectory and find out the time it takes to come out of the region of magnetic field.

(b) A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of 2 A. It is
suspended in mid air by a uniform magnetic field B. What is the magnitude of the
magnetic field?
Ans :
52A rectangular loop of wire of size 4 cm × 10 cm carries a steady current of 2 A. A 4
straight long wire carrying 5 A current is kept near the loop as shown. If the loop and
the wire are coplanar, find
(i) the torque acting on the loop and
(ii) the magnitude and direction of the force on the loop due to the current carrying
wire.

Ans :

The net force is attractive because the arm of the loop carrying current in the same
direction as the direction of current in the wire is nearer.

53If the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is increased by 20%, its 4
resistance also increases by 1.5 times. How will the voltage sensitivity of galvanometer
be affected?
Ans :

The voltage sensitivity will become 80% of its original value.

54Two long parallel straight wires X and Y separated by a distance of 5 cm in air carry 4
currents of 10 A and 5 A respectively in opposite direction. Calculate the magnitude
and direction of the force on a 20 cm length of the wire Y.

Given: r = 5 × 10–2 m, I1 = 10 A, I2 = 5 A
Ans : Force per unit length experienced by wire Y is given by

Force on l cm length of wire Y is given by

The direction of force is directed away from the wire X (Fleming’s L.H.R.).

55Two identical loops P and Q each of radius 5 cm are lying in perpendicular planes such 4
that they have a common centre as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and
direction of the net magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils, if they carry
currents equal to 3 A and 4 A respectively.

Ans :
Assuming the direction of currents in the loops P and Q are as shown in the
diagram.

rP = rQ = 5 cm = 0.05 m, IP = 3 A, IQ = 4 A

∴ Net magnetic field at the centre O,

56 The electric field in a region is given by 4

Find the flux of this field through a rectangular surface area of 0.2 m2 parallel to y-z
plane.
Ans :

57A proton and an a-particle move perpendicular to α magnetic field. Find the ratio of 4
radii of circular paths described by them when both have (i) equal velocities, and (ii)
equal kinetic energy.

Ans :

58Figure shows three point charges, +2q, –q and +3q. Two charges +2q and –q are 4
enclosed within a surface S. What is the electric flux due to this configuration through
the surface S?

Ans :

59 Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross- 4
sectional area 1.0 × 10–7 m2
carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume the
density of conduction electrons to be 9 × 1028 m–3.
Given: A = 1.0 × 10–7 m2, I = 1.5 A, n = 9 × 1028m–3
We know that

Ans : vd = 0.1041 × 10–2 = 1.041 × 10–3 m/s

60 Using Kirchhoff’s rules, determine (i) the voltage drop across the unknown resistor R 4
and (ii) the current flowing in the arm EF in the circuit as shown.

(i) Applying Kirchhoff’s law, we get

VB – VA = – 1 + 4 = 3, where VA and VB are the potentials at A and B.
VB – VA = 3
Now, A is directly connected to D and VB is connected to C.
VA = VD and VB = VC
VD – VC = 3 = VF – VE
Potential difference across R is 3 V.
(ii) Also, VF – VE = – 3I + 6 3 = – 3I + 6 3I = 3 I = 1 A
Ans : Current through EF is 1 A.

61 A straight line plot showing the terminal potential difference (V) of a cell as a 4
function of
current (I) drawn from it is shown in the figure.
Using this plot, determine (i) the emf, and (ii) internal resistance of the cell.

We know that E – V = Ir
(i) Clearly, where I = 0, E = V = 1.4 V (from the graph)
(ii) Also, when V = 1.2 V, I = 0.04 A
Ans :
62 Using the Kirchhoff's rules determine the value of the current I1 in the electric circuit 4
given below.

According to the Junction rule,

I3 = I1 + I2 …(i)
Taking the loop FEDCF,
20I1 + 40I3 = 40 I1 + 2I3 = 2 2I1 + 4I3 = 4 …(ii)
Taking the loop FCBAF,
– 40I3 – 20I2 = – 40 – 80 4I3 + 2I2 = 12 2I3 + I2 = 6 …(iii)
Substituting the value of I2 from equation (i) in equation (iii),
2I3 + (I3 – I1) = 6 3I3 – I1 = 6 …(iv)
Ans : On solving the equations (ii) and (iv), we get I1 = – 1.2 A

63 A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.9 J/T is placed with its axis at 30° to a 4
uniform magnetic field. It experiences a torque of 0.063 J.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
(ii) In which orientation will the bar magnet be in stable equilibrium in the magnetic
field?
(i) We know that τ = MB sinθ
Ans : Magnitude of the magnetic field is calculated as

(ii) When the magnetic moment vector and the magnetic field vectors are in the
same direction, i.e. θ = 0°
It’s so because this configuration corresponds to a minimum energy.
U = – MB

64An iron rod of 0.5 cm2 area of cross-section is subjected to a magnetising field of 4
1,200 Am–1. If susceptibility of iron is 599, calculate (i) µ (ii) B, and (iii) φ (magnetic
flux) produced.
Ans :
65 Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the 4
vertices of a triangle as shown. Here, q = 1.6 × 10–10 C.

Ans :

66In a uniform electrostatic field of strength 5 × 105 N/C, what will be the potential 4
difference between the points A and C as shown? It is given that AC = 5 cm and BC =
3 cm.

Ans :
67A galvanometer is a device which is used to detect presence of current in a conductor. 4
But it cannot be used directly as an ammeter. It has a very large resistance. If
connected in series like an ammeter, it affects the value of current in a circuit. But it
can be converted into an ammeter. Similarly, a galvanometer can be used as a
voltmeter also. In both cases, a shunt resistance is connected with the galvanometer.
(i) To convert a galvanometer of resistance RG into voltmeter a shunt resistance R is
connected

(ii) To convert a galvanometer of resistance RG into ammeter a shunt resistance R is

connected
(iii) Why is galvanometer not used directly as ammeter?
(a) It gives full scale deflection for even small current values.
(b) It has high resistance.
(c) It is always connected in parallel while ammeter is connected in series.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(iv) A galvanometer with coil of resistance 120 Ω shows full scale deflection for
current of 2.5 mA. To convert it into an ammeter of range 0 – 7.5 A, we connect a
shunt resistance
(a) 0.04 Ω
(b) 0.08 Ω
(c) 0.12 Ω
(d) 0.16 Ω
Or
(iv) The reading of current measured by ammeter is
(a) equal to actual current.
(b) slightly less than actual current.
(c) slightly more than actual current.
(d) zero

Ans :

68When the atomic dipoles are aligned partially or fully, there is a net magnetic moment 4
in the direction of the field in any small volume of the material. The actual magnetic
field inside material placed in magnetic field is the sum of the applied magnetic field
and the magnetic field due to magnetisation. This field is called magnetic intensity (H).
Where M is the magnetisation of the material, µ0 is the permittivity of vacuum and B is
the total magnetic field. The measure that tells us how a magnetic material responds to
an external field is given by a dimensionless quantity is appropriately called the
magnetic susceptibility.
(i) The variation of the intensity of magnetisation (I) with respect to the magnetising
field (H) in a diamagnetic substance is described by the graph

(a) OD
(b) OC
(c) OB
(d) OA
(ii) The magnetic susceptibility is negative for
(a) paramagnetic material only
(b) ferromagnetic material only
(c) paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials
(d) diamagnetic material only
(iii) A bar magnet has length 3 cm, cross-sectional area 2 cm2 and magnetic moment 3
A-m2. The intensity of magnetization of bar magnet is
(a) 2 × 105 A/m
(b) 3 × 105 A/m
(c) 4 × 105 A/m
(d) 5 × 105 A/m
(iv) A solenoid has core of a material with relative permeability 500 and its windings
carry a current of 1 A. The number of turns of the solenoid is 500 per metre. Then find
magnetization of the material.
(a) 3.99 × 105 A/m
(b) 39.9 × 105 A/m
(c) 4.99 × 105 A/m
(d) 49.9 × 105 A/m
Or
(iv) The relative permeability of iron is 6000. What is its magnetic susceptibility?
(a) 5999
(b) 6000
(c) 6001
(d) Zero
Ans :

69 The variation of magnetic susceptibility with the temperature of a ferromagnetic 1

material can be plotted as

Ans :
(b) Since susceptibility (χm) of ferromagnetic material decreases with increase in
temperature and above curie temperature Tc, it becomes paramagnetic.

70 For a cell, the graph between the potential difference (V) across the terminals of the 1
cell and the current (I) drawn from the cell is shown in the figure.

The e.m.f. and the internal resistance of the cell are

(a) 2V, 0.5 Ω (b) 2V, 0.4 Ω
(c) > 2V, 0.5 Ω (d) > 2V, 0.4 Ω
Ans :
(b) E.m.f. is the value of voltage, when no current is drawn from the circuit so E = 2
V.
Also r = slope = = 0.4 Ω
71 From the graph between current I and voltage V shown below, identify the portion 1
corresponding to negative resistance

(a) AB (b) BC
(c) CD (d) DE
Ans : (c) For portion CD slope of the curve is negative i.e. resistance be negative.